Search results - CEJSH

1

Settlement w postępowaniu antymonopolowym – ekonomiczna analiza kosztów i korzyści z punktu widzenia przedsiębiorcy

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Krajewska E.

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny

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2013

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vol. 2

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issue 1

68-78

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza kosztów i korzyści związanych z udziałem przez przedsiębiorcę w procedurze settlement, a w szczególności analiza opłacalności niekwestionowania przed sądem decyzji uzgodnionej z organem antymonopolowym. Na początku przedstawiono główne czynniki determinujące decyzję przedsiębiorcy, omawiając dodatkowo pokrewne instytucje prawa antymonopolowego. Następnie dokonano rachunku kosztów i korzyści w formie uproszczonego modelu. Rozważania te służą wyodrębnieniu tych elementów, które odgrywają najważniejszą rolę w przesądzeniu o atrakcyjności złożenia przez przedsiębiorcę wniosku w zakresie settlement.

EN

The purpose of this paper is to analyze, from the economic perspective, the companies’ decision to settle in competition cases with special emphasis placed on costs and benefits of challenging a settlement decision in courts. The paper starts with the presentation of the main factors determining the companies’ incentives to settle comparing them also to other competition law instruments (i.a. leniency and commitment decisions). This relationship is illustrated in the following section by way of a simple model of the companies’ settlement decision problem. The interplay of various factors means that the defendant’s net incentive to settle will depend on the strength of various effects among which timing and cost of capital appear to be decisive.

2

Ratownicze badania wykopaliskowe na stanowisku 5 w Głazowie, gm. Myślibórz, woj. zachodniopomorskie

94%

Wyrwiński J.

Raport

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2013

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vol. 8

103-114

EN

The article presents the results of the excavations carried out in relation to the planned construction of the S-3 motorway. The investigations revealed three phases of settlement of the area in the past. The older was connected with the settlement of the Globular Amphora culture and was represented exclusively by ceramic material; while the younger was formed by scarce settlement relics related to the Lusatian culture; and the youngest – relics of a settlement from the Early Middle Ages, i.e. from the 11th-13th century.

3

Wyniki archeologicznych badań wykopaliskowych na stanowisku 33 w Czółnowie, gm. Myślibórz, woj. zachodniopomorskie

94%

Golański A., Kot K., Rzepecki S.

Raport

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2013

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vol. 8

81-88

EN

The article deals with the results of excavations carried out at the site Czółnów 33 (AZP 40-09/136), Myślibórz commune, zachodniopomorskie voivodeship. The investigations resulted in revealing a settlement of the Lusatian culture, which functioned mainly in the younger and later periods of the Bronze Age.

4

Spatial development of the settlement complex affiliated to the Trzciniec cultural circle at site 1 in Polesie in Central Poland

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Górski J., Makarowicz P., Wawrusiewicz A.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2013

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vol. 65

195–224

EN

This article presents the territorial development of a settlement complex which occurred over a span of time between 1700–1100 BC. In this period we observe a few “settlement episodes” and record the historical development of 25–30 generations of communities within the Trzciniec cultural circle. The site had a complex spatial structure that changed (modified) over time. A number of settlements, cemeteries and single graves were singled out/identified. The model of spatial development of a settlement complex in Polesie is based on the changes in pottery styles, planigraphy analysis and the results of 14C dating. A system defining/specifying the dynamics of settlement changes and the ritual space of the Trzciniec cultural circle in Polesie was created on the basis of this data. The period of use of these particular settlements ranged from 50/150 right up to 600 years. The largest settlement covered an area of ca 1 ha, the smallest 0,3–0,5 ha. The settlement complex in Polesie is unique in comparison to the other sites of the Trzciniec cultural circle. This complex was widespread, consisting of both the settlement and cemetery areas and it continued to be occupied continually for over 660 years

5

Osadnictwo kultury pucharów lejkowatych na stanowisku 1 w Michalinie, gm. Waganiec, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie

94%

Golańska M.

