Search results

1

Zur Pragmatik des Genderns. Das Partizip I in Text und Situation

100%

Wolf N. R.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2022

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issue 22

359-374

EN

‘Participle I’ often displaces masculine nomina agentis, especially because it can be used neutrally without indicating gender. A more precise analysis of such substitutions in their contexts makes clear that the grammatically based difference is still effective even in lexicalised forms. Opportunities to find gender-neutral language therefore requires the pragmatics of the description of language in authentic texts which are always formulated in special situations.

2

Kultura czy kultury? Różnorodność Romów w Polsce

75%

Talewicz-Kwiatkowska J.

Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO

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2014

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issue 2

225-236

EN

For centuries Roma have lived in various political and economic environments, as well as in environments that are culturally diverse. They are a minority group in every place in which they are present. That is why their socio-economic circumstances have always depended and still depends on the majority context. The status of this minority group results also in the fact that the culture of Romani groups – communities so culturally different from the majority groups amongst which they live – is in danger of dispersion or even disappearance in the majority context. Furthermore, existing as a minority within particular societies has influenced and still strongly influences the great diversity of the Roma as far as language, way of life, customs, professions and religion are concerned. And because of this diversity it is inappropriate to talk about one primal or exemplary Romani culture, but rather, about cultures of the Roma communities. There are no universal riteria that would be useful in describing the diversity of all of the Roma. Their presence in a given country is linked to adaptive processes of the majority society. It is the majority that creates the conditions and space to which minorities need to adapt somehow. The results of the adaptive processes also vary and depend on an external context. The attitude of given populations towards minorities and the current political and economic situation of a given country in which the Roma settled had and still have significant influence on the abovementioned processes. The way of life of different Romani groups also holds great importance, because a sedentary way of life (typical for most European Roma) and external influences especially on culture and models of lifestyle have also furthered the adaptive processes. Cultural diversity among the Roma is present not only among groups living in different countries. It needs to be emphasized that Roma who have lived in one country for centuries are not a homogenous group in terms of their culture. Previous migration processes and a sedentary or nomadic way of life have had a great influence on this internal diversity. In Poland, with four distinguishable Romani groups, such diversity occurs between Carpathian Roma (Bergitka Roma, Polish Highlander Roma) and traditionally nomadic groups: Polska Roma, Lovara, and Kelderari. This article is based mainly on available sources and dissertations on the subject. However, it also refers to field research regarding the use of European Union funds for the Roma community in Poland, which was conducted by the author in 2010 and 2011.

3

Situationality of Being: Principles

75%

Solodukho N. M.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2014

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issue 3

70-74

EN

In this paper, the author-developed conception of the “situationality of being,” i.e. the extension of the theory of the “philosophy of nonbeing,” is presented; the general-ized definition of the notion “situation” is formulated; and the essence of the “situation-ality of being” is explained. The conception of the “situationality of being” makes it possible to develop the situational pattern of the world; in accordance with this concep-tion, “the world is the situation of situations,” The world appears before us in the form of one gigantic situation due to the interaction of various situational factors of different level and different qualities, which lead in the long run to a certain situative dynamic balance (the so-called existent world).

4

Detachment, Involvement, and Rationality: are we Essentially Rational Animals?

75%

Dreyfus H.

Human Affairs

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2007

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vol. 17

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issue 2

101-109

EN

Philosophers have long thought that what differentiates humans from mere animals is that humans are essentially rational. The rational nature of human beings lies in their ability to detach themselves from ongoing involvement and to ask for as well as give reasons for activity. According to the philosophical tradition, human action and perception generally should be understood in light of this ability. This essay examines a contemporary version of this conviction, one promulgated by John McDowell. McDowell follows the tradition in suggesting that people are always able to step back and to ask as well as answer why questions about what they are doing, i.e., they always have reasons for their actions. This essay shows that people have no reasons for many of the things they do. They often, instead, simply respond to shifting situational fields of attraction and repulsion. These attractions and repulsions cannot be captured in propositional form-any attempt to describe, or even just name, them turns them into objects and robs them of their motivational force. The demands of the situation are not available as reasons, but exist only as embodied in actions. McDowell, consequently, errs in claiming that conceptual capacities are inextricably implicated in human activity. Nor is the detached, rational way of being any more essential to human life than is involved coping.

5

Challenge of Time as a Moral Imperative

75%

Drozenová W.

