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EN
The phenomenon of “hyperintensionality” can be linked to Frege’s famous article “Über Sinn und Bedeutung” (1892). Frege here showed the need in semantics to take account not only of reference but also of the way in which referent is given – and this “mode of presentation” he named sense (Sinn). The basic property of sense (which Frege did not, however, define) is that two expressions, though they differ in sense, may pick out (refer to) the same object. For example (Frege offered other examples), the expression “integer larger than 1 and divisible only by itself and the number 1” certainly differs from the expression “integer having exactly two divisors”, but both expressions pick out, by virtue of their (different) senses, one and the same object, that is, the set of prime numbers. It can be shown that no set-object can have this property. In order that the proof of this important property of set-objects be easily comprehensible, the main part of the paper focuses on an account of the basic characteristics of Tichý’s transparent intensional logic (TIL), in which hyperintensionality is defined as a procedural property. There may seem to be a disproportion between the several pages of the text and the brief and straightforward proof. In this brief proof, howe­ver, it is assumed that the concept of construction is clear, that the sense of an expression is represented as a construction, and that the reference (if it exists) is that which the sense-construction construes, so that the property of Frege’s sense given by the statement VS can be thus formulated by an assertion concerning not expressions, but primarily the relation between sense and referent, for example thus: Two differing senses can be the mode of presentation of the same object (referent). The preponderan­ce of text providing concise information about the basic concepts of TIL over the proof itself can therefore be easily explained.
PL
Structures in the good sense and in the bad sense are one of the ways of verbalizing the act of evaluation. What is interesting from the psycholinguistic point of view is their potential to activate a “backward” evaluation of concepts that are well established in the system of language that lies hidden in these structures, on the one hand, and the elements of the dynamics of axiomatic processes in the language that reflect social and cultural changes that can be revealed by them, on the other hand.
EN
Gregory the Great in his Expositio in Canticis Canticorum, created between the years 594 or 595 and 598, ends the patristic tradition of allegorical commentaries on Sg. We are not in the possession of the complete text of Gregory’s commentary, as the text of the Pope’s interpretations finishes at Sg 1 : 8. The text of the commentary as we have it at present shows some signs of a revision made by Gregory I himself and has features characteristic of the original oral version of the text. The comparative study of Origen’s and Gregory’s commentaries shows that Pope Gregory I was familiar with Origen’s homilies and commentary on Sg and used his writings while working on his own text, but only sparingly. Gregory I undoubtedly took from Origen the general approach, some phrases, and at times the way in which exegesis of a certain extract was executed. Gregory discussed the biblical text in accordance with the principles of intellectual, parenetic and pastoral interpretation. The primary interest of the Pope was to extract the spiritual-mystical meaning of the text, and the allegorical interpretation is supposed to help man read the biblical text so that he can love God and follow Him. The allegorical reading of Sg, and actually of the whole Bible as well, should consequently kindle the love of God in man and fill him with thoughts of God. Gregory I recommends a spiritual-ascetic reading of the Bible: the reader is supposed to change his habits for the better, be able to alienate himself ascetically from the surrounding world, and in this way acquire contemplation of Godly matters.
PL
Gregory the Great in his Expositio in Canticis Canticorum, created between the years 594 or 595 and 598, ends the patristic tradition of allegorical commentaries on Sg. We are not in the possession of the complete text of Gregory’s commentary, as the text of the Pope’s interpretations finishes at Sg 1 : 8. The text of the commentary as we have it at present shows some signs of a revision made by Gregory I himself and has features characteristic of the original oral version of the text. The comparative study of Origen’s and Gregory’s commentaries shows that Pope Gregory I was familiar with Origen’s homilies and commentary on Sg and used his writings while working on his own text, but only sparingly. Gregory I undoubtedly took from Origen the general approach, some phrases, and at times the way in which exegesis of a certain extract was executed. Gregory discussed the biblical text in accordance with the principles of intellectual, parenetic and pastoral interpretation. The primary interest of the Pope was to extract the spiritual-mystical meaning of the text, and the allegorical interpretation is supposed to help man read the biblical text so that he can love God and follow Him. The allegorical reading of Sg, and actually of the whole Bible as well, should consequently kindle the love of God in man and fill him with thoughts of God. Gregory I recommends a spiritual-ascetic reading of the Bible: the reader is supposed to change his habits for the better, be able to alienate himself ascetically from the surrounding world, and in this way acquire contemplation of Godly matters.
