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Specyfika głównych ośrodków życia monastycznego w Galii w IV i V wieku

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Pochwat J.
Polonia Sacra
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue 3(48)
107-128
PL
Postaciami kluczowymi dla monastycyzmu Galii w IV i V wieku są: św. Marcin z Tours, Sulpicjusz Sewer, Jan Kasjan, Romanus i Lupicynius. Monastycyzm galijski odsłania inne podejście niż zasady wypracowane na Wschodzie. W samej Galii wykazuje również pewne zróżnicowanie. Monastycyzm Wschodu charakteryzował się tym, że był zdecydowanie ascetyczno-anachorecki, w odróżnieniu od monastycyzmu galijskiego o nastawieniu apostolsko-ewangelizującym. Oba te podejścia wcale się nie wykluczają, wręcz przeciwnie, uczą zasady jedności w różnorodności. Pokazują, że w życiu monastycznym chodzi o praktykowanie życia oddanego Bogu w pełnym jego wymiarze, zarówno duchowym, jak i cielesnym. Jednakże sposób realizacji tych założeń nie musi być wszędzie jednakowy, na szczyt prowadzi bowiem wiele dróg.
EN
The key figures for Gaul’s monasticism in the fourth and fifth century are: Martin of Tours, Sulpicius Severus, John Cassian, Romanus and Lupicinius. Monasticism in Gaul reveals a different approach to the principles developed in the East. In Gaul itself, some diversity can be observed. Monasticism of the East had a strong ascetic-anchoritic character, unlike Gallic monasticism with its apostolic and evangelical attitude. These two approaches do not contradict each other, quite the reverse, they both teach the principles of unity in diversity. They show that monastic life is about practicing a life devoted to God in its full dimension; both spiritually and bodily. The way of putting into practice these principles does not have to be the same. There are many routes leading to the aim.
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Przebóstwienie człowieka w pismach Jana Kasjana

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Nocoń A.
Vox Patrum
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2015
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vol. 63
185-197
EN
One of the principal ideas in oriental anthropology is that of the divinization of man. The author studies this idea in John Cassian and draws the conclusion that not only was it known to Cassian, but indeed it is the filter through which he views the question of grace. The author arrives at this conclusion, above all, by underlin­ing oriental monasticism as the original context of the theology of divinization. Cassian was trained as a theologian and monk in this very ambience. All of the elements of the concept of divinization are present in the writings of Cassian and the two biblical models for the qšwsij of man – its creation of man in the image and likeness of God (Gen 1: 26-27) and the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor (Mt 17: 1-8; Mc 9: 2-8; Lc 9: 28-36) – are widely commented on by Cassian and form the basis of his theological and ascetical teaching. Cassian’s doctrine on grace, which is deeply penetrated by the concept of divinization, propounds the idea that, after original sin, the likeness of God in man is destroyed, but the image of God in man – reason, free will, and conscience – remains. The grace of God, perceived through the prism of divinization, in Cassian implies not a “resurrection” of the dead nature of man, but a strengthening of his relationship with God, a passage from the condition of “slave” to that of “friend”. This teaching, characterized as it is by a salvific optimism which is typically oriental, according to the author, should no longer be regarded as a form of semipelagianism. Rather, but with due qualification, it should be regarded as a valid and interesting way of speaking on the perennially difficult quaestio of the relationship between grace and free will.
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Dwie monastyczne koncepcje – o tym co łączy a zarazem dzieli Jana Kasjana i św. Augustyna

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Nehring P.
Vox Patrum
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2018
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vol. 69
527-545
EN
Author of this paper juxtaposes several issues which are fundamental for mo­nastic concepts of St. Augustine and John Cassian, two figures that had the great­est impact on the development of the western pre-Benedictine monasticism. The difference in intellectual inspirations, personal monastic experiences, addressees of their monastic works and positions held by them in the institutional Church in­fluenced very deeply their teaching. Thus they interpret in a different manner an ac­count on the Jerusalem community (Acts 4:31-35) that – in their common opinion – began the history of monasticism. Cassian sees in it just the historical outset for this phenomenon while Augustine perceives it as a still valid model of behavior for his monks. They look differently at the relation of monastic communities towards the community of the Church but also at inner rules governing the life of monks in monasteries. Unlike Augustine, Cassian sees possibility of spiritual growth gained by monks through ascetical practices and decisions made on their free will. This anthropological optimism had played the key-role for the statement that Cassian made in the face of radical views of Augustine on the Grace and free will, formu­lated by him during the Pelagian controversy but also in other controversial issue, namely of possible legitimacy of lying under particular circumstances.
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Synergizm Bożej łaski i ludzkiej wolności. Czy droga przebóstwienia człowieka w teologii wschodniej jest pelagiańska?

