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1

PERMITTED SELF-HELP AS AN INSTRUMENT OF PROPERTY PROTECTION

100%
Trendel D.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej
|
2017
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issue 3
EN
The paper indicates instruments of possession protection as well as description of their distinctive or dependent character. The differences between an owner-like and a subsidiary owner have been defined. Self-help nature was shown as an operating tool without authorities' approval. A time relationship nature was described, which must occur between threat and action. Moreover, a variety of rights concerning real property and movable property was mentioned. Also a distinction between self-help and self-defence was indicated. The development of self-help in Poland was described, as well as its progress from ancient times. Additionally, self-help was defined and its publication in provisions of Civil Code. Persons authorised to possession protection, were mentioned, including a term of owner, co-owner, holder, and a holder of precarium. The paper also describes premises concerning infringement of movable property and real property possession, as well as immediacy. Also a legal nature of an aggressor and a person entitled to protection was discussed.
2
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Conditions for lawful shooting down a civilian aircraft in light of Article 3bis (a) of the Chicago Convention

100%
Byczyński M.
Polish Journal of Political Science
|
2021
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vol. 7
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issue 1
7-22
EN
This study aims to review potential issues when applying Article 3bis (a) of the Chicago Convention. This provision sets a number of conditions that have to be fulfilled when using weapons against a civil aircraft in flight. The most controversial issue concerns the possible exception from the general prohibition of downing an aircraft pursuant to the UN Charter. There are some interpretative controversies linked to the possibility of invoking the right to self-defence by states (e.g., whether the state that is neutralizing the potentially rogue aircraft can act in anticipation of an armed attack) and these inaccuracies will be addressed by the author. All of these issues implicate the character of the prohibition enshrined in Article 3bis (a) as such and thus have a huge impact on states’ real abilities of protecting their people, for example in situations of terrorist threats.
3
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Combating Terrorism at the Expense of Innocent People. A Criminal Law Perspective

86%
Taferner J.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
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vol. 67
33-50
EN
Nowadays terrorism is becoming an increasing world-wide problem. To prevent and combat terrorist activities various national and international measures are implemented, however thereby often innocent people are killed or suffer infringements of their legal interests. This article deals with the question of how far counterterrorism can go and if even the sacrifice of innocent civilians is accepted, if the struggle against terrorism requires this. Since 9/11 the topic of shooting down a hijacked passenger aircraft that threatens to crash into a building on the ground, has caused heated discussions. Is it lawful and therefore allowed to kill innocent in order to save others? Or shall the perpetrator be excused and therefore exempt from punishment? This article shows the legal situation as well as the current opinions in Germany and Austria and aims to make a contribution to the solution of this legal problem.
4

Combating Terrorism at the Expense of Innocent People. A Criminal Law Perspective

86%
Taferner J.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 67
33-50
EN
Nowadays terrorism is becoming an increasing world-wide problem. To prevent and combat terrorist activities various national and international measures are implemented, however thereby often innocent people are killed or suffer infringements of their legal interests. This article deals with the question of how far counterterrorism can go and if even the sacrifice of innocent civilians is accepted, if the struggle against terrorism requires this. Since 9/11 the topic of shooting down a hijacked passenger aircraft that threatens to crash into a building on the ground, has caused heated discussions. Is it lawful and therefore allowed to kill innocent in order to save others? Or shall the perpetrator be excused and therefore exempt from punishment? This article shows the legal situation as well as the current opinions in Germany and Austria and aims to make a contribution to the solution of this legal problem.
5
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Self-defence in Legislation of Christian Emperors

86%
Loska E.
Studia Prawnicze KUL
|
2019
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issue 4
131-142
PL
Pojęcie obrony koniecznej było widoczne w prawie rzymskim już w okresie archaicznym. Pierwsza wzmianka dotycząca tej instytucji to regulacja Ustawy Dwunastu Tablic dopuszczająca zabicie złodzieja nocnego i dziennego, który broni się orężem. Instytucja stopniowo się rozwijała, obejmując coraz większą liczbę przypadków. Jednak regulacje były nadal w większości kazuistyczne. Dotyczy to również ustawodawstwa chrześcijańskich cesarzy.
EN
The notion of self-defence was visible in Roman law even in the archaic period. First mention that can be recognised as such was the right to kill a thief referred to in the Law of Twelve Tables. The institution gradually developed, encompassing a growing range of cases. However, regulations were still mostly casuistic. That also applies to the legislation of Christian emperors.
6
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Ponownie o artykule 25 § 2a Kodeksu karnego. Kilka uwag do artykułu Jana Kluzy „Nowe granice obrony koniecznej? Uwagi na tle nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego z 8 grudnia 2017 r.”

