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EN
Although the place of the notion of homeland in John Paul II’s teaching has been studied in numerous publications, most of them adopted a theological perspective. However, it seems worthy to refer it also to reflections of lay researchers. The present analysis concentrates on Pope’s homilies and speeches given during three pilgrimages to Poland between 1979 and 1987. Thirty texts in which the word homeland appears have been taken into account. It turns out that John Paul II often alluded to visions of homeland fixed in the Polish culture. However, he did not share with his contemporaries the image of homeland with ethnicity, history and tradition in its centre. Homeland, in his vision, should not separate inhabitants of a country, but rather unite them. It should not induce to contemplate national triumphs and failures, but incite to look towards the future.
PL
Autor tego artykułu zwraca uwagę na problemy dotyczące współczesnych kazań pojawiające się w związku z metodami stosowanymi przez pastorów w celu ich przygotowania, a także będące wynikiem współpracy pomiędzy domem pogrzebowym a pastorem. Niewłaściwe metody wpływają niekorzystnie na proces powstawania kazania pogrzebowego, natomiast współpraca domu pogrzebowego z pastorem może negatywnie wpłynąć na postrzeganie pastora i jego znaczenie dla żałobników. Autor spodziewa się, że studia interdyscyplinarne, a zwłaszcza wnioski płynące z badań psychologicznych nad żałobą mogą pomóc w procesie konstruowania takich kazań pogrzebowych, które w odpowiedni sposób odniosą się do sytuacji. Pastorzy winni brać pod uwagę wiedzę psychologiczną, lecz ich narzędzia powinny pochodzić z umiejętnego zastosowania teologii i wiary w Boga.
XX
Importance of speech therapy in preachers’ training
EN
Listening to sermons is getting more and more difficult for a contemporary man. This may be due to the growing discrepancy between language used and understood by listeners and the language of preachers. The language of sermons and homilies is the literary one in its normative-anddidactic form. The official teaching of the Church shows that a considerable importance is attributed to the verbal sphere of preaching. The language of preaching should be correct, esthetic and contemporary. Also, it should be adequate, which is congruent with the reality it describes. In the preaching of the Word of God the content is the most important. The form of the utterance should serve the content.
EN
Piotr Skarga is one of the most prominent Polish writers of the 16th century. Today he is mostly regarded as a polemicist, heavily engaged in political matters. However, during his lifetime, he was considered as a religious writer. Lives of the Saints held a significant importance among his work, as well as his sermons (especially appreciated by Catholics, since people of other faiths thought of Skarga as a sworn enemy). In these writings there are a lot of references to the angels (around 500 mentions), although it does not make him an angelologist. His remarks on the angels are in accordance with the Catholic doctrine and decrees of the Council of Trent. Skarga’s favorite motives were: hierarchical structure of existence (man should aim high, to the angels), angelic hierarchy (following Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite), the court of God (with a special role of the courtier angels), the angelic army (with God as its leader, interfering in history, also the history of Poland), singing of the angels (one of the most common themes, coming from the Biblical Apocrypha), the Guardian Angel (belonging to everyman, not only ardent Catholics) and the angelic cult (one of the determinant aspects of Christianity). Although Skarga was very vigilant not to write anything that would not be in accordance with the Catholic teachings, he was using religious motives to reflect upon the politics, for example he regarded divine monarchy as a model for earthly monarchy.
EN
This contribution discusses the option of interpreting protestant services regarding its persuasive moment. Based on current theological and rhetorical findings, the concept of persuasion is presented. Furthermore, the transcripts from two services are analyzed more closely focusing on how persuasive argumentation is brought forward in them. The analysis of rhetorical and of linguistic and prosodic patterns such as topics, speech rate, pausing and stressing unveils the rich persuasive moment in the context in which it has seldom been seen before.
PL
The article considers some aspects of the genesis of preaching as a special genre of oral creativity in the Christian tradition and its importance in the Protestant propaganda of the confessional period. According to the author, preaching was of paramount importance to Luther starting with the first steps of his revision of the Christian creed. The reformer used the sermon not only as an instruction in the faith, but also as a kind of translator of his educational program – because only through the training of the population could he, from his point of view, convey the faithful the “divine message” and the idea of salvation.
