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EN
The author makes comments on the article by R. Brykowski published on pages 134 — 143 ,in „Ochrona Zabytków”, iss. 2, 1969 and shares the opinion that such an open-air collection of ancient orthodox uniate churches as suggested by R. Brykowski would be much more attractive version with regard to their ingenious beauty. However, the version suggested involves substantially higher cost of maintenance. According to the author’s viewpoint this problem could be solved basing on example furnished by Macedonia where architectural monuments are being closely linked with the tourist and recreational building complexes.
PL
Zachowanie morfogenetycznego układu obszarów wiejskich położonych w bliskim sąsiedztwie miast to problem coraz bardziej zauważalny w układzie przestrzennym polskich wsi. W pracy porównano obszar wiejski Swołowo w bliskiej odległości od Słupska (woj. pomorskie) z przyłączoną w 2010 r. do Koszalina (woj. zachodniopomorskie) wsią Jamno. Głównym celem publikacji jest określenie wpływu włączenia obszarów wiejskich na ich układ przestrzenny i ochronę układu morfogenetycznego. Problematykę tę zaprezentowano za pomocą opracowań kartograficznych, analizy desk research oraz inwentaryzacji obu obszarów. Dokonano interpretacji dokumentów planistycznych oraz analizy wszelkich pism dotyczących ochrony zabytków na różnych szczeblach. Przy prezentacji argumentów za i przeciw włączeniu obszarów wiejskich wykorzystano zarówno informacje z przeszłości, jak i aktualne. W świetle zaprezentowanych materiałów wybrano optymalne metody ochrony morfogenetycznego kształtu wsi zarówno dla Jamna, jak i Swołowa.
PL
Bardzo szybko postępujące procesy globalizacyjne, stały się tak bardzo powszechne, że wręcz niedostrzegalne, mają swoje skutki w różnych dziedzinach życia. Z jednej strony związane są z gospodarką, czy wzrostem współzależności politycznej poszczególnych państw. Z innej natomiast wiążą się ściśle z silnymi przemianami społeczno-kulturowymi. Prowadzą bowiem do zaniku więzi społecznych, tworzenia się globalnego społeczeństwa, a co za tym idzie utraty tożsamości lokalnej, którą zastępuje tożsamość globalna. Dlatego niezwykle istotnym staje się pielęgnowanie i promowanie wiedzy o własnym pochodzeniu, związane nie tylko z elementami kultury materialnej, ale również dorobku duchowego. Miejscami, które skupiają oba elementy dziedzictwa kulturowego są skanseny. Umiejętne wykorzystanie tego dorobku poszczególnych społeczności daje ogromne możliwości, nie tylko zapewnia opiekę i ochronę tej bezcennej spuścizny, ale również stymuluje rozwój społeczno-gospodarczy. W związku z tym przed turystyką pojawiają się coraz to nowe wyzwania. Współczesna turystyka zapewniać musi nie tylko atrakcyjną, a jednocześnie konkurencyjną ofertę dla zwiedzających, ale również zadbać o własną wystarczalność w ujęciu ekonomicznym.