81%
Siwek K.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2019
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vol. 81
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issue 2
207-215
EN
The polemic indicates that the interpretation of the criminal-law terms ‘dwelling’, ‘premises’ and ‘home’ in the context of Article 25 § 2a of the Penal Code should first of all be carried out not in the context of everyday (general) language, but in the context of legal language (the legal language directive): legal literature concerning the crime of the so-called breach of the inviolability of the home specified in Article 193 of the Penal Code. It is also pointed out that it is not justified to search for meanings for these terms in legal definitions found in non-penal branches of law (civil and administrative). The author’s assertion that the new Article 25 § 2a of the Penal Code may contribute to more frequent use of the legal justification of self-defence or other grounds for exclusion of criminal liability is also questioned.
PL
W polemice wskazano, że wykładnia karnoprawnych określeń „mieszkanie”, „lokal” i „dom” na tle art. 25 § 2a k.k. w pierwszej kolejności powinna być realizowana nie w kontekście języka potocznego (ogólnego), lecz w kontekście języka prawniczego (dyrektywy języka prawniczego), to jest literatury prawniczej dotyczącej przestępstwa tzw. naruszenia miru domowego określonego w art. 193 k.k. Wskazano również, że nie jest zasadne poszukiwanie znaczeń dla tych określeń w definicjach legalnych pochodzących z pozakarnych gałęzi prawa, a wiec prawa cywilnego i administracyjnego. Podano w wątpliwość również twierdzenie autora, że nowy art. 25 § 2a k.k. może przyczynić się do częstszego sięgania do kontratypu obrony koniecznej tudzież pozostałych podstaw wyłączenia odpowiedzialności karnej.
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The Nicaragua Judgement and the Use of Force – 30 Years Later

72%
Kwiecień R.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2016
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vol. 36
21-36
EN
In light of contemporary circumstances, on the 30th anniversary of the Nicaragua judgement it is worth revisiting and considering again certain legal problems decided by – and raised by – the ICJ judgement. This article addresses the importance of the judgement in terms of international legal regulations on the use of force. First and foremost, the article examines the concept of armed attack based on the “gravity” criterion elaborated by the Court and the exercise of the right of self-defence. Moreover, the relationship between customary international law and treaty law, as well as forcible counter-measures and military actions against non-State actors are also discussed in the article. It is argued that the “gravity” criterion used by the ICJ seems controversial and, consequently, may limit the right of self-defence. On the other hand, however, the judgement established a strong barrier to the realization of individual political interests by militarily powerful States. This is the Nicaragua judgement’s long-lasting legacy. In this sense the judgement has stood the test of time.
8
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Jeszcze o aspekcie formalnym kontratypu obrony koniecznej

72%
Siwek K.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2022
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vol. 84
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issue 3
241-253
EN
This study concerns the legal nature of the so-called counter-types and is a response to polemical remarks by Mikołaj Iwanski, Mikołaj Małecki, Szymon Tarapata and Witold Zontek. The considerations are conducted on the basis of the rules of the derivational theory of legal interpretation, the concept of the interpretation of law, and the principles of legislative technique, and in the light of the issues associated with basic legal modalities. On this basis, it is established that the provisions establishing countertypes are modifiers of the content of incomplete central provisions, and that they change the scope of application of norms sanctioned in criminal law, but do not modify sanctioning norms. Conduct performed under the conditions of the countertype does not involve exceeding the sanctioned norm and is an act that is legally indifferent, but not legally neutral. The proposed approach cannot be equated with the theory of negative elements of a prohibited act.
PL
Niniejsze opracowanie dotyczy charakteru prawnego tzw. kontratypów i jest odpowiedzią na uwagi polemiczne autorstwa Mikołaja Iwańskiego, Mikołaja Małeckiego, Szymona Tarapaty oraz Witolda Zontka. Rozważania prowadzone są zgodnie z regułami derywacyjnej koncepcji wykładni prawa, zasady techniki prawodawczej oraz zagadnienia podstawowych modalności prawnych. Na tej podstawie ustalono, że przepisy statuujące kontratypy są modyfikatorami treściowymi przepisów centralnych niepełnych i zmieniają zakres zastosowania norm sankcjonowanych w prawie karnym oraz nie modyfikują norm sankcjonujących. Zachowanie zrealizowane w warunkach kontratypu nie wiąże się z przekroczeniem normy sankcjonowanej i jest czynem indyferentnym prawnie, ale nie jest nieobojętnym prawnie. Proponowane ujęcie nie może być utożsamiane z teorią negatywnych znamion czynu zabronionego. 
9
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Intervention-related self-defence