EN
The text concerns the issue of translation in relation to education. It begins with a reference to contemporary discussion on translation study. The reference is done in order to show a complexity of problems in the field and to introduce the hermeneutic perspective of translation, reading and education. The main conclusion is that education is a translation of experiences, different ways of understanding the world. The more the world changes and seems to be completely different and alien than the one we used to understand, the more it needs a hermeneutist, i.e. a translator and an interpreter with – at least in the Gadamerian context – a poetic ear. The hermeneutist of education has the very ‘ear’ that makes him/her feel that theory is practice and practice is theory.
PL
The text concerns the issue of translation in relation to education. It begins with a reference to contemporary discussion on translation study. The reference is done in order to show a complexity of problems in the field and to introduce the hermeneutic perspective of translation, reading and education. The main conclusion is that education is a translation of experiences, different ways of understanding the world. The more the world changes and seems to be completely different and alien than the one we used to understand, the more it needs a hermeneutist, i.e. a translator and an interpreter with – at least in the Gadamerian context – a poetic ear. The hermeneutist of education has the very ‘ear’ that makes him/her feel that theory is practice and practice is theory.
PL
There is a common opinion that a researcher cannot be entirely objective. Although they can keep a semantic neutrality, their identity and social environment make it impossible to maintain this neutrality in the practice. The author tries to prove that this neutrality is impossible as well because every scientist chooses their own philosophy of language. The author shows examples of certain statements of sociology of religion confronted with three positivist requirements and ways in which the choice can influence the interpretation. We can translate the statements to become compatible with the requirements of the language but every translation is subject to risk of losing the depth, the root of thinker’s intention. Since there are many opposite views on philosophy of language a need arises to develop a sociological thought concerning thisaspect of their work.
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Sense, Happiness and Time

88%
EN
This review focuses on Living and Loving Better with Time Perspective Therapy by Philip G. Zimbardo and Rosemary K. M. Sword. It discusses the main theses presented in the text and invites the reader to reflect on loneliness, depression, anxiety, being happy and the time perspective therapy.
EN
The aim o f this article is to look from an existential point of view at the metaphysical argument from language to reality. The main questions are as follows: does language reflect the structure of reality? or is it rather a tool that enables us to perform certain actions, like the action of proving a thesis? and can we, by investigating the nature of language arrive at truths about extralinguistic reality? Those issues are taken up with respect to insights gained by Parmenides, Wittengenstein and Barańczak, a contemporary Polish poet and translator. For Parmenides language is not an autonomous domain but is conjugated with external reality, so by discovering the rules that govern the attribution of meaning to linguistic utterances we can reach beyond phenomena towards the nature of the world as such. Contradictory statements are then seen to result from the aspectuality of particular accounts, whereas in being conceived in its entirety there is no self-contradiction but only degrees of properties. Parmenidean metaphysics is of interest to us here in connection with his concept of the relationship between a word and its referent, whereby it is possible to infer the essence of the thing picked out by a word from the established rules of its correct usage. Ludwig Wittgenstein is a philosopher whose impact on thinking about the metaphysical consequences of language is not to be overlooked. His position concerning the very possibility of metaphysical claims splits into two standpoints, expressed in his two basic works: Tractatus logico- philosophicus and Philosophical Investigations. Tractatus is Parmenidean in its presupposed isomorphism between the structure of language and the world, as well as in assuming that the substance of the world determines the logical space of all possibilities and that it is eternal and unchangeable. On the other hand, however, we do not have an access to the comprehensive state of things denoted as «the world» in its material mode, and therefore we have no basis for deciding which metaphysical statements are its true formal representations. That is why on the level of logic people can arrive at mutually exclusive metaphysical claims, as shown by Plato in the ending of his Parmenides. In Philosophical Investigations Wittgenstein considers, among others, the role of prototypes in the process o f transmitting/learning the meaning of words whereby the objects of experience can be categorized. He also reflects on language as an act governed by autonomous rules which are accepted by users, a theory which he called language games. What underlies both these issues is the question of an element o f identity between language and extralingustic reality. The answer that this element consists in the logical form of an utterance whereby reality is supposed to be mapped by a sentence becomes problematic in the light o f the discovery o f the ambiguity of an image when it is placed in two different contexts that