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Ustawa Treasure Act i program Portable Antiquities Scheme w Anglii i Walii

100%
Bland R.
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vol. LXVIII
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issue 68
3-11
EN
This article describes the solution adopted in England and Wales to the universal problem of how to deal with objects of archaeological, historical or cultural importance found by members of the public. In most countries there is a legal requirement to report all objects of archaeological importance and normally the state claims ownership of them; there are mechanisms for paying rewards to the finders (although these usually fall short of the full market value) and there is usually protection for archaeological sites and controls over the use of metal detectors. England and Wales have adopted a different approach to this problem, in the Treasure Act and Portable Antiquities Scheme. Until 1996 England and Wales very unusually had no legislation governing portable antiquities. The old feudal right to Treasure Trove (under which the king claimed all finds of gold or silver that had been deliberately buried in the ground) had been adapted as an antiquities law in 1886 when the Government started paying finders rewards for finds of Treasure Trove that museums wished to acquire, but this was just an administrative act and no law setting out a sensible definition of Treasure Trove was ever passed. The UK Parliament finally passed the Treasure Act in 1996 (it came into effect the following year) and this provided a significant, but incremental change (R. F. Bland 1996; 2008). The Act came into effect in 1997 and applies only to objects found since September 1997. It has effect in England, Wales and Northern Ireland but not Scotland which has a completely separate legal framework governing finds: in Scotland there is, in effect, a legal requirement to report all finds. Under the Treasure Act the following finds are Treasure, provided they were found after 24 September 1997: a) objects other than coins at least 300 years old with a minimum precious metal content of 10%; b) all groups of coins from the same find at least 300 years old (if the coins have a precious metal content of less than 10% then the hoard must consist of at least 10 coins), and c) objects found in association with Treasure. Objects belonging to their original owner or his heirs are excluded, as are unworked natural objects (such as fossils) and wreck. The Act also contained a provision that allows for regular reviews, following which the definition can be extended. The first review in 2003 led to adding hoards of prehistoric base-metal objects to the categories of Treasure. A second review is now overdue. Any object that a museum wishes to acquire is valued by a committee of independent experts, the Treasure Valuation Committee, and their remit is to determine the full market value of the object in question. The impact of the Act has been dramatic: before 1997, an average of 26 finds a year were Treasure Trove and offered to museums to acquire; in 2016 1,121 cases were reported as Treasure, 95% of these found by amateur metal detector users. Treasure finds are only part of the picture: the great majority of archaeological objects found do not qualify as Treasure, but the information they provide can be just as important for our understanding of the past. The Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) was established in parallel with the Treasure Act to encourage amateur finders to report – voluntarily – all the coins and other archaeological objects that they find. This works through a network of locally-based 38 Finds Liaison Officers, who between them cover the whole of England and Wales. They have to cope with all types of archaeological finds and so are supported by five specialists, National Finds Advisers. All the finds are recorded onto an online database (http://finds.org.uk) which is now the largest resource of its kind in the world, with details of over 1.3 million objects reported by over 14,000 metal detector users and others. These finds are returned to their finders after recording.
2
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Coins of the 10th and 11th Centuries in the Collection of the Ossolinski National Institute (Ossolineum)

86%
Butent-Stefaniak B., Butent-Stefaniak B.
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
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2020
3
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Skarb monet wczesnośredniowiecznych z Kartuz na Pomorzu

72%
Chabrzyk P.
Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
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2015
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vol. 61
63-66
PL
Obieg pieniężny na ziemiach Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu miał charakter transgraniczny. W okresie panowania pierwszych Piastów moneta rodzima była jedynie dopełnieniem dużej masy srebra monetarnego, które docierało na ziemie Polski z kierunków północnego i zachodniego. Z obu napływała moneta niemiecka. W roku 1951 do zbiorów numizmatycznych Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi przekazano zespół monet wczesnośredniowiecznych, będący najprawdopodobniej częścią większego znaleziska, pochodzącego z Kartuz lub niedalekich okolic tej miejscowości. Wskazują na to materiały archiwalne oraz bliskość chronologiczna denarów. Należą one do typu V według klasyfikacji M. Gumowskiego. Na awersach mają krzyż otoczony wieńcem pereł oraz napisy otokowe.
EN
Coin circulation within the territory of the present-day Polish state was characterized in the early middle ages by its transboundary nature. During the reign of the first rulers of the Piast dynasty the indigenous coin production only served as a supplement to the great amount of monetary silver that was reaching our lands from the north and west. German coins flowed in from both of these directions. In 1951 the numismatic collection of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Lodz received a hoard from Kartuzy or nearby, which possibly formed part of a larger find. All of the surviving coins from this hoard are of type V according to the classification of M. Gumowski. Their obverse bears a cross surrounded by pearls, and, in the rim, various letters. Archival research shows that these coins are probably a part of a hoard that did not survive intact down to our times. One cannot be absolutely certain, however, that the deposit came from the vicinity of Kartuzy.
4
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Ein Hort mit Halsringkragen der Periode IV aus Brüz, Lkr. Ludwigslust-Parchim