Raport

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2015

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vol. 10

63-83

EN

Rescue excavations at the site of Michalin 1, Waganiec commune, Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship were carried out by the Foundation of the University of Łódz. At the site remains of the Funnel Beaker culture were discovered. The aim of the paper is to present and summarize the results of the research conducted at the site of Michalin 1. 83 features and relatively numerous artefacts were recorded, including 621 vessel fragments and 66 flint artefacts. Pottery decorations corresponded to the Wiórek stylistics. As a result of the excavations the remains of a small TRB settlement were discovered.

6

Osadnictwo wczesnośredniowieczne i z okresu nowożytnego na stanowisku nr 4 w Zambrzycach Starych, gm. Rutki, woj. podlaskie

94%

Trzeciecki M., Affelski J.

Raport

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2017

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vol. 12

169-197

EN

The article presents the analysis of two settlement phases discovered at a site in Zambrzyce Stare in relation to the construction of the S-8 road. The authors present settlement relics from the early Middle Ages (12th century) and the post-medieval period (15th-17th centuries).

7

Relikty osadnictwa ludności łużyckich pól popielnicowych na stanowisku Krzemieniewo XXVI, gm. Kurzętnik, woj. warmińsko-mazurskie

94%

Affelski J.

Raport

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2019

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vol. 14

21-54

EN

The article presents part of the results of archaeological excavations carried out in 2017 in connection with the construction of a ring road for Nowe Miasto Lubawskie as part of national road 15, at site Krzemieniewo XXVI, Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship. The excavations led to the discovery of the remains of a settlement associated with the people of the Lusatian culture from the late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age (approx. 900-700 BC).

8

Analiza geologiczno-morfologiczno-glebowa przeprowadzona na stanowiskach archeologicznych w Grabowcu, gmina Radymno, powiat jarosławski, województwo podkarpackie

94%

Reder J., Stępniewski K.

Raport

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2014

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vol. 9

169-175

EN

The text includes an analysis and interpretation of the environmental context of prehistoric sites in Grabowiec. Information is given on their location, topography as well as geological characteristics of the area, where human settlements were located. Also the results of analysis of geomorphological situation and soil cover were presented.

9

Wyniki analizy materiałów archeozoologicznych ze stanowisk 1-5 w Grabowcu, gm. Radymno, woj. podkarpackie

94%

Piskorska T., Stefaniak K.

Raport

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2014

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vol. 9

143-149

EN

The text presents the analysis results of archaeozoological materials from sites 1-5 in Grabowiec in the district of Jarosław obtained during rescue excavations in 2011.

10

Sprawozdanie z badań ratowniczych na stanowisku 8 w miejscowości Widzino, gm. Kobylnica, pow. słupski, woj. pomorskie

94%

Ostasz A.

Raport

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2013

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vol. 8

371-383

EN

Archaeological research at the site Widzino 8 (AZP 10-28/153), Kobylnica commune, Słupsk county, pomorskie voivodeship, was carried out in 2008 prior to the construction of the Słupsk bypass. It uncovered an area of 63 ares and recorded 45 features, including 18 connected with a settlement of the Pomeranian culture, 5 connected with a manufacturing settlement of the Wielbark culture, 2 dated to the Early Middle Ages, and one from the contemporary period. No chronology was determined for 19 pits. Discerned objects of culture include manufacturing furnaces for ceramics and iron, household hearths and various resource and waste pits.

11

Jeronki, stanowisko 2 – osada społeczności trzcinieckiego kręgu kulturowego w województwie podlaskim

94%

Wawrusiewicz A.