EN
The article is devoted to a Lemko village of Bartne situated in the Low Beskids, in the valley of Bartnianka stream, between the mountain ranges covered with forest. The village has a layout characteristic for the so-called forest village, in which a road running along a stream constitutes the main axis, and there are dirt roads perpendicular to it. Bartne was founded in the 16th century on the basis of the Wallachian rights. A family of a well-known composer Dmitry Bortniansky, the court composer of Tsarina Catherine the Great, came from here and an eulogist of Lemkivshchyna, novelist Wladimir Ignatiewicz Chiljak lived here for many years. The village became famous for local stonecutters whose manufacture (roadside shrines, cemetery tombstones, handmills) was recognised in the vicinity and beyond. Among the village buildings dominate two sacral ones: the older Greek-Catholic church and the Orthodox church established in the inter-war period. The cemeteries are also important: a parish cemetery, a choleric cemetery (from the 19th c.) and a war cemetery (from World War I). The inhabitants of the village lived in houses typical of Lemkos, the so-called chyża, where both the residential and the farming part were under one roof. A chyża was accompanied by separate granaries, cellars or other outhouses (forge, cart house, etc.). Fortunately, the buildings in the village survived the operation “Vistula” which was carried out by the Communists after World War II and consisted in forced resettlement of the local population to completely culturally unfamiliar northern areas of Poland. The political thaw after the Stalin’s death allowed the return of the displaced people to their homeland and resettle the surviving farms. Bartne, which was noticed by the conservation services in the 1960s, soon became the object of thorough studies carried out by a team of researchers from Kraków under the direction of Marian Kornecki, the leading researcher of wooden architecture in Poland. In the paper that crowned the fieldwork, completed in 1978, the team postulated the entry of the village layout and its buildings, as well as the most valuable individual farmhouses, to the register of historic monuments. In the same year the relevant inscriptions were made, and Bartne was recognised as an urban and architectural reserve. According to the assumptions proposed by M. Kornecki’s team, the village was supposed to have three protection zones: 1) a strict reserve, 2) an intensified protection zone, 3) a general protection zone. Today, 35 years after the foundation of the reserve, Bartne has transformed from a typical Lemko village into a model example of a devastated cultural landscape where the still untouched nature is accompanied by a small number of preserved wooden houses as well as stone and wooden granaries, but is dominated by brick buildings that are chaotic in their layout and aggressive in their form and colours, and ignore the harmony between the human creation and the nature’s one. Conservation services suffered a spectacular defeat in Bartne. Despite the recognition of the village as a reserve – the area subject to particular protection by definition – it lost within one generation most of those values which played a decisive role when it was granted the special status in 1978. There are many reasons that caused such situation: exclusion of the local population from the process of establishing the reserve, which made them hostile to the whole idea, withdrawal of people capable of executing the initial vision, abandonment of comprehensive and coordinated protective measures, inability to initiate a dialogue with the owners of historic buildings, lack of funds for specialized repairs. In today’s Bartne only a few enclaves of historic wooden buildings and individual historic objects have been preserved, overwhelmed by new, in general ugly, brick buildings, which do not constitute a cohesive and harmonious layout anymore. The reserve de facto stopped existing. At the moment, you can only protect humble remains that have been disappearing in the recent years at an alarming pace anyway. However, a radical change of approach by conservation services and local population, an idea for proper implementation of protective measures and their management as well as a more flexible model of financing are necessary, which could be achieved with the changes in the system of monuments protection in Poland proposed in the article.
EN