Human Affairs

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2015

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vol. 26

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issue 1

80-89

EN

The aim of this essay is to consider how the dominant moral theories can be applied to the discourse of disaster situations. In specific times, specific values take priority. Therefore, this article will consider how moral theory deals with time. Kant’s moral philosophy has influenced ethics enormously, but rejects the idea of a temporal dimension in ethics; consequently, modern ethics has not devoted sufficient attention to the temporal dimension. Nonetheless, Kantian ethics established the basic principles of respect for human beings as ends in themselves, and for autonomy of rational beings; thus it cannot be ignored. In political decision-making, simply having good intentions does not suffice; they must be accompanied by responsibility. Both the ethics of consequentialism and virtue ethics (the virtue of wisdom) deal with responsibility for the future. Hans Jonas developed a concept of responsibility concerned particularly with the risks associated with new technologies and the ethical requirement to avoid disasters. “Uncertainty may be our permanent fate - which has moral consequences” (Jonas). Public policy should be precautionary. The ethics of disaster preparation planning is distinct from the ethics of disaster response planning.

6

Individuating and Ordering Situations in Bangla

75%

Karmakar S.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2010

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vol. 46

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issue 1

69-84

EN

The paper investigates complex predicate and serial verb constructions to explore how the meaning construing capacities of different syntactic categories are determined by the underlying structure of the construal specific communicative intents. In doing so, I have discussed the role of participle in integrating the argument structures and lexical aspects into the resultant construal. It is also shown how the concepts, like sequentiality and simultaneity, remain significant in determining different types of grammatical constraints while construing an interpretation.

7

СИТУАЦІЙНІ ЗАДАЧІ ЯК ПРОДУКТИВНА ОСНОВА СУЧАСНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ФАХОВОГО СТАНОВЛЕННЯ МАЙБУТНЬОГО ВЧИТЕЛЯ МАТЕМАТИКИ

63%

Москаленко О., Москаленко Ю., Коваленко О.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2016

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issue 2(56)

347-356

EN

The article makes the attempt of the theoretical understanding of the essentiality and peculiarities of situational tasks out of methods of teaching mathematics, defining their place and role in the scheme of training future teachers of mathematics, typing them for various signs. The absence of the tough conditionality of the content of methods of teaching mathematics (unlike the science of mathematics itself) as one of the basic professionally oriented courses in pedagogical universities, situational and multivariate methods, which are inherent for it, allow the wide implementation of the method of concrete situations in the scheme of the teacher training. It was concluded that on the basis of generalization of many years of authors’ experience in the training of the teachers of mathematics, that the systematic use of situational tasks out of the methods of teaching mathematics has significant advantages in comparison to the traditional reproductively informative angle to the situation. It is shown that situational tasks out of the methods of teaching mathematics is a specialized way for creating the competency oriented learning environment for the establishment, development and self-identity of the student as a future teacher of mathematics. It is emphasized the effectiveness of using the situational tasks in the modeling creative activity and independence of the students, skills of interpersonal communication, enhancing motivation and emotional factors in the acquiring the profession by them. (Authorial practical manual out of the methods of teaching mathematics, which offer more than 1,000 situational tasks and exercises have been tested for over twenty years.) Examples illustrated that in the process of quasi-professional practice in this environment the student receives the product of education, the essence of which is primarily in the acquiring by the future teacher of mathematics the subjectively new professionally-relevant knowledge and initial experience of practical implementation of leading professional ways of varying degrees of generality, forming of readiness and capability to found a systematic way to solving problems that arise in the practice in work of mathematics teacher. Soundly, that the expediency of creation and use of the scheme of situational tasks out of methods of teaching mathematics as a productive foundation of dynamic combination of theoretical and practical components of methodological training of the specialists.

8

Pragmatika situace

63%

Kaderka P.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2013

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vol. 74

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issue 1

13-41

EN

This study is aimed at clarifying the notions of ‘situation’ and ‘communicative situation’, drawing upon Alfred Schütz’s theories of pragmatic and communicative aspects of the lifeworld. The concepts of ‘situation’ and ‘communicative situation’ are approached in relation to the phenomena of human action and human communication, respectively. Following Schütz, it is argued that the overall nature of ‘situation’ arises from its ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ aspects, i.e. the spatial, temporal and socio-cultural conditions experienced by an individual and shaped by his or her unique ‘biographical situation’. This perspective is temporarily suspended in communication: private systems of relevances are superseded by intersubjective constructions or interpretations of ‘what-we-are-doing-in-and-through-communication’. The communicative situation’ is conceived of as a dynamic phenomenon and a true achievement of social actors, who permanently define and redefine, interpret and reinterpret both its overall character and its relevant elements. This theoretical framework, enriched by the concept of semiotic multimodality, is exemplified by an analysis of conversational data drawn from ethnographic research into television news production. At the end of the paper, a distinction between the typifications made by ordinary social actors and by social scientists in characterizing communicative situations is discussed.