72%
Stefańska B. J.
Ius Novum
|
2023
|
vol. 17
|
issue 2 ENG
20-35
PL
The scholarly and research-focused article examines the content of Article 25 §§ 4 and 5 CC, which was transferred to the new Article 231b §§ 1 and 2 CC of Chapter XXIX of the Criminal Code by means of Act of 20 February 2015 amending the Criminal Code Act and Certain Other Acts. The regulation concerns the intervention-related self-defence, wherein a person acting in self-defence and repelling an attack on another’s good protected by law, while simultaneously protecting public security or order, is granted the same legal protection as public officials. The article analyses the genesis and development of this defence, its legal nature, objectives, conditions for application, the scope of criminal law protection for a person acting within the intervention-related self-defence, the exclusion of this protection, and the relationship between Article 231b § 1 and Article 217a CC. The primary scientific objective is to evaluate the legitimacy of its introduction to the Criminal Code and the correctness of defining the premises for its application and its scope. The aim of the considerations is to demonstrate that this measure, despite the negative assessment of its introduction to the Criminal Code in the doctrine, can play a vital role in ensuring security and public order.
10
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The Issue of Self-defence Based on Crisis Management and Combat System Krav Maga

71%
Woźniak M.
Przegląd Strategiczny
|
2019
|
issue 12
233-245
PL
Celem niniejszej publikacji jest potwierdzenie, że schemat działania, opracowany w oparciu o system walki Krav Maga i zarządzanie kryzysowe zapewnia bezpieczeństwo jednostce wobec zagrożenia, jakim jest atak uliczny. Na początku artykułu omówiono problematykę samoobrony, przedstawiono system walki Krav Maga oraz wprowadzono najważniejsze elementy teorii zarządzania kryzysowego. W dalszej części dokonana została analiza każdej z faz zarządzania kryzysowego, w odniesieniu do zagrożenia atakiem ulicznym. Autor szczegółowo odpowiada na pytania badawcze: Jakie jest najlepsze źródło, dzięki któremu można nauczyć się skutecznej samoobrony? Jak powinna zachować się jednostka w poszczególnych fazach zarządzania kryzysowego wobec zagrożenia atakiem ulicznym, aby zapewnić sobie bezpieczeństwo? Przeprowadzona w pracy analiza w oparciu o dostępne źródła, obserwacje oraz zdobyte doświadczenia autora daje jednoznaczne potwierdzenie, że systemy walki są najlepszym źródłem, dzięki któremu można nauczyć się skutecznej samoobrony, ponieważ biorą pod uwagę wszystkie elementy, które towarzyszą atakowi ulicznemu. Postępując zgodnie ze schematem zawartym w publikacji, każda osoba, bez względu na wiek, płeć czy posturę fizyczną może efektywnie zwiększyć własne bezpieczeństwo personalne.
EN
The goal of this publication is to confirm that the pattern of operation, developed based on the Krav Maga combat system and crisis management, provides an individual with safety against the threat of a street attack. At the beginning of the article, the issues of self-defence were discussed, the Krav Maga combat system was presented and the most important elements of the crisis management theory were introduced. Later in the paper, an analysis of each of the crisis management phases was carried out in relation to the risk of a street attack. The author answers the research questions in detail: What is the best source through which you can learn effective self-defence? How should an individual behave in particular phases of crisis management against the threat of a street attack to ensure its own safety? The analysis made in the paperwork based on available sources, observations and the author’s experience gained gives an unambiguous confirmation that combat systems are the best source through which one can learn effective self-defence, because they take into account all the elements that accompany a street attack. Following the scheme included in the publication, every person, regardless of age, sex or physical posture can effectively increase their own personal safety.
11
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Living Martial Arts as a Product of Continuous Exchange of Knowledge

58%
Šlapák V.
Prague Papers on the History of International Relations
|
2018
|
issue 2
29-46
EN
The aim of this article is to describe the mechanisms of the genesis and functioning of martial arts from the historical point of view, as a product of continuous exchange of knowledge, on both regional and international levels. The article responds to contemporary trends in the research of martial arts. It is not strictly focused on any geographical area or historical period; rather, it attempts to outline the general facts applicable to most combat systems of the world, by taking into account the similarities of various techniques. For this purpose, the focus of the author is mainly on modern Japanese martial arts. However, the article is also based on the traditions of European martial arts’ masters, which are well known to us, as well as on the worldwide historical development of martial arts.
12
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Wojna sprawiedliwa u św. Tomasza z Akwinu