contain different prototypes of reference for the sign under consideration. In reading a particular notation as a mapping of a specific state of things, one’s knowledge of the rules of notation plays an important role as it enables one to recognize the content that one already knows. The rules that impose interpretation on reality constitute a broadly understood grammar. They are autonomous relative to reality so when we utter a sentence the words obtain their meaning depending on how they are used. This does not translate into a referentially understood meaning, because what turns out to be important is the sense of the word, i.e. the way in which it is used by the speaker. Self-aware poetry seeks sense in links between the word and the world, not just within the domain of language itself. Conscious of grammatical rules, it employs them as a tool in overcoming the autonomy of language. This approach is analyzed on the example of an essay on the essence of poetry titled Tablica z Macondo [The Macondo License Plate] by Stanisław Barańczak. He talks in it about a personalized license plate he would devise for himself in order not to forget the most vital truth that enables him to navigate his life. Such a plate would read in Polish ON JEST [HE IS], where - owing to the specificity of the Polish grammar - the third person masculine singular pronoun can stand for the reader (or more generally “the other”), the world, and God (or transcendence). The intended ambiguity of this pronoun makes us realize that although pronouns are substitutes for the noun phrase in a sentence, they are in fact a sort of mental abbreviations that encapsulate more abundant content than a mere 1:1 correspondence with a single noun. Of the two basic functions of pronouns in interpersonal communication: anaphoric and deictic, the latter proves to be more basic as it introduces new objects into the universe of discourse shared by the participants of a conversation. One cannot speak about the meaning o f the pronoun «he», but about the sense in which it is used, and this sense pertains to extralinguistic reality indicated directly by the speaker. The sentence HE IS does not tell us anything about reality unless reality itself is included into the utterance as one of its constituent elements. The triple encounter (the other, the world, transcendence) spelled out by Barańczak in terms of an inclusive unity of experience represented by a single sentence is a manifestation of the metaphysical.
EN
This article reveals the exceptional union of two metaphysical poems by John Donne, so far regarded as separate entities. By conducting a thorough linguistic analysis, the author gradually shows subtle links between The good-morrow and The Flea on the lexical, thematic, and structural levels. Their existence provides evidence that J. Donne’s works may form meaningful assemblages and should therefore be interpreted only in the context of the whole manuscript. The Flea and The good-morrow clearly comment on one another and together complete the vision of the world which emerges from their verses. Thanks to their autotelic character – the material form that itself conveys a message − the reader experiences this lyrical diptych as an observable phenomenon and an intellectual puzzle. The poet deliberately breaks existing patterns and rules to expose chosen elements. It is the irregularities in the composition of the verses and stanzas, frequently perceived as imperfections, that open the door to deeper levels of his metaphysical concept.
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2022
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vol. Special Issue
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issue 17
35-43
EN
This study will attempt to underline the various forms and functions Pascal Quignard assigns to reading in his different texts. To begin with, we will consider the subtle distinctions and links he creates between silence reading, loneliness reading and wandering reading. In this respect, particular attention will be paid to the relationships which are woven between reading and loneliness in texts by this solitary and unusual author. In the second part the focus will be on the evolution of the concept of reading for the author of L’Homme aux trois lettres (2020), who is anxious to develop an “oceanic” work. Indeed literature as “an elusive prey”, according to the author, is not about sense, but about the senses. Finally we shall conclude that in Pascal Quignard’s works, which defy any oversimplifie characterization or classification as far as genres are concerned, reading appears above all as a sensual experiment which leads the reader to some sort of condition close to disappearing and annihilation, in the symbolic or even the mystic sense one can give these terms.
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2017
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vol. 41
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issue 3
181-197
EN
Author analyses six selected comic books from popular series „Tytus, Romek & Atomek” by Henryk Jerzy Chmielewski, using unique communicativistic theory discovered by G. Habrajska and A. Awdiejew. She’s searching some verbal and non-verbal determinants, which are typical for the publicistic style (persuasion closed in words, persuasion extracted from words, self-contained persuasion). The effect of this research is a fact, that the comics by Chmielewski (primary classified as an artictic style) – has its characteristic persuasive purpose, through using all the elements of the publicistic discourse. According to that, the main purpose of the comics was: to indoctrinate young readers as the responsible participants of the community in Polish People’s Republic.   
