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Niespokojne lata. Pieniądz na pograniczu Królestwa Polskiego i Zakonu Krzyżackiego w latach 1410-1466

100%
Musiałowski A.
Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
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2015
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vol. 61
67-76
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza 46 skarbów monet odkrytych na terenach konfliktów zbrojnych Królestwa Polskiego oraz Zakonu Krzyżackiego. W jej efekcie stwierdzić można, że napięcia te nie miały znaczącego wpływu na wzajemne relacje gospodarcze obu krajów oraz na obieg pieniężny na tym terenie. Struktura skarbów monet wskazuje, iż odzwierciedlają one potrzeby ekonomiczne obu stron.
EN
An analysis of 46 coin hoards discovered in the border area of the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order inclines one to the belief that the series of military conflicts between these two states had no significant impact on their economic relations or on monetary circulation. The structure of the hoards reflects the material possessions of the local population, as well as their needs as consumers on both sides of the frontier.
2
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Nowe znaleziska skarbów i monet wczesnośredniowiecznych pozyskane w trakcie badań powierzchniowych prowadzonych w pobliżu Ostrowa Lednickiego

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Tabaka A., Malarczyk D., Ilisch P.
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2022
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vol. 21
165-237
EN
This article is a continuation of earlier studies of coins and Roman clasps discovered during surface surveys conducted with metal detectors on the eastern and southern shores of Lednica Lake. The island of Ostrów Lednicki and its immediate surroundings once belonged to the main centers of the state of the first Piasts. One of the capital’s strongholds was built on it (near Poznań, Gniezno and Giecz), and the palace chapel may have been the site of the baptism of Prince Mieszko I in 966. Scientists studying the area can therefore not be surprised by the numerous material remains discovered here, both immovable (a palace with a baptismal chapel, the remains of houses and road network, extensive embankments, bridges) and movable (small objects related to Christian worship found, among others, near the castle church, household equipment, objects related to the functioning of workshops or farming and breeding). Items of particular interest include the numerous weights used at market places and the associated finds of hoard and coins, which testify to the wealth of the elite who lived here in the past. Bullion deposits discovered up to 2018 have been described in earlier volumes of ‘Lednica Studies’ and other publications. Among the oldest of these are the finding of burnt coins and ornaments, discovered near the rampart in the southern part of the gord (fragments of Islamic coins, Danish coins, German coins, Czech coins and coins of undetermined origin, deposited in the ground in the late 10th or early 11th century); a hoard discovered in the western part of the castle, deposited in the ground after 1064 (Hungarian coins of Geza, Bohemian coins of Bretislaus I, Devensian bishop Bernold, cross denarii of type V-VII), dated to the turn of the 11th/12th century: a hoard from the Gniezno Bridge (6 coin fragments, including two that are most likely imitations of English coins, and a temple ring); a hoard of cross denarii from the settlement (10 pieces, most of which are type VII, representing Polish varieties of cross denarii from the turn of the 11th/12th century). Also of great interest is a collection of loosely discovered coins, among which the most historically valuable are Byzantine follis minted during the joint reign of Basil II and Constantine VIII (976-1025), two denarii of Władysław Herman (1081-1102) and one denarius of Boleslaus IV the Curly (1146-1173). In addition to the above-mentioned early medieval hoards and coins loosely discovered at Ostrów Lednicki, a significant amount of numismatic and jewellry grave furnishings were uncovered at the cemetery in Dziekanowice, which functioned from the turn of 10th/11th centuries to the 13th century. As a result of surface work conducted with metal detectors in 2018-2022, three new early medieval hoards and several so-called loose coins were discovered. Single finds were uncovered in the southern and eastern parts of the study area, while all cluster finds (hoards) were discovered in its central part, on settlements dating to the 9th-13th centuries, near the abutment of the Gniezno Bridge. The most numerous assemblage consisted of 39 fragmentary and fully preserved coins and 2 small fractions of silver scrap (a bar and a tape) weighing a total of 16.93 grams. The described hoard was discovered over a considerable area, in two main clusters located south and north of the parking lot at the Small Open-air Museum. A significant part of it consisted of dirham fragments (15 pieces), including coins of the Sāmānid dynasty, minted in Samarqand, Ziyārids and Iḫšīdids – from 914-976 – and unspecified ones from the late 9th/1st half of the 10th century. For a few small fragments, it was not possible to determine the issuer and mint. The collection of fractions and whole coins minted in the mints of the German Reich was equally numerous. Fragments of two denarii of Henry II minted between 967 and 976 in Regensburg were separated among them. A significant part (5 pieces) were fragments of type I cross denarii. These were small fractions of coins minted in Magdeburg in the years around 975-983. The collection of German denarii is supplemented by copies issued by Otto III