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Ekvivalence a blokové modelování v analýze sociálních sítí

100%
Diviák T.
Naše společnost (Our Society)
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2017
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vol. 15
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issue 1
27-40
EN
The paper presents to Czech social scientists an introductory review of the concept of equivalence and the method of blockmodeling in social network analysis (SNA). After introducing the central concepts of SNA such as node and tie, along with their basic metrics such as centrality and cohesion, I present the concepts of role and position. These are treated by SNA as clusters of nodes with similar ties, something I juxtapose to algorithms to identify cohesive subgroups of nodes. Subsequently, I define and compare the two most frequently applied types of equivalence - structural, which is strict but broadly applicable, and regular, which is more liberal but has limited uses. Structural equivalence builds on a strict definition of similarity of ties, treating as equivalent only such nodes that have the same ties to the same other nodes. Regular equivalence works with looser criteria and better corresponds with both the theoretical and the intuitive notions of role; this, however, is outweighed by the absence of a unique regular-equivalent solution within a network and by the difficulty to process networks with undirected ties. Regular-equivalent nodes are such that have ties to other mutually equivalent nodes. I present examples to demonstrate the differences between both definitions. In the following section, I discuss measurement of similarity between the different nodes’ profiles of ties (e.g., correlation and Euclidean distance) and possible uses of the standard statistical methods of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling to detect equivalent classes of nodes within networks. After pointing to the weaknesses of these techniques in network data analysis, I present blockmodeling as a method designed specifically to identify roles and positions within networks. Ischematize the blockmodeling procedure and present its basic terms before comparing classic inductive blockmodeling, which is primarily fit for the purposes of exploration and network reduction, with deductive generalized blockmodeling, which is applicable in testing hypotheses about basic structural characteristics of a network. I bring attention to the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches. Relatedly, I present an application of blockmodeling especially for the purposes of simplified network representation, comparing structural patterns across networks, and testing structural theories. In the following section, I demonstrate specific blockmodeling algorithms based on both structural equivalence (CONCOR and Tabu Search optimization) and regular equivalence (REGE and Tabu Search optimization). Then I verify the adequacy of their resulting assignment of positions to nodes using eta coefficient, Q modularity and correlation of the ideal blocked and the empirical adjacency matrices. In the concluding section, I demonstrate the entire blockmodeling procedure on an empirical case of a small network with undirected ties using the UCINET software tool, including interpretation of results. Finally, I reflect the contemporary position of blockmodeling among leading research approaches in SNA, referring to other empirically oriented studies that demonstrate the broad applicability and utility of position analysis.
2
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Typologizace daňových mixů v zemích OECD

100%
Květa K.
Littera Scripta
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2012
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vol. 2
75-82
EN
Globalization aects all countries tax systems, the tax mix is changing, both due to tax harmonization and coordination, due to tax competition between states. Yet the individual countries continue in the area of taxation of their own characteristics, and historical structure of the tax systems and their types remain in force. This applies in particular to income taxes and their varieties, which are often carried out despite the reforms retain the original settings. The aim of the article is to create clusters of tax systems in OECD countries in 2009 by the method of cluster analysis and determine whether there are changes in tax structures typical of previous types, identied by other authors.
CS
Globalizace ovlivňuje daňové systémy všech zemí, daňové mixy se postupně mění, a to jak vlivem daňové harmonizace a koordinace, tak vlivem daňové konkurence mezi státy. Přesto si země zachovávají v daňové oblasti své vlastní charakteristiky, resp. historicky uspořádané daňové systémy a jejich typy zůstávají v platnosti. Týká se to zejména výnosů daní a jejich mixů, které i přes často prováděné reformy zachovávají původní nastavení. Cílem článku je vytvořit shluky daňových systémù v zem ích OECD v roce 2009 metodou shlukové analýzy a zjistit, zda došlo ke změnám v typických daňových strukturách oproti předchozím, identikovaným jinými autory.
3

Competitiveness of Czech Enterprises: What affects the performance of the Enterprise?