Discussing th e p ro b lem s re la tin g to o rg an iz a tio n and lo c a tio n of sk a n s e n -ty p e mu seum s in th e te r r ito ry of W a rs aw Voivodship th e a u th o r tu rn s much of his a tte n tio n to th e q u e stio n s co nnected w ith th e te rm s “m o n um e n t”, “re s e rv a tio n ”, “sk a n s e n ”, “o p e n -a ir m u se um ” th e rem in d in g an d discussing of whom may p ro v e h e lp fu l in e x p la in in g an d d e fin in g th e d ire c tio n in w h ich th e se a rch an d a ttem p ts should follow. All th e a fo re -m e n tio n e d te rm s m ay be considered as p ro p e r a n d w e ll-re a so n ed u n d e r d e fin ite conditions p ro vid ed , how ev e r, th a t th e “th em a tic lin e ” w ill be s tr ic tly m a rk ed . In p ro b lem s re la tin g to sk a n s e n -ty p e m u s eum s should p rim a rily be ta k e n into a c co u n t th e cla s sific a tio n of collections of ob je c ts belonging to th e c o u n try fo lk c u ltu ra l tr a d itio n , b a sed on e th n o g rap h ic stu d ie s whose re su lts in tu rn should p ro v id e a basis fo r d e te rm in in g th e ir o rg an iz a tio n a l forms. While selecting th e a n c ie n t bu ild in g s th e r e should p re f e ra b ly be selected not th e ex c ep tio n a l buildings or o b je c ts b u t r a th e r th o se ty p ic a l in v iew of sc ie n tific re s e a rc h c a rrie d o u t in a giv en are a . S e v e ra l sk a n s e n -ty p e museums w e re organized to r e p re s e n t a given region th ro u g h a collection of in d iv id u a l ty p e s of bu ild in g s s itu a te d acco rd in g to ex h ib itio n re q u irem e n ts . Thus, in acco rd an c e to u su a lly ad o p ted p ra c tic e , th e a re a is divided into th e re sp e c tiv e th em a tic se c to rs, th e access d esigned as a d a p te d to th e v ie wing, an d th e b u ild in g s loc a ted in su itab ly exposed site s w ith an organized visib ility . T h e a u th o r of th e p re s e n t considers w h e th e r th is sch em e m ay be fu lly accepted as one reaso n ed and w h e th e r “th e scientific su rv ey of an a r e a ” does not oblige to look a fte r o th e r solutions, a t th e same time q u o tin g n um e ro u s and d iffe rin g views on th e subject. When org an iz in g th e sk a n s e n -ty p e mu seums su ffic ien t c a re sh o u ld be devoted to p ro d u c in g th e “c lim a te ” of a re g io n which is to be ex h ib ite d and th is in tu r n is being connected w ith th e need to re co n s tru c t th e c h a ra c te r of sp a tia l lay o u t of an c ie n t b u ild in g g ro u p ings le ad in g to re co n s tru c tio n of th e o rig in a l villag e stru c tu re . I t should be b o rn e in min d th a t a s “an a rc h ite c tu ra l m o n um e n t” is to be considered n o t only an o b je c t alone b u t also its situ a tio n , i.e. sitin g w ith in a fa rm an d only th e connection w ith th e lay o u t of o th e r fa rm s could be tr e a te d as a re co n s tru c tio n of “s e ttlem e n t sch em e ”. According to th e a u th o r ’s view w h en organizing th e sk a n s e n -ty p e mu seums in c lu d in g th e sp a tia l systems of a region e ffo rts should be m ad e to tr a n s fe r e n tire a rc h ite c tu ra l g ro u p in g s a lth o u g h it may be ta k e n fo r g r a n ted th a t it will n o t be possible to m e e t th is r e q u ire m en t in a ll cases. To illu s tra te th e m e th o d en ab lin g to d e te rm in e th e lo catio n of sk a n s e n -ty p e mu seums in th e te r r ito ry of W a rsaw Voivodship w e re p re s e n ted th e re su lts of a s tu d y p re p a re d by th e In s titu te of Basic A rc h ite c tu ra l Development, Te ch n ic a l U n iv e rsity , W a rsaw w h e re a selectio n was made of m a te ria ls g a th e red in th e g iven a re a from th e v iew p o in t of th e ir ap p lic ab ility w ith in th e sk a n s en -ty p e museums. The location of th e selected ob je c ts of an c ie n t wood buildings by itse lf m a rk s th e lines fo r th e fu tu re p ro c ed u re s in seeking th e sites fo r location of sk an sen museums. I t should also be rem em b e red th a t mu seums of th a t k in d should not be situ a te d f a r from u su a l to u rin g ro u te s as th ey form a co n sid e rab le a ttra c tio n fo r both local an d fo re ig n to u rists. On th e basis of su rv ey s c a rrie d out a to u ris t m ap has been p re p a re d illu s tra tin g th e to u rin g volumes and p o te n tia litie s of re c re a tio n regions w ith in th e te r r ito ry of W a rsaw Voivodship in a period 1985— 2000 to g e th e r w ith p ro p o sa ls concerning th e fu tu re d ev e lo pm en t of to u rin g roads.
PL
Opracowanie jest próbą oceny funkcjonowania wybranych polskich skansenów jako produktów turystycznych. W tym celu wybrano trzy znaczące placówki: w Tokarni, Sanoku i Olsztynku. Ocena została określona, opierając się na analizie oferty i ruchu turystycznego. Jak się okazuje, skanseny to nie tylko miejsca promujące kulturę, lecz także dynamicznie rozwijające się atrakcje. Bogata oferta w postaci wystaw czy lekcji muzealnych jest coraz częściej uzupełniana o inne propozycje dla turystów (np. lokalną kuchnię, nocleg). Duża aktywność placówek powoduje, że skanseny stają się dojrzałym produktem turystycznym, który rywalizuje z innymi atrakcjami turystycznymi istniejącymi na rynku.