58%
Ziółkowski W. J.
Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk
|
2011
|
issue 1
PL
W artykule niniejszym po omówieniu teoretycznego uzasadnienia dla prowadzenia wojny, przedstawiona została koncepcja wojny sprawiedliwej u św. Tomasza z Akwinu. Składają się na nią trzy warunki wojny sprawiedliwej: musi zostać wypowiedziana przez prawowitą władzę publiczną, przyczyna wojny musi być sprawiedliwa, a prowadzeniu wojny musi towarzyszyć uczciwa intencja. Następnie przedstawione zostały kwestie ściśle z koncepcją wojny sprawiedliwej związane. Chodzi mianowicie o osoby uczestniczące w wojnie (nie mogą to być księża), o stosowanie zasadzek i podstępów oraz o prowadzenie działań wojennych w dni świąteczne. W podsumowaniu podjęto w kilku zdaniach próbę ukazania aktualności tej koncepcji.
EN
The article contains theoretical reasons for waging just war. Also the concept of the just war by Thomas Aquinas is presented. Three conditions must be fulfilled for a war to be just: the war must be started by legal public authority, the war must be for good, or against evil. Than different issues connected with just war will be presented, like: who is not allowed to take part in war (priests). In the summary the author of the article shows topicality of the concept of a Just War
13
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Interwencyjna obrona konieczna

58%
Stefańska B. J.
Ius Novum
|
2023
|
vol. 17
|
issue 2
20-36
EN
The article is of scientific and research nature, and deals with the content of Article 25 §§ 4 and 5 CC transferred to the new Article 231b §§ 1 and 2 CC of Chapter XXIX of the Criminal Code by means of Act of 20 February 2015 amending the Act: Criminal Code and some other acts, regulating the intervention-related self-defence consisting in providing a person who acts in self-defence and repels an attack on someone else’s good protected by law and at the same time protects public security or order with the same legal protection as is provided for public officials. The genesis and development of this defence, its legal nature, objectives, conditions for application, the scope of criminal law protection for a person acting within the intervention-related self-defence, the exclusion of this protection and the relationship between Article 231b § 1 and Article 217a CC are analysed. The main scientific objective is to assess the legitimacy of its introduction to the Criminal Code and the correctness of defining the premises for its application and its scope. The aim of the considerations is to show that this measure, despite the negative assessment of its introduction to the Criminal Code in the doctrine, can play an important role in ensuring security and public order.
PL
Artykuł ma charakter naukowo-badawczy, a jego przedmiotem jest przeniesiona – Ustawą z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r. o zmianie ustawy – Kodeks karny oraz niektórych innych ustaw – w całości treść art. 25 § 4 i 5 k.k. do rozdziału XXIX k.k. i ulokowana w nowym art. 231b§ 1 i 2 k.k., regulującym interwencyjną obronę konieczną polegającą na zapewnieniu osobie działającej w obronie koniecznej, odpierającej zamach skierowany przeciwko cudzemu dobru chronionemu prawem i chroniącej jednocześnie bezpieczeństwo lub porządek publiczny, takiej samej ochrony prawnej, jaka jest przewidziana dla funkcjonariuszy publicznych. Przedstawione zostały geneza i kształtowanie się tej obrony, jej charakter prawny, cele, przesłanki stosowania, zakres ochrony prawnokarnej działającego w ramach interwencyjnej obrony koniecznej, wyłączenie tej ochrony oraz stosunek art. 231b § 1 do art. 217a k.k. Podstawowym celem naukowym była ocena zasadności jej wprowadzania do Kodeksu karnego i poprawności określenia przesłanek stosowania oraz jej zakresu. Celem rozważań było wykazanie, że środek ten, mimo negowanej oceny w doktrynie jego wprowadzenia do Kodeksu karnego, może odegrać istotną rolę w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego.
14
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Actions of the City Guard in Toruń Towards Residents’ Personal Safety: Self-Defence Courses for Women

58%
Amrozy K.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
|
2020
|
vol. 67
174-187
PL
W artykule przedstawiono główne założenia dotyczące samoobrony, zwłaszcza szkoleń ukierunkowanych na edukowanie kobiet, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem działań inicjowanych przez toruńską Straż Miejską. Organizowane od 2006 roku kursy samoobrony dla kobiet pod nazwą „Jestem bezpieczna” stanowią ważny element kształtowania bezpieczeństwa indywidualnego wśród mieszkanek Torunia. Choć przeprowadzanie takich zajęć bywa poddawane krytyce, wiąże się jednocześnie z niewątpliwymi zaletami, co wyszczególniono w niniejszym tekście.
EN
The article presents main assumptions about self-defence, particularly trainings aimed at educating women, with special focus on actions initiated by the City Guard in Toruń. The Jestem bezpieczna [I Am Safe] self-defence courses for women, organized since 2006, are an important element in strengthening individual security of female residents of Toruń. Although at times such courses are subject to criticism, they have their undeniable advantages, which are specified in this article.
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