Search results - CEJSH

1

Die Vergangenheitstempora im Deutschen und ihr semantisches Potential

100%

Schwenk H.-J.

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

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2012

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issue 36

35-49

EN

The present article deals with the semantics of tense forms of Präteritum and Perfectum in German. The author questions all the widely known theories on the meaning of Präteritum and Perfectum, demonstrating that, on the one hand, the complex past tense (Perfectum) does not always express both temporality and aspectuality (perfectivity), but also only temporality itself. On the other hand, the simple past tense (Präteritum) always contains both temporality and aspectuality, except for lexically-conditioned cases.

2

Jack-Go-To-Bed-At-Noon and Lisi Ogon: The Analyzability and Compositionality of Plant Terms in English and Polish

100%

Mierzwińska-Hajnos A.

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

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2008

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issue 32

191-211

EN

The present paper offers an analysis of common plant names appearing in English and Polish in the light of cognitive linguistics. Assuming, as cognitivists do that meanings of lexical items are partly decomposable, we use the notions of analyzability and compositionality in the sense of Langacker (1987, 1991) as a diagnosis for establishing the scale of semantic transparency of such expressions.

3

DNA — księga życia. Jak metafora wpływa na znaczenie wyrazów?

80%

Zawisławska M.

Język a Kultura

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2015

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vol. 25

177-188

EN

The main purpose of the present paper is to describe some chosen metaphors which are used in the field of genetics. In my analysis I use the cognitive definition of a metaphor, which is described in most general way as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. I concentrate on the following lexemes: DNA (acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid), gene, genetic, genome. Another problem described in the article is how a particular way of thinking about the DNA and its metaphors affects the understanding of other concepts, which are connected with it directly or indirectly, and therefore also affects the definitions of corresponding lexical items. In the present article I focus on the analysis of the concept of ‘man’.

4

Polskie leksemy o rdzeniu nędz-/nud-

80%

Krótki Z.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2016

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issue 21

99-109

EN

The paper presents the lexical family with the root nud-/nędz-. The material, containing as many as 52 word forms, excerpted from all of the available lexicographical sources of historical vocabulary, has been presented in the form of a word-formative nest. The goal of the analysis was to reveal the internal structure of motivational relations between the centre of the nest, Proto-Slavonic nuditi, and a group of words of varying degrees of derivativeness. The conducted analyses have revealed the principal metaphorical analogies which contributed to the generation of new metaphorical senses of specific linguistic units, and also, made it possible to indicate and discuss the observed changes in their meanings.

5

Nazwy handlowe piwa w polszczyźnie. Próba typologii

80%

Szymczak K.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2019

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issue 16

177-190

EN

The aim of the study is to classify trade names of beer occurring in the Polish language. The collected material comprises 700 trade names of beer. Names of beer were divided according to their meaning into the two basic groups: the names of direct motivation and names of conventional motivation. The paper has shown that among the Polish beer names the dominating group are monolexic nouns. The most numerous groups are place names and related to them. There is a tendency to form sophisticated names.

6

Русская и польская эмоцио- нально-оценочная фразеология (опыт прагмалингвистического исследования)

80%

Ахметович Зайнульдинов А., Т Шмидт Д.

Slavica Wratislaviensia

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2011

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vol. 154

173-182

EN

The present work investigates the pragmatic aspect of meaning based on Russian and Polish phraseology with positive and negative emotional evaluation. Such kind of investigation helps to resolve various problems with lexicographical marks and create a new improved system of expressive marks. The authors think that the emotional evaluation can be defined with quite objective characteristics. The new type of classification is offered based on GLT (lexical-thematic groups).

7

Substantivní neurčitá zájmena s předponou ně-/ne- v češtině a slovinštině

80%

Stankovska P.

