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EN
The article examines the questions of formation of key competences of secondary school pupils at physics classes with an entrepreneurial background. The essence of the design and implementation of physics lessons with an entrepreneurial background is given, which provides pupils with the opportunity to combine acquired theoretical knowledge on a specific question or topic of the physics curriculum with their practical application. A variety of forms, methods and learning technologies, in particular interactive methods, contribute to creation of entrepreneurial background at these lessons. The types and characteristics of key competences of pupils involved in the fulfillment of tasks at physics lessons with entrepreneurial background (ability to learn, cultural, social, public, entrepreneurial, health-preserving competences and competence in information and communication technologies) are described. The analysis of the essence of the competence approach in education is realised, as well as the leading ideas of physics lessons with an entrepreneurial background and its ability to form key competences in secondary school pupils is conducted, besides it is shown that they have many common reference points (tasks). In particular, the fulfilled opportunities are aimed not so much at providing the pupils a certain amount of knowledge in physics, rather at developing the skills to apply this knowledge, utilizing them for completion of other tasks in case of need; at developing pupils’ communication skills, ability to work with others, the skill of participation in discussions, performing various social roles, overcoming conflicts; developing the ability to collect the necessary information, to put forward hypotheses, to use research methods of work. Two groups of teaching requirements for selection and design of content of physical education are defined, as well as preconditions of effective work with them in order to ensure qualitatively new educational outcome. These conditions outline the essential features of the learning process at physics classes with entrepreneurial background in accordance with the basic ideas of competency approach. The scheme for design and implementation of such lessons is presented. It is concluded that the inclusion of physics lessons with the entrepreneurial background into school practice is appropriate for the formation of key competences of school pupils in comparison with traditional teaching methods.
EN
The changes taking place in Polish families, both urban and rural, have become an undeniable fact. They are connected with civilization changes, technical progress and European integration. It results in a transformation of the system of values and norms of social coexistence expressed in a change of a model of upbringing in an urban and rural family. On the one hand, the educational effects depend on using certain educational methods and techniques and, on the other hand, on the type of relationship between parents and children. Therefore, the opinions of secondary school pupils and their parents were taken into account while analysing educational means and methods which describe a certain style of upbringing in a family. The earliest contact of a child with values comes within the family. The values become determinants of people’s life choices and aspirations. Moreover, they let an adolescent individual specify valid norms which regulate a realization of needs and a char acter and forms of their co-relations on a level of I – Others (including parents) and I – the World. In other words, they influence a preferred model of upbringing in a mature life. From a research point of view, a system of values preferred by parents is very important because it makes an axiological warp where a new generation grows up and shapes its ideals. It is both parents’ task to transfer and make their children aware of the values which are, in a context of environmental and cultural conditions, treated differently by mothers and fathers. It needs to be emphasized that parents’ definite preferences to the values are crucial not only from a point of view of their children’s future, but also in a context of the established ‘here and now’ direction and a character of educational influences – a style of upbringing.
PL
Niezaprzeczalnym faktem są zmiany zachodzące w polskich rodzinach miejskich i wiejskich. Wiążą się one z cywilizacyjnymi przekształceniami, postępem technicznym, integracją europejską. Ich rezultatem są przeobrażenia systemu wartości i norm współżycia społecznego, które wyrażają się między innymi w zmianie modelu wychowania w rodzinie, tak miejskiej, jak i wiejskiej. Efekty wychowawcze są pokłosiem z jednej strony stosowania określonych metod i technik wychowawczych, a z drugiej zależą od charakteru i typu relacji pomiędzy rodzicami i dziećmi. Dlatego też analizując środki i metody wychowawcze, składające się na określony styl wychowania w rodzinie uwzględniono opinie i preferencje nie tylko gimnazjalistów, ale również ich rodziców. Pierwsze i fundamentalne zetknięcie dziecka z wartościami dokonuje się w rodzinie. Stają się one wyznacznikami życiowych celów i aspiracji. Ponadto, wartości te po zwalają dorastającej jednostce dookreślić obowiązujące normy, regulujące realizację potrzeb oraz charakter i formy wzajemnych relacji na linii Ja – Inni (w tym rodzice) oraz Ja – Świat. Innymi słowy, kształtują one preferowany w dojrzałym życiu model zachowań. Z badawczego punktu widzenia, system wartości preferowanych przez rodziców jest niezwykle ważny, ponieważ to on stanowi osnowę aksjologiczną, na której młode pokolenie wzrasta i kształtuje swoje ideały. Zadaniem obojga rodziców jest zaszczepienie dzieciom, a później młodzieży najważniejszych wartości. Zadanie to jest jednak, w kontekście uwarunkowań środowiskowych i kulturowych, odmiennie traktowane przez matki i ojców. Trzeba podkreślić, że określone preferencje rodziców odnośnie do wartości, są istotne nie tylko z punktu widzenia przyszłości dzieci, ale również w kontekście przyjętego przez nich „tu i teraz” kierunku i charakteru oddziaływań wychowawczych – stylu wychowania.
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