EN
The article presents the principle o f analogy in contemporary Polish Catholic homilies addressed to children. Searching for an analogy between a liturgical text and human life is a very important element o f a homily as a variant o f a sermon, especially a homily to children, because the main aim of this type o f sermon is discovering what a sacred text (the Bibie) says to contemporary man. The article is based on over sixty homilies for childrenrecorded in Cracow Catholic churches in the years 1994-2005. For comparison a similai number o f homilies for adults were used. In the paper different morę or less conventional ways o f reference to human life are discussed. It appears that preachers very often use cognitive schemata, for example so called scripts and scenes, to facilitate understanding. At the level of language these schemata may be a basis of multiword expressions that have aconstant function in a given text type and that occur repeatedly in the same situations. These collocations may be characteristic o f a given functional style (register o f language) and o f a given speech genre and a sub-genre, in this case for a homily for children as a speech sub-genre. Searching for analogy seems to fulfill two main functions in homilies: explanation and tic, especiall) in respect to ethical problems, presented on the example of linguistic images o f good and bad deeds, images that are fixed in repeated collocations. It is appropriate to ask why ethical problems in homilies for children are discussed in a schematic and stereotypical way. It may result ffom the genre features of the homily, in which a sacred text is input, or may result ffom an over simplified image o f the child’s world, which preachers have. To explain this problem it would be useful to analyze the language of other types o f sermons and the language o f religious oducation. actualization (reference to the contemporary listener’s situation). Regarding explanation there is a great creativity in the authors o f sermons, whereas actualization is very schematic, especiall) in respect to ethical problems, presented on the example o f linguistic images o f good and bad deeds, images that are fixed in repeated collocations. It is appropriate to ask why ethical problems in homilies for children are discussed in a schematic and stereotypical way. It may result ffom the genre features of the homily, in which a sacred text is input, or may result ffom an over simplified image o f the child’s world, which preachers have. To explain this problem it would be useful to analyze the language of other types o f sermons and the language o f religious oducation.  
EN
Humor is a positive element of human life that should be consciously nurtured and developed. It can also be used in the preaching of the Word of God, as long as it meets the relevant criteria. These are: subordination to the theme of the homily or sermon, compliance with the correct interpretation of Scripture, freshness, relevance, respect showed to the audience, and limited use. Humor can be used in preaching in different ways: in the very address to the recipients or in the parenetic, hortatory, persuasive part of the homily or sermon. Thus we can preach with humor as long as doing so is suitable for the transmission of the word of God.
PL
Humor jest pozytywnym elementem ludzkiego życia, który warto pielęgnować i rozwijać. Jest dla niego miejsce także w przepowiadaniu słowa Bożego, o ile spełnia on odpowiednie kryteria. Są nimi: podporządkowanie tematowi homilii czy kazania, zgodność z właściwą interpretacją Pisma Świętego, świeżość, stosowność, uszanowanie audytorium i oszczędne stosowanie. Humor może być wykorzystany w przepowiadaniu na różne sposoby: już w samym zwrocie do adresatów czy w końcowej parenezie homilii bądź kazania. Można więc przepowiadać z humorem, o ile jest on odpowiedni do przekazu słowa Bożego.
EN
Samuel Brzeżewski is a long-forgotten Polish Baroque preacher. He left behind three written sermons, of which two take on Marian themes. Among those is Zaciąg dworzan.w na kurię Najświętszej Kr.lowej nieba i ziemi  […] – „The recruitment of courtiers to the curia of the Blessed Queen of heaven and earth at a sermon on the day of her birth”  (transl.), written in 1644 and published in 1645. It came into existence on the occasion of the anniversary of the birth of the Mother of God and has an interesting sermon-concept form. In spite of the fact that the author reached for the expression „queen”, from time immemorial applied with reference to Mary, he combined with it an interesting fictional plot by portraying the process of the recruiting of courtiers for the court of the queen (it is one of the few Old Polish texts referring to the manner of recruitment for the court of a monarch). Closer study of various desirable features of courtiers (beauty, education, bravery) leads Brzeżewski to arrive at the conclusion that the greatest opportunities for admission to the service of the Mother of God are gifted to „bandits” (i.e. hardened sinners rejected by all) and „agonizantes” (viz. the dying) – those to whom Mary shows her kindness and magnanimity.