Kształcenie Językowe

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2014

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vol. 12 (22)

73 - 83

EN

A semantic classification of indefinite pronouns in Slavic languages is quite complex. Striking differences can be found when comparing Czech and Slovene substantive indefinite pronouns with prefix ně-, in Slovene ne-. While formally these pronouns are similar in Czech and Slovene, their distribution and function in both languages differ greatly. In Czech the meaning of specific and non-specific indefinite reference in the prefixed pronouns coalesce, Slovene still uses prefixed indefinite pronouns (nekdo, nekaj) to express specific reference, while the expression of indefinite non-specific reference is delegated to non-prefixed pronouns (kdo, kaj). The current Slovenian system is well documented also for the old Czech language of the 14th–15th century and, apparently, the distribution of both types of indefinite pronouns was in the old Czech similar to that in modern Slovene.

8

Zur Rolle der Bildhaftigkeit in der Konstituierung der Semantik von Idiomen

80%

Sulikowska A.

Germanica Wratislaviensia

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2016

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vol. 141

319-333

DE

Aus der semantischen Perspektive besteht die Bedeutung der Idiome aus zwei Komponenten: aus der literalen (wörtlichen) Bedeutung und aus der lexikalisierten (übertragenen, phraseologischen) Bedeutung. Üblicherweise wird angenommen, dass die beiden Komponenten voneinander unabhängig sind: Die Idiomatizität beruht nämlich darauf, dass sich die lexikalisierte Bedeutung nicht aus den Komponenten einer Mehrwortverbindung ableiten lässt. Die neueren kognitiven und psycholinguistischen Untersuchungen verweisen dennoch auf den Einfluss der bildlichen Komponente, die durch die wörtliche Bedeutung evoziert wird, auf die lexikalisierte Bedeutung des Idioms. In der folgenden Untersuchung wird an Hand von drei synonymen Idiomen überprüft, welche Rolle die bildliche Komponente in der Semantik der Phraseologismen spielt.

EN

In the semantic perspective the meaning of an idiom is built of two components: the literal (verbatim) and the lexicalized (figurative) meaning. The usual point of view is to regard the two meanings as independent from each other. The idiomaticity consists in the fact that the lexicalized meaning cannot be derived from components of a word group. The latest research in the field of cognitive science and psycholinguistics emphasizes the influence of the mental image which is evoked while receiving an utterance. This literal representation exerts an influence on the lexicalized meaning of an idiom. The present study proves on three idioms the role of pictorial aspect in idioms’ semantics.

9

German Irrwisch ‘1. will-o’-the-wisp; 2. scamp, scallywag, imp’ and Polish urwis ‘scamp, scallywag, imp’.

80%

Stachowski M.

Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis

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2011

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vol. 128

PL

Even if the derivation of the meaning ‘scamp, scallywag, imp’ < ‘will-o’-the-wisp’ is generally imaginable (albeit not self-evident) it is assumed here that this change is actually based on addition of a foreign meaning to a German one, rather than on semantic evolution.

10

Kontext a sémantika predikátov

80%

Zouhar M.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2011

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vol. 59

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issue 2

187-205

EN

According to contextualism a basic feature of (all) sentences is that their semantic content is not determined purely on the basis of semantic conventions and compositionality. In determining the meaning (use) of a sentence the context of use should also play a role, and that even when the sentence does not include indexical expressions. In this paper there is a critical analysis of the contextualist argumentation in favour of the claim that the meaning of predicates (or rather their use) is dependent on context. It is argued that (i) in many uses the meaning of the predicate is the only factor which determines the corresponding semantic conventions, and that (ii) the context of use usually plays a different role it does not lend extra ingredients to the expressed meaning, but only serves as the background for determining the truth-values of a given use of the sentence.

11

O tzw. kategoriach gramatycznych (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kategorii przypadka)

80%

Topolińska Z.

Rocznik Slawistyczny

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2015

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vol. 64

159-166

EN

The author of this article sees the so-called grammatical categories as semantic categories which transfer information of key-importance for a successful act of communication. This is the reason why this information is grammaticalized, i.e. it has regular and predictable formal markers. In the center of the author’s interest is the category of case in the Slavic languages, especially in Polish. She presents her concept of the semantic paradigm of the category of case and demonstrates a striking parallelism between the meanings of particular cases (= the quantums of information grammaticalized in the formal case paradigm) on the one hand and the meanings of the nominal mutational desubstantival derivatives on the other hand. In her view this parallelism confirms the assumption that impulses leading to grammaticalization are of a primarily semantic character.