Materiały Archeologiczne

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2013

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vol. 39

67-102

EN

The article presents a set of sources connected with the Trzciniec culture settlement discovered in site 2 in Jeroniki, Choroszcz dis., Podlaskie Voivodeship During the research a very inspiring collection of materials associated with settlement was documented 29 immovable structures, plentiful pottery and flint material. An analysis of source dispersion allows for attempting a reconstruction of spatial organization and settlement structure during the older bronze epoch. Documented immovable structures constituted three relatively distinctive clusters which could be interpreted as homesteads and overlapping the spatial location of discovered pottery fragments. On the basis of a multi-aspect analysis of movable sources (primarily ceramic) the complex from Jeroniki should be associated with “classical” and/or “early-classical” stage of development Podlasie–Mazovia groups of the TC. They were also accompanied by “eastern” elements, as well as certain stylistic archaisms associated with the late stages of development of the Mierzanowice culture. One should, however, bear in mind the possibility of different dynamics in the development processes of the TC community in the north-eastern Poland. Tracking it would require studies based primarily on results of absolute dating. In this light, the presented materials could contribute to further analyses.

12

Samodzielność jednostek pomocniczych samorządu terytorialnego

94%

Strzelecki A.

Zarządzanie Publiczne

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2010

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issue 4(12)

157-171

EN

Issues of autonomy in local government is considered primarily in relation to the basic units of this form of governance, it is in relation to the commune and district. Independence is conditional on having a certain financial autonomy or a substantial dose of financial decentralization. The situation is different as far as financial independence or its lack in auxiliary units (settlements and districts in medium and large cities) is concerned. The basic plan is the public budget which occurs only in the commune, district and province. In the case of districts and neighborhoods is the constituting authority to decide whether it will take the initiative of establishment of district councils, housing councils and equip those in the power and fi nancial resources to carry out their tasks. For the purposes of the characteristics of auxiliary units were selected: the 6 provincial cities, where effectiveness of the district councils, housing councils is noticeable, 6 cities, which have lost their status of the provincial capital, and 6 district towns of medium size. As a result of this study examples of large provincial cities has been the development of the district local government, housing estate. However, not all former provincial city and county have been set up auxiliary units, although there are housings in the tradition of the inhabitants, the nomenclature and housing cooperatives. As stated, most relied on ancillary units in the form of district councils, councils of settlements, districts, councils included actively in the management and operation issues of settlements, increasing the quality of life of their inhabitants.

13

Osada z późnej epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w Grabowcu, pow. jarosławski, woj. podkarpackie

94%

Baron J., Karpow J., Kuźbik R.

Raport

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2014

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vol. 9

53-115

EN

The article presents the results of research conducted in 2011 on the settlement of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in Grabowiec in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Subsequently group of features were presented according to their probable function, including exceptionally numerous series of wells and relics of fencings and then results of the analysis of artifacts is presented, discovered both in the cultural layer and earth-sheltered features fills. A separate part of the article are the issues of relative and absolute chronology as well as spatial organisation of the settlement. Detailed analyses of archaeological sources allowed to distinguish at least two phases of the settlement use.

14

Badania ratownicze osady wczesnośredniowiecznej w Głazowie, stan. 22, pow. sandomierski

94%

Florek M.

Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego

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2020

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issue 41

171-178

EN

In 2005, rescue excavations were carried out at site 22 (discovered a year earlier) in Głazów. Their aim was to record and explore the features visible in the high balk. Two of the examined features were the remains of smoking chambers (pits), and the third pit could be of an utility function. Based on the pottery sherds found inside, these features should be dated between the beginning of the 9th and the end of the 10th century. However, in the arable layer of the ground and on the surface of the site, there were mainly fragments of ceramics determined to the 12th – 13th centuries. This dating indicates the two-phase settlement of the early medieval site 22 in Głazów: the first phase – 9th – 10th (or the beginning of the 11th century); the second phase – 12th – 13th centuries. The village Głazów, which exists today, is a direct continuation of the settlement of the second phase.

15

Some remarks on the history of the Karaites in Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 15th century

94%

Witkowski R.