EN
The study is an attempt to provide some Polish open-air museums as tourism products. There were selected three important institutions: in Tokarnia, Sanok and Olsztynek. Analysis of the tourist offers and tourist functions performed by the detailed examinations of the volume of tourist traffic. Open-air museums are not only places that promote the culture, but also are developing tourist attractions. Offers are rich in the exhibitions and museum lessons, but more and more important is the wide range of other proposals (eg. local cuisine, accommodation). These described activities are responsible for creation open-air museums as mature tourist products, which competition with the other attractions in todayʼs market.
EN
The aim of the article is the presentation and critical assessment of a development called “The town on the trail of cultures” or “Borderland Town” currently created in Biłgoraj. The main subject of the research is a contemporary composition, which is a free interpretation of historical architecture, in many respects far from factual credibility, but aspiring to be a tourist and cultural destination. The idea of building these houses and commercial properties was to replicate the traditional wooden small-town architecture of the region. Alongside them, of great interest to tourists, are replicas or copies of historic public buildings and places of worship, characteristic of the ethnic diversity of the eastern areas of the First and Second Polish Republic. The emerging district was evaluated in the context of the role of architecture in building local and national identity and the danger, from an educational point of view, of falsifying history. The architectural form and urban layout of the project, as well as its ideational premises was analysed. Special attention was paid to the noble objectives that accompanied the creation of the complex, and their convergence with the intentions of the architects who a century ago shaped the forms of the Polish national style. At the same time, the negative consequences of creating a peculiar hybrid of a historicizing but still contemporary composition and a kind of open-air museum, which should be characterized by reliable compliance with the facts, were shown. This type of procedure has led to creating an illusion of an authentic historic settlement, its falsification and popularisation of a distorted image of an historic town. The work was based on in-situ studies as well as analyses of archival illustrations and textual material and research into the authentic, historical architecture of the region, which was to serve as a model for the designed complex.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i wieloaspektowa, krytyczna ocena realizowanej obecnie w Biłgoraju inwestycji określanej mianem „miasteczka na szlaku kultur” bądź „miasteczka kresowego”. Przedmiotowe założenie to współczesna kompozycja stanowiąca wolną interpretację zabudowy historycznej, pod wieloma względami daleka od faktograficznej wiarygodności, a pretendująca do roli destynacji turystyczno-kulturowej. Mieszkaniowo-usługowe założenie, nawiązujące zewnętrzną formą do tradycyjnej drewnianej małomiasteczkowej architektury regionu, uzupełniane jest – stanowiącymi atrakcje turystyczne – replikami bądź kopiami historycznych obiektów użyteczności publicznej i kultu, charakterystycznych dla etnicznego bogactwa wschodnich obszarów I i II Rzeczypospolitej. Powstający kompleks oceniono zarówno w kontekście roli architektury w budowaniu tożsamości lokalnej i narodowej, jak i niebezpieczeństwa zafałszowania historii na płaszczyźnie edukacyjnej. Analizie poddano formę architektoniczną, układ urbanistyczny i ideowe przesłanki założenia. Zwrócono uwagę na szczytne cele towarzyszące powstaniu kompleksu i ich zbieżność z zamierzeniami architektów kształtujących przed stu laty formy polskiego stylu narodowego. Jednocześnie wykazano negatywne konsekwencje kształtowania swoistej hybrydy historyzującej, ale współczesnej kompozycji z rodzajem skansenu, który powinna cechować rzetelna zgodność z faktografią. Tego typu zabieg doprowadził do stworzenia iluzji autentycznej zabytkowej osady, falsyfikacji oraz popularyzacji zniekształconego obrazu historycznego miasta. Poza analizą in situ, w pracy wykorzystano archiwalny materiał ilustracyjny i tekstowy oraz wyniki badań autentycznej historycznej zabudowy regionu, która stanowić miała wzorzec projektowanego założenia.
EN
In this analysis, forms of archaeology popularisation with a spatial representation and its output, have been evaluated. On the basis of chosen examples, critical analysis of dominating forms of narration in the archaeology popularisation discourse, especially taking into consideration their landscape aspect (historical geography), has been performed. Permanent and ephemeral relic-preserved spaces and/or heritagescape, have been specified.