100%
Suchánek P., Špalek J.
Review of Economic Perspectives
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2009
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vol. 9
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issue 2
106-120
EN
This article is based on an empirical survey performed by the Research Centre for Competitiveness of the Czech Economy in 2007. We analyzed a sample of 432 companies. The main objective of the article is to formulate the factors which decrease the probability that a given company will be rated as competitive. Using advanced statistical methods (particularly statistical method of pattern recognition developed by UTIA ČSAV and modified in a special way for the purpose of our research) we formulate 20 qualitative characteristics, which can cause uncompetitiveness of the selected firm. These characteristics are then discussed and basic recommendations are drawn.
4
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Shluková analýza a možnosti jejího využití při hledání typických skupin studentů během realizace výuky formou e-learningu

84%
CHRÁSKA M.
Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
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2013
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vol. 4
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issue 2
147-153
SK
Příspěvek popisuje výsledky výzkumu, v jehož rámci byly hledány typické skupiny studentů, které se objevují při realizaci výuky formou e-learningu. Využita byla shluková analýza, pomocí níž bylo zjištěno, že se vyskytuje pět charakteristických skupin studentů, které se odlišují zejména svým způsobem komunikace s tutorem.
EN
This paper describes the results of research in which they were searched typical groups of students which appear in the implementation of teaching through e-learning. Cluster analysis was used. Was found that there are five characteristic groups of students, which is different especially in its own way communication with a tutor.
5
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Využití shlukové analýzy při vytváření typologie studentů

84%
CHRÁSKA M., KLEMENT M.
Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
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2011
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vol. 2
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issue 1
241-247
CS
Příspěvek popisuje, jakým způsobem můžeme pomocí shlukové analýzy vytvářet návrhy typologií studentů. Postup je prezentován na příkladu výzkumného šetření u populace českých a polských studentů.
PL
W artykule opisano moŜliwości wykorzystania analizy skupień do tworzenia wzorów typologii studentów. Procedurę tę przedstawiono w postaci przykładowych badań przeprowadzonych na grupach studentów czeskich i polskich
EN
The entry describes the way how to create suggestions of typologies of students by the means of a cluster analysis. The proceeding is showed in example of the research done by a population of Czech and Polish students.
6
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Porovnání vztahu učitelů k informačním a komunikačním technologiím mezi roky 2004 a 2014

67%
CHRÁSKA M.
Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 2
48-53
CS
Článek popisuje výsledky srovnávacího výzkumu, který se zabýval tím, jak se změnil vztah učitelů základních škol k ICT mezi roky 2004 a 2014. Učitelé svůj vztah k ICT vyjadřovali mírou souhlasu s vybranými tvrzeními na šestistupňové škále. Odpovědi učitelů ve sledovaných letech byly dále statisticky zpracovány včetně shlukové analýzy. Byl zjištěn předpokládaný pozitivní posun k intenzivnějšímu využívání ICT, větší virtuální komunikaci a využívání Internetu. Ukázalo se také, že podle souhlasu s jednotlivými tvrzeními je možné učitele rozdělit do dvou odlišných skupin – shluků. Výsledky jsou dávány do souvislosti s tím, že identifikované dvě typické skupiny, by mohly odpovídat Prenskému dělení uživatelů ICT na digitální domorodce a digitální imigranty.
EN
The paperdescribes the results of a comparative research study of elementary school teachers’ attitudes to ICT between 2004 and 2014. Teachers indicated their attitude to ICT by selectingfrom a six-degree scale ranging from agreement to disagreement. Teachers’ replies in the monitored years were statistically processed including a cluster analysis. The results indicate an anticipated positive shift towards more intensive ICT use, improved virtual communication and use of the internet. According to their consent indicated for various statements, teachers can be divided into two different groups – clusters. The results are correlatedwith the factthat the two typical groups correspond with the Prensky’s model of ICT users, i.e. digitalnatives and digitalimmigrants.
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