Karaite Archives

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2013

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issue 1

211-242

EN

The articles deals with the medieval sources on the history of the Karaites who appeared in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the reign of duke Vitold (Vytautas). Many of them were already analyzed by researchers, whoever some questions still remained unanswered or presented not always in fully critical way. The research questions deal with the original privilege issued by Lithuanian monarchs to the Karaites, allegedly participation of the Karaites at the battle of Tannenberg or travel description left by Burgundian knight Gilbert de Lannoy. It seems that the first written document, shaping he legal position of the Karaites in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was issued by duke Casimir Jagellonides in 1441. The charter of grand duke Vitold, drawn in 1388, was certainly forged sometime in the 15th century. The Bavarian Latin chronicle informing that a Jewish (in fact, Karaite?) military unit supported Polish-Lithuanian army at the battle of Tannenberg in 1410, transmitted only political propaganda, and did not reflect a real fact. Famous Burgundian traveler, who visited Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the beginning of the15th century, met Karaites in Troki.

16

Settling Down and Settlement Patterns Case study: Polish Migrants from the 1980s in Melbourne

94%

Leuner B.

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2008

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vol. 160

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issue 4

417-430

EN

The history of Australia and the cultural origins of its population are closely linked to the story of the migration of peoples from other continents. This paper includes an examination of opportunity and psychological costs of Polish migration to Melbourne (Australia) during the 1980s. Included are positive and negative experiences during the settlement process, as well as the outcomes and consequences of migration. Generally migrants have had a difficult time building a life for themselves in Australia due to a variety of reasons which will be discussed in this paper. The article also outlines Polish migrants opinions of multiculturalism in Australia.

17

W kwestii początków wczesnego średniowiecza w rejonie niecki jezior bnińskich

94%

Machajewski H.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2021

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issue 62

107-114

EN

The development of archaeological research justifies the need for re-appraising previous conclusions. In the case of the Bnin Lakes Basin (Wielkopolska), the research pertains to the settlement at the early stage of the early Middle Ages. Human settlement developed dynamically at phase B of the early Middle Ages. To date, settlement from phase A has not been discovered in the Basin. The same holds true for the basin of the central river Warta.

18

Ze studiów nad najstarszym osadnictwem wczesnośredniowiecznym na Pomorzu Zachodnim

94%

Machajewski H.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2018

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issue 59

81-92

PL

The issue of the earliest medieval settlement in West Pomerania continues to generate discussions in the context of its dating and spread to various regions. The latest growth in the number of new archaeological sources related to this issue necessitates a new approach to the process of formation thereof. An attempt at explaining the chronological relations of this settlement in the face of the latest ancient settlement is a separate issue.

19

Rola rzemiosła skandynawskiego w dziejach gospodarczych wczesnośredniowiecznej Europy w świetle badań metaloznawczych noży żelaznych

94%

Łosiński W.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2018

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issue 59

21-80

PL

The issue of the earliest medieval settlement in West Pomerania continues to generate discussions in the context of its dating and spread to various regions. The latest growth in the number of new archaeological sources related to this issue necessitates a new approach to the process of formation thereof. An attempt at explaining the chronological relations of this settlement in the face of the latest ancient settlement is a separate issue.

20

Materiały osadnicze z Transboru, gm. Latowicz, woj. mazowieckie

94%

Orlińska G.