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Składanowski M.
Roczniki Teologii Ekumenicznej (Annals of Ecumenical Theology)
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2011
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vol. 3(58)
71-87
EN
According to the Holy Bible, God gives us unceasingly his grace in order to liberate humanity from sin and death. One of the most fundamental Christistian beliefs – which expresses the absolute primacy of God’s salvific will – says that God’s grace is necessary for salvation. The doctrine of divine grace was the main topic of the theological discussion between St. Augustine and Pelagius. The Augustinian doctrine presented clear opposition between the omnipotence of God’s grace and the weakness of the sinner. Augustine’s teachings prevailed in the Catholic doctine, although without its extremities. Meanwhile in the East, the Pelagian controversy was not understood and the Augustine’s doctrine of divine grace was not accepted. The Eastern theology speaks of synergism as a divine-human salvific cooperation. Is this not a Pelagian denial of the absolute salvific primacy of God? To answer this question, the article seeks the notion of divine grace in the doctrine of the Orthodox Church. The concept of God’s grace is in this doctrine associated with the concept of deification (theosis). Essentially, God’s grace is the same as God’s uncreated energies. It is some kind of active presence of the Holy Trinity in the world. Its manifestations are the sacraments of the Church. Its aim is the final fulfillment of human destiny and of the world. Man’s free will is also an important gift of grace. God’s salvific action toward mankind leads to theosis which is the purpose of human life. It is achievable only through a synergy (cooperation) between human will and God’s uncreated energies. The omnipotence of God’s grace does not destroy human freedom, because freedom of the human will itself is a God’s gift. The Orthodox doctrine of synergism, however, does not distinguish clearly God’s grace and human freedom. Man’s salvation is possible through the cooperation of grace and freedom, although ultimately divine Providence leads mankind to eternal fulfillment. There are still some important doctrinal differences between Catholic and Orthodox theologies. The Eastern thought emphasises the deification of man and the ultimate goal of the human life. The Catholic doctrine is more practical: it seeks the way of salvation for a sinner. However, it does not mean that these two concepts are totally incompatible. They both are based on the main Christian idea of God’s love toward mankind. The most important expression of this redemptive and salvific love is Christ’s Cross and Resurrection.
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Initium fidei w ujęciu Jana Kasjana

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Nocoń A.
Vox Patrum
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2014
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vol. 61
359-371
EN
The problem of the „beginning of faith” (initium fidei) was among those which vividly captured the attention of theologians at the beginning of the 5th century, particularly in the wider context of the controversy concerning the relationship be­tween free will and God’s grace in the work of salvation. Generally it is assumed that John Cassian, concerned, on the one hand, to show the Pelagians the neces­sity of grace and the radical Augustinians, on the other, the need for cooperation with the work of divine grace, failed to avoid errors which would subsequently be referred to as semi-pelagianism. With regard to the „beginning of faith”, his error is supposed to consist in the fact that the salvific initiative could derive from man. This view, however, derives from an over simplification of the thought of the Abbot of St. Victor: not only because most of his comments underline the neces­sity for grace in order for faith to begin in man (theological argument), but also because even in his rare „semipelagian” affirmations Cassian speaks of scintilla of good will in man, without however calling this the moment of faith strictly under­stood (philological argument). Above all, however, it is forgotten that for Cassian, who was educated in the spirit of oriental theology, salvation is simultaneously divine and human and lacks any form of „arithmetical” parity between God and man, which would make man an equal partner with God in the work of salvation. For Cassian, everything concerning the primacy of God in salvation is beyond question and human efforts are nothing other than the response expected by the Divine Pedagogue of His pupils as He leads them along the path of salvation, from the initium fidei to its end.
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