72%
Schmidt J.-P.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2021
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vol. 17
195-218
PL
Skarb odkryty został przez społecznego konserwatora zabytków latem 2020 roku na głębokości 0,4 m. Składa się z naszyjnika kołnierzowatego oraz czterech bransolet, które spoczywały jedna na drugiej wewnątrz naszyjnika zbudowanego z dziewięciu obręczy o różnych rozmiarach. Najbliższą analogią jest okaz z bogatego skarbu z IV okresu epoki brązu odkrytego w Bad Oldesloe, Kr. Stormarn. Cztery bransolety, tak samo datowane, należą do zestawu, który był noszony jako całość. Wykazują one pewne podobieństwa do znalezisk ze środkowych Niemiec. Depozyt odkryto w torfie – został złożony bez pojemnika na brzegu dawnego stawu.
EN
The hoard was discovered in the summer of 2020 by a voluntary heritage conservationist at the depth of 0.4 m below the surface. The deposit consisted of a neck-collar and four bracelets. They were stacked on top of each other and placed inside the neck-collar which consisted of nine neck-rings of different size. The closest parallel was found in a rich hoard from Period IV that was discovered in Bad Oldesloe, Kr. Stormarn. The four arm-rings were worn together as a set. They show some connections to the finds from central Germany. The hoard was deposited without any container on the shore of a now dried-up pond.
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Srebro pierwszych Piastów. Uwagi w związku z książką Dariusza Adamczyka

72%
Duczko W.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2020
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vol. 127
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issue 2
PL
Srebro w formie monet, ozdób i innych przedmiotów było od VIII do XII w. głównym metalem szlachetnym w Europie, mającym różne funkcje, tak ekonomiczne, jak i symboliczne oraz religijne. Jedną z manifestacji tego znaczenia było deponowanie, w niektórych miejscach, w ziemi zbiorów przedmiotów ze srebra. Recenzowana książka poświęcona jest studiom nad rolą srebra w procesie powstawania państwa Piastów.
EN
Silver as coins, jewellery and other items was between the eighth and twelfth centuries one of the most important noble metals in Europe, with different functions, both economic and symbolic ones. One of its manifestations was, in some places, burying silver items underground. The reviewed book is devoted to research into the role played by silver in the process of formation of the Piast State.
6
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Stanowiska archeologiczne w powiecie siedleckim

51%
Czerwieniec-Ivasyk M.
Radzyński Rocznik Humanistyczny
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2023
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vol. 21
7-29
EN
Archaeological sites in the Siedlecka Upland allow to observe a cross–section of the entire history of settlement in this area from the late Paleolithic to the Middle Ages. The area, situated on sandy terminal moraines, was not a very attractive settlement location, despite the widely branched waterways. In the area of the currently functioning region, several hundred traces of human presence in this area have been identified. Some of the finds were incidental and did not constitute the basis for in–depth searches. Among the registered archaeological sites, there are those where extensive excavations and rescue research are carried out. Due to the constantly new research methods, opening new archaeological sites is absolutely justified, which will bring new discoveries and hitherto unknown artifacts of settlement in this area.
PL
Stanowiska archeologiczne na Wysoczyźnie Siedleckiej pozwalają na zaobserwowanie historii osadnictwa na tym terenie od późnego paleolitu do średniowiecza. Teren usytuowany na piaszczystych morenach czołowych, mimo szeroko rozgałęzionych szlaków wodnych, nie stanowił bardzo atrakcyjnej lokalizacji osadniczej. Na obszarze obecnie funkcjonującego powiatu udało wyodrębnić się kilkaset śladów obecności ludzkiej na tym terenie. Część ze znalezisk była incydentalnych i nie stanowiła podstawy do pogłębionych poszukiwań. Wśród zarejestrowanych stanowisk archeologicznych wyróżnić można te, na których prowadzone są szeroko zakrojone badania wykopaliskowe, jak i badania ratownicze. W związku z wciąż nowymi metodami badawczymi, otwieranie nowych stanowisk archeologicznych jest jak najbardziej zasadne, co przyniesie nowe odkrycia i dotychczas nieznane artefakty bytności osadniczej na tym terenie.
7
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Brązy ze Słupi – historia niedokończona