EN
In a literary work, signals that trigger reader’s inferential excursions allow the reader’s imagination to identify with and control the represented world. They constitute an important element of sense-generating mechanism. Thanks to imagination, the translator imitates the inferential mechanism of the original on various level’s of the text’s structure, activating the imagination of the reader. The translator’s imagination is bi- or multivalent in having the linguistic-semiotic, literary, and cultural quality. Although it manifests itself in language, it goes beyond the boundaries of language. Imagination is a form of consciousness which has no object of its own, and a medium connecting a specific non-imaginary knowledge with representations. It constitutes a mind faculty shaped on the basis of sensory and mental perception. It is derived from individual principles of perception and cognition data processing. It usually requires a stymulus to activate the capabilities of the imagining subject. As a mind faculty, imagination is based on the mental capability common to all people, which is the ability to create chains of associations.Translator’s respect for inferential excursions in the original text is necessary for retaining the original meaning, regardless of whether they occur on the phonetic-phonological level (as in Ionesco’s The Chairs), or on the level of image-semantic and syntactic relations (as in translation of Apollinaire’s Zone), or on the level of syntax (as in translation of Mrożek’s short stories into Slovenian), or on the level of cultural communication (as in Slovenian translation of Gombrowicz’s Trans-Atlantic).
EN
This article is about the translation as a process which changes the way of thinking in the other language, the one in which we translate. In order to make that text understandable for readers, the translator needs to make some changes in the original text, i.e. to manipulate with the language, so that the translation will transfer the same meaning and sense of the original one. Paraphrase is one of the strategies that is presented in this work.
14
75%
EN
The principal objective of this paper is to analyse the sensory impact on customer's behaviours as well as the limitations of its application. The analysis is based on the results of various international studies. It was proved that music and odours through their various characteristics may affect customers' perception of products and services as well as the perceived time passage and contribute to more money and time being spent in the establishment. The results of the study indicate that managers should allow their customers to tactually investigate their products. It was proved also that visual characteristics of an establishment and product may have an influence on customers' behaviour within the retail environment. The implementation of the sensory strategy would involve the introduction of musical, olfactory, visual and haptic cues into the brand design and/or the retailing atmosphere. However, from the environmental and social point of view, the existing law regulations ought to be taken into account while implementing such a solution.
PL
Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest analiza oddziaływania zmysłów na zachowania klientów, jak również ograniczenia jego stosowania. Analiza opiera się na wynikach różnych badań międzynarodowych. Wykazano, że muzyka i zapachy poprzez swe różne cechy mogą wpływać na percepcję przez klientów produktów i usług, jak również postrzeganego upływu czasu i przyczyniać się do tego, że w placówce wydaje się więcej pieniędzy i spędza więcej czasu. Wyniki badania wskazują, że menedżerowie powinni pozwalać swym klientom na dotykowe badanie swych produktów. Wykazano również, że wizualne cechy placówki i produktu mogą mieć wpływ na zachowanie klientów w środowisku placówek detalicznych. Wdrożenie strategii sensorycznej wiązałoby się z wprowadzeniem bodźców muzycznych, węchowych, wzrokowych i dotykowych do projektu marki i/lub klimatu w handlu detalicznym. Z drugiej strony, ze środowiskowego i społecznego punktu widzenia należałoby brać pod uwagę istniejące przepisy prawne w trakcie wdrażania takiego rozwiązania.
EN
The history of translation is as ancient as the theories concerning translation. Within the progress of this item the discussion focuses on two conflicting positions, based on the concepts of semantic equivalence and one-to-one correspondence respectively. The question which has always been significant is, whether to move the text to its reader or to move the reader, that is to say how to deal with the text`s overdetermination. An individual word may relate to one word through assonance, to another through syntactical equivalence or morphological parallelism. Signs participate in several different paradigmatic and syntagmatic patterns which, in their complexity, cannot be transferred completely into another language. The article deals with the question “how to translate?”, which means to substitute one sign for another and not to lose too much of its significance. Is authenticity possible or just a Utopian dream?
PL
The article covers the antithesis of positive and negative knowledge and its projection on the field of language. By the example of the Sermon on the Mount, the thesis of non-discursive nature of word and its contrasting to speech is affirmed. In connection with the antithesis under consideration, such questions of phenomenology are addressed as embodiment of meaning in a word, essential irrelevance of existing institutions and instances of the language. Distinction is made between authentic appeal and institutional methods of identification presented in nominal discourse.