12

Prehistoric ornamentation: possible directions in research and aspects for interpretation as suggested by analysis of Tripolye-Cucuteni pottery

80%

Palaguta I. V.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2016

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vol. 68

65-80

EN

The paper proposes an interpretation of ornamental patterns in Tripolye-Cucuteni pottery. In the past decades, abstract and geometric ornamental motifs have often been viewed quite subjectively as images of the ‘moonfaced Goddess’, the ‘world egg’, ‘shells’, etc. The meaning of the ornamentation has been reconstructed on the basis of various ethnographic analogies, usually rather distant from the material under study. Within the framework of the structural-semiotic approach, the ornamentation has been analysed as a sign system or proto-writing where each element or motif is supposed to have a particular meaning. However, careful study of the dynamics inherent in the development of ornamental patterns shows that such interpretation cannot really be substantiated. Most signs seem to have been elements of technical design. The patterns were mostly created by dividing ornamented areas and not by building whole sequences of signs as it is done in texts. What was meaningful was the ornament itself as an integrated whole, not its elements. Ethnographic evidence shows that interpretation of identical motifs may vary considerably even within the same society. This has been confirmed by the author’s study of variation in the Tripolye patterns, which seem to have no unambiguous meaning. The main areas of future research lie in paleo-ethnological and paleo-cultural studies, where ornamental patterns are regarded as specific markers which reflect changes in the ethnic composition and social structure of prehistoric communities, and which provide information about interactions between different human groups.

13

„Człowiekiem się rodzę, osobą się staję”. Relacje semantyczne między leksemami osoba i człowiek we współczesnej polszczyźnie

80%

Kostrzewa D.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2013

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issue 15

43-58

EN

The paper attempts to determine the scope of realization of two synonymous words in modern Polish: człowiek/ludzie ‘man/people’, and osoba/osoby ‘person/persons’. A semantic analysis of the two has been conducted based on lexicographic sources and corpus texts, and led to the conclusion that no hierarchy exists in the semantic relation between them. Due to its stylistic neutrality, accommodation requirements, and deviation of reference towards the feminine gender, the understanding of the lexeme osoba ‘person’ complements the semantic field of the word człowiek ‘man’, which is marked for all aspects and directed towards description of representatives of the masculine gender. Moreover, having no stylistic connotations, the lexeme osoba ‘person’ is very frequent in journalistic texts, much more so than the noun człowiek ‘man’.

14

Nieokreśloność a kwantyfikacja: współdziałanie kategorii semantycznych

80%

Kiklewicz A.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2017

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issue 23

43-59

EN

The author considers the relationship between the category of quantification and the category of definiteness/ indefiniteness. In the reference theory, which prevailed in linguistics in the 1980s and 1990s, these two categories were considered in the light of integration, i.e. as varieties of a single semantic function. Therefore, quantifiers were regarded as exponents of the referential function of nominal groups, and considered together with such entities as determiners, articles, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and others. The author shows that this concept is wrong. True, semantic categories interact with one another but each of them has its own functional identity. The author treats quantifiers as one of three types of quantitative determination of nominal groups, and also shows the completion of quantification semantics in expressions with indefinite pronouns, as well as the completion of indefiniteness in expressions with quantifiers.

15

Deutsche Approximatoren und ihre Wiedergabe im Polnischen

80%

Poźlewicz A.

Studia Linguistica

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2012

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issue 31

59-67

EN

German particles defined as focus-sensitive operators (Operatorpartikeln) cannot function separately as a response to constituent or polarity questions or as the head of the phrase. As a rule, they do not occur alone in sentence-initial position preceding the finite verb, i.e. in the ‘forefield’ of German declarative sentences. Their distinctive feature is their reference to a specific sentence constituent. Furthermore, they may interact with the focus structure. The paper deals with one of the subclasses of German particle-operators, i.e. particles such as etwa (‘approximately’), nahezu (‘almost’) and wenigstens (‘at least’), which define the value they operate on as an approximate one. The aim is to investigate their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties as well as the morphological, syntactic and semantic typology of their relevant operands. The resulting characteristics of approximating particles eventually allow to juxtapose them with their Polish counterparts.