9

Ситуация как фактор стиля

63%

ГОНЧАРОВА Е. A.

Stylistyka

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2010

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vol. 19

7-22

EN

There is no unanimous point of view concerning the organic relationship between ‘style’ and ‘situation’, mainly because o f different definitions and interpretations of the concept o f ‘style’. As a quality of an integral text, style presents a text formulating modus, which characterizes new textual qualities that appear as optional to the basic necessary criteria o f textuality (e.g. integrality, coherence, etc.) as a result o f altering the ‘situation’ of making and perceiving the text. Making a ‘style’ means formulating that kind of a text structure which would accommodate to the ‘situation’ of presenting (new) information to the communication partners. As a subject o f a philological description ‘situation’ can be interpreted both in the broad and in the narrow sense. It can take into account extralinguistic factors of making and perce ■ mg the text, which influence the style as well as proper linguistic mechanisms that define the nature of stylistic information of a particular text. In the textual structure one can differentiate a certain system of relations between separate situational style factors as well as their linguostylistic markers. The character of such hierarchy may vary in different text classes and types. This proves the fact that both the ‘situation’ as a (text) style factor and the elements, which function as linguistic markers of stylistic information, are o f a gradient character.

10

Jevy - věci - situace: k fenomenologické ontologii Pavla Kouby

63%

Kanócz R.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2023

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vol. 71

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issue 2

325-336

EN

In this discussion study, the author looks into the articles that Pavel Kouba has devoted to phenomenological ontology over the past twenty-three years. The study’s origin, in the immediate sense, can be found in Kouba’s recent article in issue 57 of Reflexe, titled “Fenomenologie na křižovatce. Zamyšlení nad prací Elišky Fulínové La conception phénoménologique de l’espace” [“Phenomenology at the Crossroads. Reflections on Eliška Fulínová’s La phénoménologique de l’espace”]. In the study presented here, the author summarizes Kouba’s project and then draws attention to a different path of phenomenology than that followed by either Fulínová or Kouba (before their paths parted). This different, possible phenomenology gives up on the thinking of the nature of an entity’s being, i. e. ontology, and simply focuses on the appearing situation and its transformations. The author indicates that which is, for the movement of these transformations, characteristic, and notes on the margins that movement of such a nature can be well described in Czech by the word osud [“destiny”].

CS

V této diskusní studii se autor zabývá statěmi, které Pavel Kouba v posledních přibližně třiadvaceti letech věnoval fenomenologické ontologii. Bezprostředně její vznik podnítil Koubův příspěvek „Fenomenologie na křižovatce. Zamyšlení nad prací Elišky Fulínové La conception phénoménologique de l’espace“, jenž byl publikován v Reflexi č. 57. Autor ve zde předkládaném textu shrnuje Koubův projekt a následně upozorňuje na jinou cestu fenomenologie, než je ta, po níž jdou jak Fulínová, tak Kouba (než se jejich přístupy rozdělí). Tato jiná možná fenomenologie rezignuje na myšlení povahy bytí jednotlivého jsoucího, resp. na ontologii a zaměřuje se jednoduše na jevící se situaci a její proměny. Autor naznačuje, co je pro dění těchto proměn charakteristické, a na okraj poznamenává, že dění takového charakteru je v češtině dobře možné označit slovem „osud“.

11

In Praise For Monstrosities. The Case of Niccolò Machiavelli

63%

Wróbel S.

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2013

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vol. 180

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issue 4

455-474

EN

In the paper author refers to the passage from The Prince of Niccolò Machiavelli, in which the famous Florentine says that there are two kinds of combat: one with laws, the other with force. Author defend the claim that by writing this, Machiavelli opened up a new and still unused way of thinking about nature-culture relationship. A follower of this way of thinking withdraws from saying that nature is surpassed by culture, or that nature is nothing else but a subject of an on-going human speculation, and rebuts the sole hypothesis that what there is, is nothing but nature. Modern Western culture entrusted its key opposition to the nature-culture relationship. By and large, political philosophy is a story about surpassing the nature in order to establish a state under the rule of law. According to Machiavelli, the juxtaposition of nature and culture, the narrative on surpassing by politics the laws of nature, just as well as the narrative on us being stuck in it, are all utterly wrong. Accepting the ambiguity of the opposition between nature and culture and assuming that the social contract is indeed fictitious, author would like to question Machiavelli about his vision of subjectivity and politics in a world where “natural objects” appear to be socialized, and “cultural subjects” appear to be dissocial. In the way author puts the question: does Machiavelli recommend monstrosity by writing stories in praise of monstrosity as it may well seem?