at the Cologne mint (1 piece) and by Otto III and Adelaide in Quedlinburg and the Harz region in 983-995 (6 pieces). A fragment of an English denarius of Ethelred II, or rather a Scandinavian imitation of it minted between 997 and 1003(?) was also discovered in the described collection. In the latter case, special attention is drawn to the inverted stamp on the heads, where the right rather than the left profile of the ruler is visible. A fragmentarily preserved coin minted in Greater Poland during the reign of Bolesław the Brave is very important for the described hoard. The issue was an imitation of Otto and Adelaide coins and coins minted in Regensburg and it can be dated to around 1015. This copy is particularly valuable not only because of the dating of the deposit of the hoard into the ground, but also because of the name of the issuer himself, who resided on a nearby island – Ostrów Lednicki. Unspecified (indecipherable) fragments of coins (8 pieces) and a small fragment of a tape and a silver bar are a complement to the hoard. A small hoard of cross denarii recognized as Polish is another cluster find. It consists of 6 coins weighing a total of 4.06 grams. A cluster of these denarii was discovered at the site of one of the early medieval settlements. It was located about 150 m southeast of the ferry crossing to Ostrów Lednicki. The exception was one of the coins, which was discovered about 150 m north of the aforementioned cluster. The collection includes late varieties of cross denarii that can be attributed to Polish mints, in this case those of Kalisz – of Władysław Herman, and probably those of the Gniezno mint – of Archbishop Martin of Gniezno, who probably minted cross denarii in Gniezno with the approval of Prince Zbigniew for the renovation and rebuilding of the local cathedral. Similar coins constitute a significant portion of the assemblages found in Poland, and in recent years. Thanks to the work of Polish numismatists, their local varieties linked to the issue of Władysław Herman, his son Zbigniew and the palatine Sieciech, have been separated. The third hoard is a small collection of Polish coins weighing a total of 2.21 grams discovered in the Small Open-air Museum and adjacent fields, and deposited into the ground around 1143. It includes a type 3a coin of Bolesław III the Wrymouth (1107-1138) and denarii of Władysław the Exile: 1 denarius of type 1 with an image of the prince on the throne and fighting the Lion (dated 1138-1140) and 3 denarii of type 2 depicting the prince and the bishop (dated 1141-mid 1143). The discovered coins were recorded at a considerable distance from each other, so it is uncertain whether they were originally a single assemblage forked during ploughing or whether they are finds of individual coins. Regardless, these denarii are a very valuable collection for Ostrów Lednicki and the surrounding area, testifying to the memory of the place at a time when the stronghold of the first Piasts had already lost its political and cultic significance. Three fragments weighing a total of 1.01 grams were included in the collection of so-called loose coins. They were scattered over a considerable area. The first one was a small fraction of a dirham (about 1/6th of the total) minted during the reign of Naṣr ibn Aḥmad of the Sāmānid dynasty at an unspecified mint in 941/2. Fractions of this ruler’s coins were also observed in the hoard of fragmented coins described above. Another fragment of Bolesław the Brave’s coin, imitating the denarii of Otto and Adelaide and of Regensburg, minted in Greater Poland and dated around 1015 (cf. the first hoards described above) is an extremely valuable find. A fragment of an unspecified fragmented coin that can be dated to the late 10th/early 11th century is the last coin in the collection of loose coins. Thanks to the museum’s research project ‘Razem dla ratowania zabytków’ (‘Together to save the monuments’) implemented since 2018 in the southern and central coastal part of Lednica Lake, and to the people involved, extremely valuable collections have been discovered and developed. In addition to the previously described coins and clasps from the Roman period of influence and the hoards and finds of early medieval coins presented above, a total of several thousand objects have been inventoried, which, after preservation and processing, will greatly enrich the collections of the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica. In particular, it is worth noting the most recent discoveries of coins of Bolesław the Brave associated with Ostrów Lednicki. To date, only about 20 pieces of similar hybrids with depictions of a shrine and a cross (Polish imitation of the denarii of Otto and Adelaide and Regensburg) have been uncovered. Particular attention should also be paid to the fact that quite a significant number of late cross denarii type VII with a pastorale have been discovered on Ostrów Lednicki and in its immediate vicinity. The large increase in finds of this type of denarii in Wielkopolska hoards and loose finds may attest to the minting activities of Archbishop Martin of Gniezno described above. The newly discovered finds, together with the studies, will certainly significantly enrich the existing knowledge of their users and inhabitants of the immediate vicinity of Ostrów Lednicki, from prehistory to the present day. Articles which describe the findings of the very numerous modern coins minted by the Jagiellons, Vasa, Saxons and Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, as well as the issues from the period of partitions and modern times, are in preparation.
3
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On Two Hoards of Small Copper Shilling Coins of King John Casimir Vasa from Rokitno, Lubartów county