EN
This article looks at the issue of the posthumous presentation of Charles IV in two funeral sermons given on the occasion of the emperor’s funeral at the end of 1378 by the preacher Henry of Wildenstein (Henricus de Wildenstein, OFM). Using an analysis of topics within the funeral rhetoric, the article author endeavours to point out the religious, and in particular morally exhortative (encouraging) function of the sermons. This is an analytical-interpretative study of an exegetic source.
EN
The study is concerned with the so-called revocation sermons (Revocations-Predigte, sometimes also Wiederrufs-Predigte), i. e. sermons, in which their clerical authors openly revoked their Catholic confession and claimed allegiance to the evangelic confession. These sources thus represent an interesting material for monitoring of conversion from Catholicism to Protestantism in the German evangelic milieu, at least partly pointing out the confessional violence and its perception.
EN
A sermon, as a unit of ecclesiastical prophecy, is a specific composition – the word of God in the human words of a preacher. It is protected and its author is entitled to enjoy their moral rights and copyright. Moral rights rest with the creator permanently. Specifically, they are inalienable. They are not subject to alienation or disclaimer. They are perpetual as they never expire, even after the death of the creator. They protect the bond between the author and his or her work against lawless acts of third parties. On the other hand, economic copyrights are alienable – one can dispose of them by legal acts, and they are inheritable.
PL
The article covers the antithesis of positive and negative knowledge and its projection on the field of language. By the example of the Sermon on the Mount, the thesis of non-discursive nature of word and its contrasting to speech is affirmed. In connection with the antithesis under consideration, such questions of phenomenology are addressed as embodiment of meaning in a word, essential irrelevance of existing institutions and instances of the language. Distinction is made between authentic appeal and institutional methods of identification presented in nominal discourse.
PL
The paper is a continuation of a series of publications by the author on the poetics of A. Cantemir’s satires and is devoted to the interpretation of satires through the prism of speech modes – in particular, the mode of the sermon. The sermon is considered exclusively from an artistic point of view: as a speech of the consultative type (according to Aristotle), possessing a set of its own rhetorical techniques. A successive analysis of the functions of a «sermon» in five satires makes it possible to acknowledge the long–term benefits of the interpretation of satires from the perspectives of the sermon and confession modes, along with the possibility of studying the polyphonic tone of satires.
EN
This article demonstrates the function of ars memorativa in the works of Peregryn from Opole. Analyzing one of his sermon, we can see the presence of an ancient technique called imagines agentes.
EN
Warnings and Prohibitions as Means of Exerting Influence on the Addressee in Seventeenth– Eighteenth-Century Ukrainian SermonsIn religious communication, psychological influence – as a result of which a person should change their subjective features (value orientations, ways of conduct, etc.) – is aimed at fostering compliance with religious norms. The tasks of a priest include religious education and correcting people’s behaviour, warning them against acts which contradict Christian values, in other words: preventing people from committing sins. This task is best achieved by means of verbal persuasion used in sermons.This paper offers a diachronic analysis of speech acts of warning and prohibition (preventives and prohibitives) on the basis of written monuments of the Ukrainian language: Ukrainian sermons from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the analysed sermons, they are used in order to achieve the aim of preventing sinful conduct. They refer both to everyday situations and to moral attitudes in general.In the texts under consideration, the semantics of warning and prohibition is conveyed using means of expression from different levels. At the lexical level, they are verbs with the general meaning ‘to warn’, ‘to be afraid’, and verbs of action creating a distance between the individual and sinful feelings, thoughts and actions: ‘to