12

Architektura eksperymentalna w strukturach miejskich według ARCHItektonicznych teleGRAMÓW

63%

Sarlej A.

MAZOWSZE Studia Regionalne

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2019

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issue 29

81-91

PL

Artykuł stara się wskazać przyczyny rozwoju architektury eksperymentalnej w drugiej połowie XX wieku. W tym czasie (po 1950) możemy zaobserwować bardzo dużą aktywność architektów i artystów poprzez projekty dotyczące życia i odczuć związanych z byciem tu i teraz, a także w dużej mierze w przyszłości. Powodami powstawania eksperymentalnych projektów są: – niezadowolenie z sytuacji życiowej oraz politycznej – termin „sytuacja” został opisany oraz bardzo głęboko przeanalizowany przez Guy Deborda, który założył Międzynarodówkę Sytuacjonistyczną (1957), a wszystkie opisy mają charakter buntu, – powstanie nowej filozofii życia, pracy i zabawy (na podstawie książki Johana Huinzingi Homo ludens. Zabawa jako źródło kultury – 1938), – bardzo gwałtowny postęp technologiczny (silna wiara np. w loty w kosmos, ruchome domy, życie pod wodą i nowe materiały budowlane) – pierwszy opis marzenia o ruchomym domu napisał Ivan Chtcheglov w 1953. Bazując na powyższym, w roku 1961 powstaje Grupa Archigram, która w ciągu 13 lat wydała 10 numerów magazynów o tej samej nazwie, co posłużyło jako materiał badawczy (upublicznione oficjalnie pierwszy raz w całości) do przeanalizowania rozwoju myślenia o architekturze eksperymentalnej. Grupa poprzez swoje teksty, projekty, a także bardzo ciekawą oprawę graficzną była jedną z pierwszych, która ukazała inne eksperymentalne oblicze architektury i miast. Cały czas poszukiwała odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak zaprojektować przestrzeń, aby życie było jak najbardziej wygodne, a w związku z tym: szczęśliwe. Członkowie grupy nie znali ograniczeń w swoich futurystycznych projektach i głęboko wierzyli w to, że realizacja ich projektów będzie kwestią czasu. Tym bardziej, że założenia i koncepcje projektów były bardzo proste. Po analizie numerów oraz projektów w nich zawartych widać, jaki duży wpływ grupa Archigram wywarła na współczesne projekty. Natomiast mimo ogromnego postępu technologicznego marzenia o zmiennym i mobilnym domu do dzisiaj są wciąż tylko marzeniem wielu twórców.

EN

The article attempts to indicate the reasons for the development of experimental architecture in the second half of the twentieth century. During this time (after 1950), we can observe the activity of architects and artists through projects concerning life and thw feelings related to being here and now, and also to a large extent in the future. The reasons for the emergence of experimental projects are: – dissatisfaction with life and the political situation – the term „situation” has been described and deeply analyzed by Guy Debord, who founded the Situationist International (1957), and all descriptions are rebellious by nature, – the emergence of a new philosophy of life, work and play (based on the book by Johan Huizinga Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture – 1938), – very rapid technological progress (strong belief in space flights, mobile homes, underwater life and new building materials etc.) – Ivan Chtcheglov is the author of the first description of a moving house dream in 1958. The Archigram Group was established in 1961 based on the above. Over the next 13 years, this group published 10 issues of a magazine of the same name, which served as research material to analyze the development of thinking about experimental architecture. The group, through its texts, projects, and very interesting graphic design, was one of the first to showcase the other, experimental face of architecture and cities. The group spent all this time searching for an answer to the question: what should design look like to make life as comfortable as possible, and thus: happy. The group members did not acknowledge limitations in their futuristic projects and deeply believed that their implementation would be a matter of time. The more so, since the assumptions and concepts of the projects were very simple. After analyzing the magazine issues and projects contained therein, we can see how large an impact the Archigram Group has had on contemporary projects. d projects contained therein, we can see how large an impact the Archigram Group has had on contemporary projects. However, despite the huge technological progress, a changing and mobile home is still the dream of many creators.