51%
Andrzejowska M.
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vol. LXVIII
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issue 68
119-145
EN
The State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA) has in its collections two striking Hallstatt bronze pieces (Fig. 1) recorded as “presumably from Słupia Nowa, Kielce County (PMA/III/5701). They had been purchased for the Museum in 1928 from G. Soubise-Bisier (1849–1937), Warsaw antiquarian, with an information that they came “from Słupia, from Wilczewski’s collection – presumably Leonard Tallen-Wilczewski (1857–1933 or 1935), a Warsaw lawyer. The Archaeological Museum in Cracow (MAK) has in its keeping a group of bronzes which in the inventory registers and catalogue are provenanced to Słupia Nowa vel Nowa Słupia (MAK/7653). Listed under one number are three objects which correspond chronologically and typologically to the pieces now in Warsaw, and two other artefacts whose association with the same assemblage raises some reservation. All of them used to be part of the collection of Bolesław Podczaszyński (1822–1876), a Warsaw architect, archaeologist and collector of antiquities whose holdings were sold in 1880 from his heirs to the Academy of Learning in Cracow. Both groups (the Warsaw and the Cracow one) were published as finds from Słupia Nowa, County Kielce, vel Sandomierz Region, by J. Kostrzewski (1964, p. 66, 67–68, fig. 87) in an article in which he presented and discussed Bronze Age and Early Iron Age metal finds from the middle and southern area of the Warta and the Vistula drainages. Basing on differences in their appearance (type of patina) Kostrzewski concluded that the bronzes originally belonged to two group finds (hoards). Hoard I supposedly included the two pieces now in Warsaw and two from the Cracow group, with a ‘water’ patina (Fig. 2:2.4–6), while Hoard II included the three other Cracow specimens with a green patina (Fig. 2:1). Moreover, Kostrzewski concluded that Hoard I included two almost identical spiral bracelets, one of which is at present in the Cracow, the other in Warsaw. The present paper proposes to revisit the attribution of the bronzes of interest into two ‘hoards’, basing on the criteria adopted by J. Kostrzewski to see if it is fully corroborated by the history of this whole set, of which the composition in any case also raises doubts, hindering the analysis and interpretation of these finds. Additionally, analysis is made of the reasons for various shortcomings in the way the pieces were presented in the publication of Kostrzewski, with serious consequences for their attribution. Answers to some of the questions raised, particularly those concerning the circumstances of discovery of the artefacts, and their acquisition and recording in a succession of collections (private ones at first, then public), were found in the now widely accessible archival resources of the museums in Cracow and Warsaw, as well as in the works of archaeological and historical literature from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Especially helpful were exhibition catalogues of antiquities and reports published in contemporary daily press and periodicals. Invaluable insight was furnished when our knowledge of the discussed bronzes was compared against the archival record in the legacy of B. Podczaszyński, now in the Museum in Cracow, and inventories of the Museum of Archaeology attached to the Academy of Learning (since 1919, Polish Academy of Learning). What our analysis established is that the group addressed by J. Kostrzewski in his publication included three Hallstatt bronzes, definitely previously owned by B. Podczaszyński, and earlier still, by the amateur finder Józef Bałandowicz of Radom: an ankle-ring folded from a thick bronze bar (type Stanomin), a heavy, twisted neckring with loop terminals, a spiral ribbon bracelet which in 1852 passed F. M. Sobieszczański (1814–1878), a Warsaw historian and journalist (Fig. 2:1–3). Podczaszyński is named as owner of these pieces as early as 1856 at the time of their display at the first great exhibition of antiquities and artwork held in Warsaw. They were published in the exhibition catalogue and discussed in texts dedicated to it. Podczaszyński recorded (Fig. 5, 6) that they had been discovered in Sandomierz (the bracelet) and at Słupia Nowa (the others). In the exhibition catalogue the site of the discovery Podczaszyński described very generally as Sandomierz Region. This shows that he was not certain as to the location of discovery of these bronzes. After B. Podczaszyński’s death in 1876, but before the sale to the Academy of Learning, his collection were put into order. Index cards with descriptions of individual pieces were made out and numbered, which duplicated or supplemented notes made out by Podczaszyński – “neckring, “armlet (spiral bracelet) and “ring (ankle-ring), i.e. pieces known