The aim of the paper is to present internal security system in Norway based on hybrid agency and network model. As a point of departure the author describes general context of Norwegian political system – a unitary constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government and well-developed local self-government. Broad understanding of “internal security” notion implies a wide mutual support between the military and the civilians. Operating on vertical and horizontal levels of cooperation Norwegian homeland security is based on three main approaches to coordination: hierarchical, network, and agency, the latter two of which constitute the hybrid. Then theoretical aspects of coordination dilemmas are scrutinized with description of features characteristic for internal security in Norway. The main part of the article presents state bodies responsible for homeland security in Norway. The idea of “Vulnerability Commission” to create a separate Ministry of Homeland Security did not gain enough support and left two main bodies – Ministry of Justice and Police, and Ministry of Defence – in charge assisted by several agencies. These factors and agencies are described in accordance with coordination and specialization models presented before. Essential as it is, the paper touches implicit questions, such as: what factors influence the mixed model of internal security in Norway and how strongly is it entrenched.
Global democratic changes affect the law enforcement system that should guide public authorities to create the right conditions for citizens to exercise their rights and freedoms. The Concept of Development of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, adopted in 1996, carried a package of reforms that were sufficient for the time being provided their implementation had been timely. However, a variety of social, economic and political failures led to the situation when the level of development of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine as a whole remained virtually the same, but the reform process acquired negative traits. In the XXI century, interest in reforms increased: there was a plan of action for the restructuring of the internal affairs bodies at the central and local levels and the Commission on reforming law enforcement agencies in Ukraine was established. Yet, specific changes didn’t follow — the lack of consistency and professionalism in the development of a new legal framework and effective concept could be observed for almost a whole decade. However, it was possible to introduce regulatory and legal, structural and institutional changes, as well as to implement a number of positive steps to ensure full consideration of citizens’ petitions about crimes and other events. There have been qualitative changes to the work of police officers and units were radically re-equipped, which not only improved working conditions for officers, but also the conditions of detention for offenders. At the same time, a long term plan of action was developed by the Interior Ministry of Ukraine in the sphere of European and Euro-Atlantic integration and cooperation. However, due to the incompleteness in the implementation of the reforms, many unresolved problems remain and these hinder further development.
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