13

Europejskość jako sytuacja kultury hinternarodowej

63%

Solska E.

Roczniki Kulturoznawcze

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2017

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vol. 8

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issue 1

5-25

PL

Europa uznana jest za model cywilizacyjny, w którym państwa usytuowane w przestrzeni wielonarodowej i wielokulturowej, tworzą integralne terytorium dla rozwoju kultur narodowych. Celem tego referatu jest rozszerzenie tej kwalifikacji w świetle obecnych debat wokół „kryzysu europejskiego”, poprzez koncepcję Europy jako habitusu hinternarodowego. Ponawiam przy tym pytanie, czy w odniesieniu do Europy możliwy jest nowy dyskurs uniwersalności oraz jaka powinna być reakcja intelektualistów europejskich, zwłaszcza akademików, wobec kryzysów „uniwersalizmu europejskiego”.

EN

Europe is considered to be a model of civilisation, with the states in a multicultural and multinational space, creating the integral territory for the development of national cultures. So the purpose of this paper is to add to that qualification, in the context of the actual “European crisis debate”, the concept of Europe as the hinternational habitus. There is also a question—in relation to Europe—is any new discourse of universality possible? And what should be the reaction of European intellectuals, especially academics, in response to the crises of the “European universalism”?

14

Analiza interakcyjna jako narzędzie opisu dyskursu medialnego

63%

Pałuszyńska E., Łódzki U.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców

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2013

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vol. 20

PL

Autorka upatruje w analizie interakcyjnej narzędzie opisu, które jest w stanie uchwycić specyfikę konkretnego typu dyskursu. Interakcja konstytuuje komunikację i stanowi podstawę odróżnienia głównych form mowy: monologu i dialogu. Jej istotą jest koordynacja, współpraca, zestrajanie aktywności rozmówców i dynamiczne zmiany kontekstu. Elementem interakcji jest również relacja interpersonalna, która podlega parametryzacji ze względu na dwa kryteria: siłę i ustosunkowanie. Celem artykułu jest opis tych uwarunkowań interakcji, które mają decydujący wpływ na jej przebieg w medialnym dyskursie politycznym. Z badań wynika, że pod uwagę należy wziąć: publiczny charakter kontaktu (w opozycji do kontaktu prywatnego), występowanie rozmówców w rolach społecznych oraz masowy charakter komunikacji.

EN

The author presents the way inteactive analysis can be used as a means (mode, tool) of discriminate various types of discourse. Ahe understands the interaction as the coordination of the interlocutors, their cooperation and mutual adjustment in the process of dialog construction. The aim of the article is to describe the most important interactional conditionings in the political discourse in the mass media. According to the author‟s research, these include the public character of the interaction, the social roles of the interlocutors and the mass character of communication.

15

Sytuacja dzieci i młodzieży w Polsce

55%

Ostrihanska Z., Wójcik D.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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1985

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issue XII

69-78

16

„Sytuacja specyficzna” – konserwacja zabytkowego ogrodu

51%

Conan M. H.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2016

|

issue 1

5-27

PL

Stawiając sobie za cel w rozważaniach na temat konserwacji ogrodów wyjście poza debaty wokół jej metod, artykuł prezentuje znamienne projekty konserwatorskie z terenu Chin i Japonii. Z każdym pokrótce przedstawianym przykładem autor wprowadza stopniowo konceptualny rodzaj analizy. Zostaje sformułowanych kilka szczegółowych pytań dotyczących relacji między stosunkiem odwiedzających zabytkowe ogrody do historii, obrazowaniem przeszłości i rodzajem odbioru, jaki te miejsca wywołują. Różnice kulturowe pomiędzy Azją Wschodnią a Zachodem dają podstawy, by poddawać w wątpliwość traktowanie wszystkich ogrodów w kategoriach zabytku oraz odwoływanie się do projektu historycznego ogrodu jako jego kwintesencji. W artykule podjęto próbę zdefiniowania konserwacji historycznego ogrodu jako tworzenia „specyficznej sytuacji” i przekonania czytelnika do tej koncepcji.