PL
W opracowaniu poddano rozważaniu problematykę, posiadających reprezentacje przestrzennie, formy popularyzowania archeologii i jej dorobku. Na wybranych przykładach dokonano krytycznego omówienia dominujących narracji w popularyzacji archeologii, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich aspektu krajobrazowego, za sprawą włączenia do analizy perspektywy geograficznej (geografii historycznej). Wyróżniono podział na stałe i efemeryczne przestrzenie zachowanych reliktowo i/lub konstruowanych krajobrazów dziedzictwa (heritagescape).
EN
This paper is devoted to the issue of wooden architecture protection in so called open-air museum. Unique form of certain buildings is closely related to their educational and expositional functions. In the museums attempts are frequently made to reconstruct the whole village cultural landscape in a given period of time. This aspect is often more important than the building history or the original materials maintenance. What is more, the conditions of rural architecture are worsening all the time. These factors contribute to the phenomenon of making copies of the buildings. The ideas of this kind are nowadays widely applied by a number of museums. The issue of creating a new museum as well as the attempts made to maintain original monuments has been analyzed on the examples of six conservation projects of the buildings earmarked to be transferred to Olęderski Park Etnograficzny (Haulander Ethnographic Park) in Wielka Nieszawka. These buildings are very much unique in terms of construction as well as spatial design. They were adjusted to the terrain conditions of the Vistula plains exposed to floods. This manner of building was typical of the Haulander colonization. Most of the most valuable buildings come from the 18th century. They will be removed and transferred to the reconstructed cultural landscape dated back to the beginning of the 20th century. Detailed architectural research enabled to establish the chronological boarders of the whole project. The most important features of the buildings were revealed through the analysis of the building materials, reconstruction and the final conceptual project. Three farm buildings will be inserted in the historical village landscape. These are: the one that includes staff rooms, cash desk and the exhibition dedicated to Protestantism; the one that shows impoverished single-building farm typical of the 18th century and the wealthy one that consists of arcade house, workers house, granary and the barn. The latter is to present the prosperous farm typical of the beginning of the 20th century. What is significant, the possibilities of reconstruction have been taken into consideration while preparing the area. That means the maintenance of the original substance (often in deteriorating conditions) was the most important in the project while the restoration work was limited. Translated by Karolina Pszczółkowska
Eastern Review
|
2022
|
vol. 11
|
issue 1
85-92
PL
Niniejsze opracowanie jest próbą prezentacji wpływu pandemii koronawirusa SARS-CoV-2 i wynikających z jej rozwoju ograniczeń na działalność Łęczyckiej Zagrody Chłopskiej w Kwiatkówku. Placówka ta stanowi muzeum na wolnym powietrzu typu parkowego i jest częścią Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi. Została ona udostępniona dla zwiedzających w 2013 r. W ramach opracowania starano się zaprezentować nowe kierunki działalności placówki podejmowane w przestrzeni wirtualnej, jak również te, które stanowiły kontynuację dotychczasowych działań związanych z organizacją tradycyjnych wystaw czasowych, wydarzeń plenerowych i promocyjnych. Niniejszej prezentacji dokonano na podstawie działań podjętych w latach 2020–2021. Prezentując nowe kierunki działalności Łęczyckiej Zagrody Chłopskiej wskazano na wirtualne wystawy czasowe i publikowane on-line materiały o charakterze etnograficznym dotyczące np. świąt, obrzędów czy problematyki regionalnej. W ramach opracowania starano się również zaprezentować fluktuację frekwencji osób zwiedzających skansen w omawianym przedziale czasu w porównaniu z latami 2013–2019.
EN
This study is an attempt to present the impact of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic and the restrictions resulting from its development on the activity of Łęczyca Farmstead in Kwiatkówek. This facility is an open air museum/theme park and is part of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź. It was made available to visitors in 2013. As part of the study, efforts were made to present new directions of the museum’s activities shifted into the virtual space, as well as those that are a continuation of the previous activities related to the organization of traditional temporary exhibitions, outdoor activities and promotional events. This presentation is based on the activities undertaken in 2020–2021. While presenting the new directions of activities of Łęczyca Farmstead, particular attention was drawn to the virtual, temporary exhibitions and ethnographic materials published online, concerning e.g. some holidays, rituals or regional issues. Within the framework of this study, efforts were also made to present the fluctuation in the frequency of visitors to the open air museum in the discussed period of time, compared to the years 2013–2019.
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