16

La focalisation comme critère d’analyse de synonymes

80%

Lebas-Fraczak L.

Orbis Linguarum

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2018

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issue 50

115–125

EN

Focalization as a criterion for analysis of synonyms We consider synonymy as a phenomenon involving simultaneously paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations between signs, and we consider synonyms as lexical units that can be substituted for each other within a given type of linguistic context. After a brief historical overview of approaches to synonymy, we put forward a hypothesis that semantic shades opposing synonyms may be described via an “attentional” criterion, rather than referential ones. As illustration, we analyze three French verbs: jouer, interpréter and incarner in the contexts “X plays the role of Y (in a film or play)”, showing that each verb focalizes a different aspect of the reference.

17

"Nie tak i tak dalej, ale tak i nie tak dalej...", czyli o tym, czym jest nielogiczność

80%

Wołk M.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2013

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issue 15

27-39

EN

The article discusses the linguistic unit coś jest nielogiczne (‘something is illogical’), aiming to provide a description of its meaning, and an explicative formula which consists of indefinable expressions of the natural language. The semantic description of the unit is influenced by the issue of its reference, which is two-fold: the unit can refer to what someone said, as well as to what someone did. In order to pinpoint the distinctive features of the given expression, which is what determines its distinguishability, it is compared to a semantically close predicate, nonsens (‘nonsense’). Conclusions that flow from the analysis of nonsens had to be verified after a comparison with those obtained from the analysis of illogicality.

18

Fachtermini in der Rechtssprache — Lehrbefugnis und Lehrbefähigung im Hochschulrecht. Zur Bedeutung und Verwendung der Fachwörter in der Textsorte Habilitationsordnung

80%

Mikołajczyk B., Aptacy J.

Studia Linguistica

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2015

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issue 34

91-115

EN

The subject of this paper is the semantics of the German lexemes Lehrbefähigung and Lehrbefugnis in habilitation regulations at selected universities in the Federal Republic of Germany. The habilitation regulation is a legal text type and it is expected that the meaning of the technical terms it contains is clear. In fact, the analysis has shown that this cannot be said of Lehrbefähigung and Lehrbefugnis. In particular, the semantics of Lehrbefähigung is very blurred. In some cases this expression means an inherent human characteristic that is determined and certified by an external instance, in other cases the attestation of this ability. In a particular case, Lehrbefähigung was even equated with Lehrbefugnis (venia legendi). The semantics of Lehrbefugnis (venia legendi / docendi) however, which is understood as permission to offer and perform courses at a university, seems to be clear. Our analysis can be helpful when designing the legal texts for higher education.

19

Other-initiated repair in Murrinh-Patha

80%

Blythe J.

Open Linguistics

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2014

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vol. 1

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issue 1

EN

The range of linguistic structures and interactional practices associated with other-initiated repair (OIR) is surveyed for the Northern Australian language Murrinh-Patha. By drawing on a video corpus of informal Murrinh- Patha conversation, the OIR formats are compared in terms of their utility and versatility. Certain “restricted” formats have semantic properties that point to prior trouble source items. While these make the restricted repair initiators more specialised, the “open” formats are less well resourced semantically, which makes them more versatile. They tend to be used when the prior talk is potentially problematic in more ways than one. The open formats (especially thangku, “what?”) tend to solicit repair operations on each potential source of trouble, such that the resultant repair solution improves upon the troublesource turn in several ways.

20

Semantyka nastroju

80%

SKUBALANKAL T.

Stylistyka

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2011

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vol. 20

309-317

PL

The author analyses the meaning structure of moody poetic texts. Basing on the example of melancholie descriptions of naturę in modemism poetry, the author indicates the constructive role of meanings of words such as dream, silence, fog, and shadow. Some theses of componential analyse of meaning are used also in the article to describe so called emotional dispersion.

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