EN

In order to move discussions about garden conservation beyond current debates about methods, this essay turns to highly significant garden conservation projects in China and Japan. It incrementally introduces a conceptual frame of analysis as each new example is briefly discussed. As a whole it raises a few precise questions about the relationships between public attitudes towards past history, representations of the past and reception of historic gardens. Cultural differences between East Asia and the West also allow calling into question the assimilation of all gardens to monuments as well as the reliance on design as the essential feature of any historic garden. The paper defines and argues for “situation-specific” historic garden conservation.

17

SYTUACJE PROFESJONALNE PRACOWNIKA I ICH CHARAKTERYSTYKA (WYBRANE PREDYKTATORY)

51%

Kowolik P.

Problemy Profesjologii

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2017

|

issue 1

77-87

PL

Opracowanie zaprezentowane przez autora testu definiuje podstawowe pojęcia związane z sytuacjami profesjonalnymi pracownika. Kolejne rozważania skupiają uwagę Czytelnika na szczegółowej charakterystyce profesjonalnej pracy pracownika: start zawodowy absolwentów szkół, zmęczenie i znużenie zawodowe, pracę zmianową, współdziałanie i rywalizację zawodową oraz komunikację interpersonalną pracujących.

EN

The study presented by the author of the test defines the basic concepts related to the professional situation of the employee. Further considerations focus the reader's attention on the detailed characteristics of the professional work of the employee: professional start of school graduates, fatigue and weariness, shift work, interpersonal and professional competition and interpersonal communication.

18

Wittgenstein’s ontology in the Bogusław Wolniewicz’s late philosophy

51%

Kowalik Ł., Kowalik Ł.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2020

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issue 3

19

The Notion of Existence in Jean-Paul Sartre's and Karl Jaspers’ Philosophy in the Literary Context of "Anna Karenina"

51%

Chojnacka M.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

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2020

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vol. 50

59-78

EN

This paper attempts to explain the notion of existence on the basis of a specific literary example. Firstly, we will analyze this concept in the thought of two most prominent representatives of existentialism: Karl Jaspers and Jean-Paul Sartre. Despite striking differences in the way both thinkers understand the notion of existence, they complement each other. I characterize the approach of each philosopher, indicating the sources of their differences and points where they meet. In the next step I will apply the concept of existentialism to a specific literary example of the existence of Anna Karenina.

20

Puer existens. Przełamanie figury wiecznego dziecka w komiksie prasowym na przykładzie Calvina i Hobbesa Billa Wattersona

51%

Hałuszka M.

Literatura Ludowa

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2019

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vol. 63

|

issue 1

PL

Praca przedstawia spojrzenie na komiks Billa Wattersona Calvin i Hobbes z punktu widzenia filozofii i psychologii egzystencjalistycznej. W ten sposób pokazane zostaje, że mimo zanurzenia Calvina i Hobbesa w tradycji gatunkowej komiksu prasowego, która zakłada między innymi niestarzenia się bohaterów, to postać Calvina wymyka się tradycyjnemu odczytaniu jako figury puer aeternus, figury wiecznego dziecka. Z pozoru chłopiec dobrze się w nią wpisuje, żyjąc rytmem pór roku w sielankowo-arkadyjskiej okolicy. Mimo to regularnie w komiksie natrafiamy na pęknięcia, które stawiają chłopca w sytuacjach (rozumianych zgodnie z myślą Karla Jaspersa). Musi wówczas dokonywać wyborów, tym samym stwarzając siebie. Podążając za wypracowaną przez Clémentine Beauvais koncepcją puer existens, nawiązającą do myśli Jeana Paula Sartre'a, praca przedstawia zatem Calvina nie jako wieczne dziecko, ale właśnie jako puer existens, dziecko wrzucone w świat, które za sprawą podejmowanych przez siebie wyborów stwarza siebie i buduje otaczający je świat.

EN

The article presents an interpretation of Calvin and Hobbes in light of the concepts of existential philosophy and psychology. In this context, the protagonist is shown as a puer aeternus figure, which is typical of the comic strip genre. Indeed, Calvin is a good example of the puer aeternus. After all, he lives season by season in an idyllic neighbourhood and does not grow up. Yet, a closer look reveals cracks in this Arcadian picture of childhood. Calvin is regularly put in situations (in the meaning developed by Karl Jasper) that make him choose. Referring to Clémentine Beauvais's idea of the puer existens figure invoked in relation to the works of Jean Paul Sartre, the article presents Calvin as being more a puer existens than a puer aeternus. As a result, we can see Calvin as a child who, by his very own choices, makes himself and creates the world around him rather than as an eternally happy child who has been frozen in time.

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