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2007

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vol. LIX

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issue 59

115-164

EN

Unlike materials from the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery at Transbór, distr. Mińsk Maz. (Fig. 1), published over fifty years ago (A. Kietlińska 1955; 1968; A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963), archaeological findings associated with settlement were never analysed comprehensively. Nevertheless random and contradictory information about this material somehow entered circulation giving rise to a controversy over the chronological and culture attribution of the settlement (Express 1947; 1948; M. Gądzikiewicz 1954, p. 164; M. Gądzikiewicz-Woźniak 1961, p. 105; A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 255; S. Czopek 1992, p. 181; 1995, p. 275; Dyskusja 1995, p. 389; M. Andrzejowska 1988, p. 135; 2001, p. 199). Fragments of Lusatian pottery vessels with openings below the rim, grave assemblage no. 12, deposited in a cloche (A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 258, tabl. III:7.8.14–17; in the present article described with materials from section I/3), known from the monograph of the cemetery were recognised by T. Dąbrowska (1977, p. 118, diagram 1 – phase A) as proof of direct continuity of ‘Lusatian’ traditions in Cloche Grave Culture. The need to rectify the existing inconsistencies prompted the author to examine the archaeological material and documentation at hand, the latter consisting of site reports (which contain only laconic descriptions of archaeological features), site drawings, no longer complete (cf footnote 6), twenty or so amateur black-and-white photographs, and a hand-written card index covering a part of the settlement materials developed in 1961 by R. Mikłaszewska (R.M.). The archaeology at Transbór first became known to Warsaw archaeologists in the 1920s when the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw received a number of Cloche Grave Culture vessel finds from this location. Regular excavation led by A. Kietlińska was undertaken only in 1946–1948. The area was excavated using a grid of 20×20 m units (Fig. 2). Grid squares I–XII were explored in 2 m wide strips (1–10). Grid square XIII was the only unit which comprised two such strips. Fieldwork was carried out mostly in double, less often, in single strips (Fig. 4). The site lay on the slope of a high dune rising above the flood terrace of the right bank of river Świder (Fig. 1; A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 255, fig. 1). Despite the sandy and dry substrate stratigraphy was still legible, at least in places. The ancient summit of the dune extended from grid square IV/6 to the middle section of grid square VIII/9–10. A layer of grey or ash-coloured sand which contained most of the cloche burials was detected in grid square IV just below the arable; moving north it gradually descended to the depth of ‘more than two spades’ (Fig. 5). Deeper down, at the N margin of the trench, was found a dark grey layer, which probably yielded most of the Trzciniec Culture potsherds (Fig. 31:VIII/4–6a–d). An equally puzzling stratigraphic sequence was observed in grid square VII (Fig. 36). Here a sequence of two layers is recorded, associated with the horizon of the cemetery. Assuming that the lower layer, which contained graves 47 and 48, is the same as the dark grey sand in grid square VIII, it can be associated with occupation by Trzciniec Culture folk, and consequently, also with Lusatian occupation. A flimsy dark brown level cutting into the roof layer of grave 48 which presumably represented the final horizon of the cemetery was detected also in the southern part of the profile in grid square VIII (Fig. 5). In the entire investigated area the settlement layer containing charcoal and daub postdating the cemetery horizon rested directly beneath the humus. This made identification of features quite difficult, especially in the eastern area of the site. The main ‘cemetery’ layer of grey sand was also present everywhere. However, it is not clear whether the more ancient dark grey layer occurred elsewhere than within squares VII and VIII. Archaeologists identified 33 features associated with settlement (Fig. 3). Ten