Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 3

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  shall
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

To Use or Not to Use Shall: Current Debate on Shall in Legal Texts

100%
Dvořáková E.
Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics
|
2023
|
vol. 14
|
issue 1
7-29
EN
In the context of plain language efforts, shall in legal texts has been vigorously targeted and criticized for being archaic and ambiguous. Consequently, language planning experts have sought its complete suppression or a “disciplined use” in public and private legal documents and across jurisdictions. At the same time, appropriate substitutes have had to be found to replace shall, most of them posing certain difficulties. This paper outlines the current debate surrounding the use of shall in legal texts and discusses the substitution strategies deployed in the countries where shall has been removed from certain legal texts altogether or where it has been used only sporadically. The second part of the paper presents synchronic and diachronic corpus-based research into the use of shall in UK legislation, EU legislation, and British contracts (in comparison to Australian contracts) to find out to what extent the plain language efforts targeting shall have been successful in private legal documents and whether the substitutes deployed in legislation are of any use in private documents. The results show substantial differences across genres and jurisdictions. Overall, it appears that the term “modal revolution” coined by Christopher Williams aptly describes the current situation.
CS
V kontextu snah o srozumitelnou komunikaci se v anglicky mluvícím prostředí věnuje velká pozornost slovesu shall, které je obecně kritizováno pro svoji archaičnost a dvojznačnost. Z toho důvodu usilují odborné kruhy v poslední době o to, aby se toto sloveso ve veřejných i soukromých právních dokumentech nepoužívalo vůbec, nebo jen s mírou. K tomu je ovšem zapotřebí najít k shall vhodné alternativy, přičemž žádná z navrhovaných možností není zcela bezproblémová. Tento článek nastiňuje současnou odbornou debatu o shall v právním jazyce a rozebírá jednotlivé substituční strategie, ke kterým se přistoupilo v zemích, kde se shall v určitých žánrech již nepoužívá vůbec, nebo jen sporadicky. V druhé části článku uvádíme výsledky synchronního a diachronního korpusového výzkumu, který byl zaměřen na výskyt shall v britské legislativě, v právních předpisech EU a v britských smlouvách (v porovnání s australskými smlouvami). Cílem bylo zjistit, do jaké míry se dlouhodobé snahy o srozumitelnější komunikaci v anglicky mluvících zemích projevily v soukromých právních dokumentech a zda se substituční strategie používané v legislativě uplatňují rovněž ve smlouvách. Výsledky ukazují velkou různorodost mezi jednotlivými žánry i zeměmi. Obecně se zdá, že stávající situaci ohledně shall dobře vystihuje Williamsův termín „modální revoluce“.
2
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Shall in Present-Day English

99%
Lubańska M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
|
2012
|
vol. 1
65-74
EN
The paper aims at presenting the contemporary usage of the verb shall in Modern English. The traditional principles governing the usage of shall constitute a complex paradigm in which the implications of different forms change according to the person of the subject. The statistics show that the verb shall experienced a dramatic fall in frequency of use between the early 1960s and 1990s. The author is aiming at presenting the evolution of the verb shall throughout the centuries, its reorganization and the way it has altered. The Old English shall expressed obligation/necessity whereas the Middle English usage indicated to the predicative element of the verb in question. Furthermore, the author explores the difference in application between will and shall. The semantic shift of 'shall' appears to be a natural consequence of the competition it lost to will. Moreover, in 'shall' seems to be retracting to the narrow niche of seldom usage. The article also indicates to the use of shall in present-day English both in American and British varieties. In American English, which is commonly assumed to be more advanced and open to change than British English, 'shall' seems to survive in the contexts where it expresses deontic meaning.
3
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

‘SHALL’ AMBIGUITIES IN EU LEGISLATIVE TEXTS

86%
FELICI A.
Comparative Legilinguistics
|
2012
|
vol. 10
51-66
PL
Autorka analizuje użycie czasownika modalnego ‘shall’, którego nadużywanie może prowadzić do problemów translacyjnych i interpretacyjnych (Coode 1843, Driedger 1976). Korpus badawczy obejmował akty normatywne Unii Europejskiej w języku angielskim, francuskim, niemieckim i włoskim wydawane w okresie od 2001 do 2004 roku. Należy tu zaznaczyć, że komunikacja prawnicza w ramach tej organizacji międzynarodowej ma stosunkowo krótką tradycję, a przekład prawniczy jest głównym kanałem komunikacyjnym. Analiza wykazała, że czasownik modalny ‘shall’ jest używany do wyrażania zarówno nakazu, zakazu jak i opisu stanów faktycznych.
EN
This paper investigates the modal ‘shall’, whose excessive use can be problematic both in legal translation and interpretation (Coode 1843, Driedger 1976). The context of analysis is the EU for offering a relative young legal environment where translation represents the main channel of communication. The analysis moves from the deontic speech acts of ordering and prohibiting and looks at examples of performativity where ‘shall’ is not only deontically binding, but it is also used to express a necessary condition or to set a new state of things up. The disambiguation is particularly evident in multilingual translation and is performed with the help of parallel concordances, which also shed light on the conceptual framework of norms. Data consist of a parallel corpus including English, French, German and Italian versions of EU legislative texts chosen between 2001-04. As a term of comparison, a small comparable corpus containing English orginal texts has also been compiled.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.