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The aim of the article is to picture the characteristics and functions of traditional Chinese calendars and almanacs. In traditional Chinese society, great attention was paid to everything being done at the “right time”. Primarily, this only concerned matters strictly related to field works and rituals, but over time, attempts to harmonize human activities with the course of nature led to the point that almost every sphere of Chinese life depended on the positive or negative influence of the prevailing time. The ability to “manage time” properly was what made the ruler the Son of Heaven. This resulted in the creation of an extremely complicated system of time notation, which involved many different, mutually complementary methods based on natural cycles and historical periods. Calendars and almanacs played the role of a “temporal map” used to guide people in a world of complex relations between time and human life.
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