of them evidently are from a period predating the cemetery: hearths (no. 8, 22; possibly, also no. 27 – a hearth evidently earlier than grave 99), a pit oven (no. 9), posthole (no. 12), pits (no. 4, 5, 10, 13, 14; no. 10 apparently was a depression in the unbroken culture layer), and remains of structures (no. 15). Features 8, 9, 10, 14 and 15, contained Lusatian Culture pottery. The building remains, unique for the area of the eastern offshoot of Lusatian Culture, included a frame building on a plan of a trapeze, a surface area of ca. 15 m2; it had an entrance in the shorter western wall and a triangular annex or outbuilding of ca. 7 m2 which contained a raised dome oven (feature 15-5). The remains of a light roofing structure extending from the entrance to the hut to feature 14 detected north of the annex/outbuilding originally had been supported by small stakes. This suggests that feature 14 – storage pit (?) with a quern and rubber, may also be associated with the dwelling. Lumps of daub with impressed straw, reed and pegs show that walls could have been insulated on the outside with wattle. The oven, presumably used for cooking and heating, had the form of a clay dome set over a floor of packed clay. It was fed and cleaned through an opening giving onto the interior of the hut, under the roofing, where an oven pit of triangular section was discovered. Another possible ‘Lusatian’ hut occurred in grid square VIII/7–10 (feature 3). Evidence of occupation postdating the cemetery horizon includes stone hearths (no. 1, 2, 16, 26, 28, 32, 33) and burnt remains of frame buildings (no. 20, 21, 29, 30, and most probably, no. 7); inside the buildings there was a 1×1 m square outline set against the wall. Feature 20 (a unipartite structure with an inner area of ca. 25 m2) and a bipartite building identified in its neighbourhood, with an area of ca. 30 m2, and a northern chamber of ca. 16.5 m2, both had walls plastered with clay. Also similar was a bipartite (possibly tripartite) building with individual spaces of ca. 17 m2 in area which had a common longer wall. Feature 30 evidently postdates feature 29, which consists of at least two rectangular chambers. A room with a square-shaped stone hearth had an area of ca. 14 m2. The L-shaped cross-section of the wall of one building (no. 21) suggests the existence of a foundation. All the discussed structures find only some degree of correspondence in the building tradition known in Przeworsk Culture of the Late Pre-Roman and Early Roman Period, and Wielbark Culture of the Late Roman Period (cf K. Przewoźna 1971, p. 181–188; K. Godłowski 1981, p. 105; J. Pyrgała 1981, p. 383–385; I. Jadczykowa 1983, p. 190, 192, 194–195, 199 ff., 214). Their plan evidently different than that of prehistoric dwelling structures published to date and the outline was not the typical quadrangular shape. There is a strong suspicion that the structures at Transbór actually date from the early modern period and are the remains of village buildings common in Poland with a narrow front and an open square-shaped hearth set by the wall or a chimney in a corner (cf K. Moszyński 1967, p. 529, 530–531, 560 ff., fig. 469, 470, 478:1.2, 479). Also the structure containing a square-shaped hearth paved with small pebbles (no. 29) evidently older than other buildings probably dates from same age. Several features did not produce any finds of diagnostic value for chronological and culture attribution, they were ‘concentrations’ of stones and/or pottery (no. 19, 23, 24, 25, 31), post-holes (no. 6, 17) and possible pit (no. 11). Similarly problematic was a deteriorated stone hearth which contained assorted pottery (no. 18). None of the described features could be linked to Trzciniec Culture settlement, which probably concentrated in the NW part of the site outside the area covered by excavation (over a half of Trzciniec pottery fragments occurred in the northern part of grid square VIII/4–6). Vessels forms were mostly S-profiled pots (Fig. 23:18a.21c, 31:VIII/4–6a.b.d, 33m, and lacking context), exceptionally, one pot had a nearly cylindrical neck (Fig. 30:IV/9d), and a bowl (Fig. 31:VIII/4–6c). A sherd with two cordons recovered in grid square VIII/4–6 belonged to either a pot or a bowl. Apart from skilfully facetted rims in two vessels (Fig. 31:VIII/4–6b.d) Trzciniec