from the Warsaw exhibition, were assigned numbers 71, 74 and 124 (Fig. 6). The value of the collection was estimated, complete with extensive and general lists of the pieces and their valuation. However, as a result of errors made when identifying the artefacts and when recording the contents of the collection, upon its entry to the museum of the Academy of Learning the set of artefacts named earlier was augmented by three objects of unknown provenance, namely: a plain rod bracelet, belonging earlier to Tadeusz Zieliński, a collector from Kielce, and two fragments of obliquely grooved early medieval Balt neckrings with angular terminals (Fig. 3), presumably from the ‘Livonian’ part of Podczaszyński’s collection. In an inventory book completed around 1890 by G. Ossowski, the whole group is described as stray finds “from Słupianowa. J. Kostrzewski, on his visit to Cracow presumably in the 1920s, personally recorded the archaeological objects placed in one assemblage by Ossowski. However, Kostrzewski had had no access to Podczaszyński’s archival papers or to early inventory books or some nineteenth century publications. This led him to describe and sketch in his card file all the recorded objects as a group of ornaments from “Słupia Nowa (Fig. 4). In his 1964 publication he had been drawing on his notes and on the photographs of most artefacts made available to him, but the latter were not explicit enough. In the numbered card file of Podczaszyński’s collection there are two more index cards, marked with numbers 237 and 238, on which were recorded two other pieces found “in the village of Słupia Nowa in the proximity of Kielce (Fig. 7). But at present they (“arm ring and “coil) are not to be found in the collection of the Cracow museum. The analysis of the archival documentation related to Podczaszyński’s collections and evidence furnished by e.g., the catalogue of artefacts exhibited in 1876 at Pest during an international congress of anthropology and archaeology suggests that these are the same as the two pieces now found in Warsaw. The bronzes from Podczaszyński’s collection, presumably also acquired from Bałandowicz, disappeared in unknown circumstances, presumably after his death, and before the sale of the collection to Cracow. It is likely that they were purchased by an unknown amateur antiquarian of Warsaw when after Podczaszyński’s death, Teodor Ziemięcki (1845–1919), a member of the Academy of Learning, proposed to purchase the pieces from his collection and present them to public institutions in Warsaw in a noble attempt to prevent the scattering of this valuable collection. The predecessor of Wilczewski and Soubise-Bisier, previous owner of bronzes now in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, remains unknown. It is certain only that these artefacts entered that museum only half a century later. J. Kostrzewski (Fig. 8) presumably examined and sketched them in the 1930s, when they were part of the permanent display of the State Archaeological Museum. After the war, until the time of their publication, he had had no access to them; after the wartime misadventures of the collection of the Warsaw museum the bronzes “from Słupia were identified and catalogued only in the early 1970s. This would explain their incomplete description and poor quality illustrations in Kostrzewski’s publication which do not convey the actual appearance of these objects. It may be concluded therefore that out of the objects which J. Kostrzewski had published as two hoards from Słupia Nowa five are pieces from the collection of B. Podczaszyński, discovered most likely near today’s Nowa Słupia, in Kielce County (Fig. 2:1–3.5.6). There is no sufficient basis to attribute them to one, possibly to two assemblages (hoards). Nevertheless, the current appearance of the spiral bracelet held by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (gold-brown, but with some green patina residue) and the information handed down by Podczaszyński about the original appearance of the bracelet now in the Archaeological Museum in Cracow (reportedly covered by a patina) suggest that these two almost identical ornaments could indeed have been discovered together. It is also feasible that they could have formed a set (a single find) with the other objects now in the Cracow museum, covered with a noble patina: the neckring and the ankle-ring, decorated similarly as the bracelets, with designs typical for metalwork provenaced to the workshops in the Kujawy Region. Outstanding in this group is the ankle-ring now in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw with a residue of a ‘water’ patina (which was almost fully removed during conservation), and equally importantly, a decoration characteristic for ankle rings type Stanomin, Mazowsze variant, not encountered so far in the area of Kielce and Sandomierz.
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