PL
The article begins with a short presentation of an interesting semantics concerning the notion of sense from Jean Grondin’s book Du sens de la vie. Essai philosophique. The author singles out four aspects of sense: directional, semantic (the issue of lingual meaning and values), sensous/ sensory (connected with taste, sensus communis) and reflective (connected with the wisdom to judge rightly). Grondin suggests considering the issue of the sense of life not as something added, imposed to life (the constructivist perspective) but rather as something to be discovered, or read from within our experience. In the context the most important question about the sense of education has been posed. The main conclusions of the text are as follows. Contemporary education seems to be reduced to different forms: techno-instrumental, moralizing or ideological, aesthetic “French-polished” and bureaucratically statistical. However, hermeneutics can still provide a crucial inspiration for modern education. The hermeneutic rehabilitation of taste in its sense of (re)cognition, savoring (relishing) and understanding of things needs to be (re)discovered within education. It seems that the modern tendency to reduce human reality and human experience to a narrow area of specialisation, might be overcome by a hermeneutic invitation to see things in a wider, non-generalised, horizon. Reducing the sense of education to one of the aspects mentioned by Grondin means to make education something perhaps useful, effective, attractive because of the ‘ends and means’ technology, but at the same time senseless and lacking life, spirit, inspiration and taste. The sense of education is to be uncovered/ discovered and not merely imposed and then assimilated. However, education needs – paradoxically – a kind of repetition and imitation comparable to the experience full of listening to the sounds and words in the process of uttering something. It is not the same as the reproduction or duplication of content. That is why in education the interpreter’s fine inner ear is needed. It is needed not in order to replace the content with something elusive, but rather to regain – thanks to this sensual elusiveness – a sense of the content and its voice. The importance of the voice is that in listening out for it an encounter with something different from our own particularity is possible.
EN
The article begins with a short presentation of an interesting semantics concerning the notion of sense from Jean Grondin’s book Du sens de la vie. Essai philosophique. The author singles out four aspects of sense: directional, semantic (the issue of lingual meaning and values), sensous/sensory (connected with taste, sensus communis) and reflective (connected with the wisdom to judge rightly). Grondin suggests considering the issue of the sense of life not as something added, imposed to life (the constructivist perspective) but rather as something to be discovered, or read from within our experience. In the context the most important question about the sense of education has been posed. The main conclusions of the text are as follows. Contemporary education seems to be reduced to different forms: techno-instrumental, moralizing or ideological, aesthetic “French-polished” and bureaucratically statistical. However, hermeneutics can still provide a crucial inspiration for modern education. The hermeneutic rehabilitation of taste in its sense of (re)cognition, savoring (relishing) and understanding of things needs to be (re)discovered within education. It seems that the modern tendency to reduce human reality and human experience to a narrow area of specialisation, might be overcome by a hermeneutic invitation to see things in a wider, non-generalised, horizon. Reducing the sense of education to one of the aspects mentioned by Grondin means to make education something perhaps useful, effective, attractive because of the ‘ends and means’ technology, but at the same time senseless and lacking life, spirit, inspiration and taste. The sense of education is to be uncovered/discovered and not merely imposed and then assimilated. However, education needs – paradoxically – a kind of repetition and imitation comparable to the experience full of listening to the sounds and words in the process of uttering something. It is not the same as the reproduction or duplication of content. That is why in education the interpreter’s fine inner ear is needed. It is needed not in order to replace the content with something elusive, but rather to regain – thanks to this sensual elusiveness – a sense of the content and its voice. The importance of the voice is that in listening out for it an encounter with something different from our own particularity is possible.
EN
The article contains a review of the main arguments proposed by the philosophers of late structuralism (including the so-called post-structuralism) against Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology, particularly, his theses on semantics. Polemics against the Husserlian conception of semantics are grounded in the structuralists’ opposition to the various theses of Husserl’s phenomenologies (both the transcendental constitutive and the genetic). Initially (particularly in the 1950s), it was an attempt at combining the logical and linguistic theses of Husserlian phenomenology with the structuralist theses proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure, as known from late works by Maurice Merleau-Ponty. In the 1960s, it was an attempt at challenging the status of subjectivity – the subject, including the transcendental ego and the role of consciousness. Simultaneously, it is a polemic against essentialism, in regard to ontological, epistemological and anthropological theses. In the article, I focus on the polemics of the thinkers (i.a. Gilles Deleuze, Jacques Derrida, Jean-François Lyotard) that reformulated Saussure’s theses, against Husserlian semantics which they considered in reference to the broad understanding of a sign, exceeding the sign of language.
XX
The article considers the set of problems in O. Sych’s novel, providing artistic transformation of the main ideas of “Tibetan Book of the Dead” into the sphere of national and existential searchings of the main hero Orest. The author analyses compositional peculiarities of the novel: twinnery, sense inversion, profound metaphoric ambiguity of Uroboros.
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