escape’, ‘to reject’. Words and phrases denoting cognitive processes play the role of discourse markers: ‘to know’, ‘to be aware of’, ‘to remind’.The speech acts of warning and prohibition are most frequently expressed with verbs in the form of negative imperative. One specific aspect of the use of preventives is that they are supplemented with recommendations which the addressee may accept of his/her own will.The preacher uses various rhetorical strategies to enhance the convincing function of warnings, such as references to widely known cases from the past (precedential phenomena), quotations from the Holy Scripture, and preventive exhortations. In order to better convince the congregation and urge them to follow the model of proper conduct, the preacher uses various means of expression: epithets conveying negative valuation, and stylistic figures: amplification, gradation, pairs of synonyms.The material under consideration makes it possible to conclude that the Ukrainian language of the seventeenth–eighteenth centuries had a considerable potential in terms of verbal persuasion, and opens prospects for the study of its dynamics. Ostrzeżenia i zakazy jako środki wywierania wpływu na adresata w XVII–XVIII-wiecznych kazaniach ukraińskich W komunikacji religijnej psychologiczne oddziaływanie na osobę nastawione na zmianę subiektywnych cech (wyznawanych wartości, zachowania itp.) ma na celu propagowanie życia w zgodzie z normami religijnymi. Do zadań kapłana należy wychowanie i poprawa ludzkich zachowań, ostrzeganie przed czynami i działaniami sprzecznymi z wartościami chrześcijańskimi, a więc zapobieganie grzechowi. Najskuteczniejszym środkiem realizacji tego celu w działalności homiletycznej jest zastosowanie perswazji słownej.Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę diachroniczną dwóch typów aktów mowy o charakterze dyrektywnym: ostrzeżeń i zakazów (prewentywów i prohibitywów), przeprowadzoną na materiale zabytków piśmiennictwa ukraińskiego – XVII–XVIII-wiecznych kazaniach ukraińskich. W analizowanych kazaniach środki te odnoszą się zarówno do sytuacji życia codziennego, jak i ogólnych postaw moralnych, a ich zastosowanie ma na celu zapobieganie grzesznemu zachowaniu.W badanych tekstach semantyka zakazu i ostrzeżenia jest wyrażana na różnych poziomach. Na poziomie słownictwa są to czasowniki o ogólnym znaczeniu ‘ostrzegać’, ‘bać się’, a także czasowniki oznaczające działania wprowadzające dystans pomiędzy adresatem a grzesznymi uczuciami, myślami i działaniami: ‘uciekać’, ‘odrzucać’. Rolę znaczników dyskursu pełnią słowa i frazy oznaczające procesy kognitywne: ‘znać’, ‘wiedzieć’, ‘przypominać’. Ostrzeżenia i zakazy są najczęściej wyrażane czasownikami w formie przeczącej trybu rozkazującego. Jednym ze szczególnych aspektów ich zastosowania jest to, że są one uzupełniane zaleceniami, które adresat może zaakceptować z własnej woli.Kaznodzieja stosuje różne strategie retoryczne, żeby wzmocnić perswazyjną funkcję ostrzeżeń. Należą do nich odwołania do znanych zjawisk (zjawisk precedensowych), cytaty z Pisma Świętego czy zapobiegawcze zaklinania. Aby lepiej przekonać wiernych i nakłonić ich do przestrzegania modelu właściwego zachowania, stosuje różne środki wyrazu: epitety wyrażające negatywną ocenę, jak również figury stylistyczne: amplifikację, gradację czy pary synonimów.Badany materiał skłania do wniosku, że język ukraiński XVII–XVIII wieku miał znaczny potencjał w zakresie perswazji słownej i otwiera perspektywy badań nad dynamiką jej rozwoju.
XX
The article deals with some of the sermons of a Ukrainian writer, preacher, and cultural figure, Ioаnikii Galytovsky, as characteristic Baroque works. The sermon belongs to traditional genres of ancient Ukrainian literature with a set of predominantly medieval style topoi and stereotypes. However, in Galytovsky’s creative practice, the transformation of the genre under the influence of Baroque is noticeable. Belonging to this style has provided not only a change of narrative strategy but above all of stylistic means. Galytovsky creates distinctive allegories, symbols, comparisons, and antitheses which characterise his Baroque style. He resorted to characteristic Baroque amplifications and emblematic images. The writer was able to revive the old form of traditional sermon with the Baroque stylistic technique, as a result of which he managed to dramatise the gospel plots, thus being able to exert the expected impact on recipients with the help of a suggestion.