ceramics from Transbór find numerous analogies in pottery finds from Mazowsze, Podlasie and Lublin region. Careful execution and elaborate ornamentation place them in the ‘classical’ phase of Trzciniec Culture, dated broadly to period II of the Bronze Age. Only the SE area of the area excavated at Transbór was free of Lusatian Culture finds. Some pottery fragments were attributed only tentatively to either Lusatian or to Cloche Grave Culture The predominant form were vessels with a roughened surface; they were represented by the following categories: pouch-like pots with various rim forms (Fig. 8:10a, 14:14h, 22:15-2/4a.b.i.l, 29:I/3d.f, 30:IV/7–8d.IV/9c.f.IV/10b, 31:V/5–6a.V/7a, 32:IX/9–10b, 33c, 34d), egg-shaped pots (Fig. 8:9a, 14:14i.k, 21:15--6e.f, 22:15-2/4k, 23:21b, 29:I/2b.c, 33a, 34b), S-profiled pots with gentle profiling and variously outsloping rim section or only the rim (Fig. 8:9d, 14:14a.j, 21:15-5d.15-6h, 22:15-2/4d.p, 29:I/2a, 30:IV/9a) and a curve below the rim (Fig. 8:8a, 18:15-2b). A large group were bowls, mostly hemispherical (Fig. 21:15-6a, 22:15-2/4h.j, 23:21d.I/1b.d, 29:I/3e.III/5a, 30:IV/7–8c.e.f, 31:VII/9–10c, 33f) or conical (Fig. 21:15-5b, 32a, 34i), more rarely, with a small or a more prominent curve below the rim (Fig. 14:14e.g, 21:15-6d, 22:15-2/4f, 23:I/1e, 33j, 34h), or an inward sloping rim section (Fig. 18:15-1a.15-4b, 21:15-6j, 30:IV/7–8g.h.IV/9b, 32:IX/9–10a, 33h), exceptionally, with S-shaped in profile (Fig. 18:15-4a). Other forms included vase-like vessels (Fig. 8:9c, 14:14d, 18:15-1c.d, 21:15-6b, 22:15-2/4c.r, 33b.o, 34f.g), forms with a neck set apart from the lower body by an indentation (Fig. 18:15-1b, 22:15-2/4s, 31:V/1–2a, 33n), cups (Fig. 14:14f, 33l) and strainer-like vessels (Fig. 8:9b, 22:15-2/4e). One vessel was a nearly biconical form (Fig. 34c). Twenty flat dishes (‘plates’) reconstructed from sherds ranged in diameter from 17 to 25 cm (Fig. 14:14b, 18:15-3a–c, 19, 22:15-2/4g, 23:I/1f, 29:I/3b, 30:IV/7–8i, 31:V/1–2b.V/7b, 32b, 34e.k). Most of these ceramic forms find numerous parallels in the material from Late Bronze Age and Hallstatt sites of Lusatian Culture in east Mazowsze and Podlasie. Ornamentation, both in terms of patterns selected and their frequency on vessels from Transbór resembles ornamentation of Hallstatt pottery from the region. The most popular motif are openings under the rim, more seldom, finger or fingernail impressions, less commonly, plastic ornament (applied bosses and cordons), and shallow engraved designs (at the base of the neck – horizontal and diagonal lines, on the body – groups of diagonal and ‘herringbone’). In some vessels the rim was decorated by kneading. Two vessels from Transbór (Fig. 14:14a, 18:15-4a) have no counterpart in the material from the Eastern Mazowsze-Podlasie group of Lusatian Culture They related more closely to forms known from inventories of Silesian group of the same culture. Although the vessel form is not recorded in the region which separates Silesia and south Wielkopolska from east Mazowsze this direction of influence is apparently correct. What is more, during the late Hallstatt period some vessel forms penetrated from the Silesian group to Mazowsze, into inventories of Lusatian-Pomeranian graves (M. Andrzejowska 2005, p. 134). Presumably, it is no accident that a pot of a western provenance occurred in a cloche grave at Stodzew, distr. Garwolin, site 3 (M. Andrzejowska 2003, p. 138, 140–141, fig. 11d–f), across the river Świder from Transbór. Another exceptional form was a flat dish with a kneaded rim with five central indentations on the underside, and on its upper face, an impressed design of plaitwork (Fig. 19) apparently from two bands of fibre of equal width woven cross-wise at right angles. Plates with impressions of similar and other kinds of plaitwork were quite popular in some settlements of the Tarnobrzeg Group of Lusatian Culture (K. Moskwa 1976, p. 82–83, 312, 317, fig. 74l, 77k–m). Indentations on the underside of the same dish probably had no functional purpose. Similar indentations, but in four concentric rows, appear on the underside of a plate dated to Hallstatt discovered in Podlasie (J. Dąbrowski 1961, p. 24, pl. I:1). The settlement of Lusatian Culture at Transbór possibly dates back to late Bronze Age. Some vessels (Fig. 14:14a.j, 32:V/7a) and