EN
The beatification process of the Servant of God, Rev. Wawrzyniec Kuśniak, COr (1788 -1866) has become an opportunity to recall and investigate his preaching heritage in the form of 18 preserved sermons for various occasions. In this paper, the sermons were subjected to a homiletical analysis. Most of them were built according to the frame commonly used at that time, the so called proper sermon. Fr. Kuśniak eagerly seeks recourse to biblical and patristic evidence, showing extensive expertise in both the Holy Scriptures and the writings of the Church Fathers. The performed analysis demonstrates clearly that the author is aware of the significance and power of God’s words, and, contrary to many other preachers of his time, does not limit his role in the sermon only to providing illustrations or arguments. He is just as serious about the teaching of the Church. Rev. Kuśniak does not present faith as the sum of a range of dogmas and moral obligations, but tries to show in his sermons God’s economy, oriented towards the authentic transformation and salvation of an individual. The sermons contain many specific references to the lives of his listeners, which renders them practical. This dimension depicts Fr. Kuśniak as committed to his ministry. The message of his sermons seems to still be relevant today, whereas his preaching and pastoral attitude – a role model for the current preachers of God’s words. In the same vein, the preaching of Rev. Kuśniak gives a representative picture of Polish service of the Word in Greater Poland in the first half of the 19th century.
PL
Prowadzony obecnie proces beatyfikacyjny sługi Bożego ks. Wawrzyńca Kuśniaka COr (1788 -1866) stał się okazją do przypomnienia i zbadania jego spuścizny kaznodziejskiej w postaci osiemnastu zachowanych jego kazań na różne okazje. W niniejszym artykule zostały one poddane analizie homiletycznej. Większość z nich zbudowana jest według powszechnie stosowanego w tamtych czasach schematu tzw. kazania właściwego. Ksiądz Kuśniak chętnie posługuje się dowodem biblijnym i patrystycznym, wykazując się znakomitą znajomością zarówno Pisma Świętego, jak i pism Ojców Kościoła. Widać przy tym wyraźnie, że zdaje sobie sprawę z wagi i siły słowa Bożego, i w przeciwieństwie do wielu kaznodziejów jego epoki nie ogranicza jego roli w kazaniu tylko do ilustracji czy argumentu. Równie poważnie traktuje kościelne nauczanie. Nie przedstawia wiary jako sumy dogmatów i nakazów moralnych, lecz stara się ukazać ekonomię Bożą ukierunkowaną na autentyczną przemianę i zbawienie człowieka. Jego kazania zawierają wiele konkretnych odniesień do życia słuchaczy, co sprawia, że są one życiowe. Ten wymiar ukazuje go jako zaangażowanego duszpasterza. Przesłanie jego kazań wydaje się nadal aktualne, a jego postawa kaznodziejska i duszpasterska mogą stanowić wzór do naśladowania dla dzisiejszych głosicieli słowa Bożego. Przepowiadanie ks. Kuśniaka daje też pewien obraz polskiegokaznodziejstwa w Wielkopolsce w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku.
EN
Karol Wojtyla, as a priest, bishop and Pope in his teaching and preaching is committed to St. John of Kety. He consideres him an exemplar of a dedicated professor, researcher and at the same time a shepherd open to others. He emphasized the qualities of his character such as diligence, reliability, sensitivity, enthusiasm to acquire knowledge. All that, according to Karol Wojtyla, made St. Jan Kanty an outstanding and exemplary person.
PL
Karol Wojtyła jako kapłan, biskup i papież w swoim nauczaniu i przepowiadaniu poświęca wiele uwagi świętemu Janowi z Kęt. Widzi w nim wzór oddanego profesora, naukowca, a jednocześnie otwartego na potrzeby innych duszpasterza. Podkreślał takie cechy jego charakteru jak pracowitość, solidność, wrażliwość, zapał w zdobywaniu wiedzy. To wszystko, zdaniem Karola Wojtyły, czyniło ze świętego Jana Kantego postać wybitną i godną naśladowania.
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