a spindle- -whorl (Fig. 32:VIII/8a) are closer to forms from the end of the Bronze Age than from Hallstatt. However, some vessels are definitely Hallstatt forms: vase-like vessels with openings under the rim (Fig. 8:9c, 33o) or similar forms with an ornament of applied bosses (Fig. 18:15-1c.d), an S-shaped vessel with horizontal smoothing in its upper section (Fig. 21:15-5d), pots and bowls with a curve below the rim (Fig. 8:8a, 14:14e.g, 18:15-2b, 23:I/1e) and an S-profiled bowl (Fig. 18:15-4a). The ornamented vessel with a neck separated from the rest of the body by an indentation (Fig. 31:V/1–2a), and bowls with an inward sloping rim section (eg, fig. 18:15-1a.15-4b) are attributable to Ha D. The hut with an oven (no. 15) was definitely in use during Hallstatt. A similar dating may be given to the hearth (no. 8) and the pit oven (no. 9). More problematic is the dating of feature 14 which produced assorted ceramics datable to BA V through to early Iron Age. It is possible that the sherds could have been displaced and redeposited within the loose substrate but the quern and rubber also discovered in the same feature presumably rested in their original position. That the Iron Age settlement did not continue until the end of Hallstatt D is indicated by several Cloche Grave burials at Transbór attributable to the earliest phase of Mazowsze-Podlasie cemeteries of Cloche Grave Culture, dated to HaD (M. Andrzejowska 1995, p. 132 ff.). The cemetery was established after the decline of the settlement; the fact that the burials did not disturb feature 15 (= hut with oven) suggests that its remains continued to be visible. At the same time, the second possible Lusatian Culture dwelling (no. 3) was cut by grave 66. Imaginably, the settlement was abandoned when groups of outsiders started coming to the area. Occupation later than the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery horizon is evidenced by finds recovered in the entire area of investigation; they were a chronologically mixed assortment of objects attributed to Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures. Four fragments of Przeworsk Culture pottery belonged either in the Late Pre-Roman (Fig. 23:20a, 30:IV/10c, 31:V/7–8a) or the Early Roman Period (grave 12 in grid square I/3). Another form distinctive for Przeworsk Culture material was an iron scabbard clasp (Fig. 35d). Wielbark finds included a large quantity of sherds belonging to group I pots (Fig. 23:21f, 29:II/1a and fragment from grave 12, section I/3), a group XaA bowl (Fig. 32:X/7–8a), a sherd decorated with zigzag (from feature 21), and others items (Fig. 31:V/5–6c and fragment from feature 14). Finds considered as diagnostic for Wielbark Culture included springs from two brooches (Fig. 35a.b) and a melted glass bead. The Wielbark material is datable very generally to phase B2/C1 through to phase D of the Roman period (cf M. Tempelmann-Mączyńska 1985, p. 48 ff., pl. 4:202, 44, table 8; R. Wołągiewicz 1993, p. 12 ff.). Przeworsk and Wielbark pottery could not be associated conclusively with any feature dated to after the decline of the cemetery. This is an additional argument proving that the burnt dwellings (no. 20, 21, 29, 30) date from the early modern period. A fragment of a base from a turned vessel (Fig. 31:VII/9–10b) was dated to the Late Roman or the Early Migration Period. The entire investigated area produced a modest number of small fragments of modern wheel-made vessels; the lower part of feature 20 contained a small fragment of an oven tile. Owing to intensive occupation of the site after the decline of the cemetery many graves were lost or suffered serious damage; the original stratigraphy was disturbed and archaeological material became redeposited. This lends weight to the view that Lusatian Culture sherds discovered inside an inverted cloche vessel in grave 12 do not belong to the assemblage. This is supported by the fact that the same vessel also contained two sherds from Roman Period ceramics. Many questions relating to the sequence of occupation episodes at Transbór remain unanswered. The incomplete but quite striking archaeological material from this site proves that there is a need to continue investigating settlement sites, still relatively a terra incognita.

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