84%
Markiewicz T., Markiewicz T.
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
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2020
4
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Copper Shillings of King John Casimir from 1659–1666 in the Context of Hoards

84%
Markiewicz T.
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
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2022
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vol. 66
253-282
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę miedzianych szelągów Jana Kazimierza z lat 1659–1666, która wyłania się z analizy struktury dużych szelężnych skarbów skonfrontowanych z treścią sprawozdań menniczych. Dokonano jej w oparciu o reprezentatywne, nowo opracowane znaleziska – z Idziek-Wykna i Rokitna oraz wcześniej publikowane zespoły, które gromadzą łącznie ponad 59 tys. monet. Na tej podstawie oszacowano globalne rozmiary produkcji szelągów wraz z udziałem w niej poszczególnych mennic. Wartości te skłoniły do ustosunkowania się wobec kierowanych pod adresem Tytusa Liwiusza Boratiniego oskarżeń o nadużycia mennicze. Natomiast ze wstępnej analizy fałszywych szelągów wyłoniła się kolejna przesłanka pomocna w datowaniu skarbów tych monet.
EN
This article deals with the issue of King John Casimir’s copper shillings struck in 1659–1666, emerging from the analysis of the structure of large shilling hoards in relation to the contents of mint reports. It was conducted on the basis of representative, newly-described finds from Idźki-Wykno and Rokitno, as well as previously published deposits, encompassing more than 59,000 coins. On this basis, the global production volume of shillings was estimated along with the share of individual mints. These values prompt a response to the accusations of mintage abuse levelled against Tytus Livius Boratini. However, another premise emerged from the initial analysis of false shillings that helps to date hoards of copper shillings.
5
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Is the So-called the Abritus Horizon Clear in the Finds of Silver Roman Coins from the Mid-Third Century from Poland?

67%
Dymowski A.
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
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2021
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vol. 65
1-13
PL
Na terenach zajmowanych w okresie rzymskim przez kultury archeologiczne czerniachowską i wielbarską, w tym na obszarach wschodniej i północnej Polski, występują stosunkowo liczne znaleziska rzymskich aureusów Decjusza (249–251) i jego bezpośrednich poprzedników na cesarskim tronie. Monety te interpretowane są jako część skarbca cesarskiego zagrabionego przez barbarzyńców (Gotów) po wygranej przez nich bitwie pod Abritus w 251 r. Na tych samych obszarach można wyróżnić horyzont znalezisk srebrnych monet rzymskich, denarów i antoninianów, których co prawda nie da się wprost połączyć z bitwą pod Abritus, ale nieco szerzej, z rajdami gockimi na rzymskie prowincje we wczesnych latach 50. III w., których spektakularną kulminacją była właśnie bitwa pod Abritus. Horyzont ten nie jest czytelny w znaleziskach z Polski południowej, środkowej i zachodniej, zajmowanych w okresie rzymskim przez kultury przeworską i luboszycką, nie wiązane z Gotami.
EN
In the areas occupied by the Cherniakhiv and Wielbark archaeological cultures during the Roman period, including the areas of eastern and northern Poland, there are relatively numerous finds of Roman aurei of Trajan Decius (249–251) and his direct predecessors on the imperial throne. These coins are interpreted as part of the imperial treasury looted by the barbarians (Goths) after they won the Battle of Abritus in 251. In the same areas one can distinguish a horizon of finds of silver Roman coins, denarii and antoniniani, which cannot be directly linked to the Battle of Abritus, but more broadly, with the Goth raids on the Roman provinces in the early 250s, the spectacular culmination of which was the Battle of Abritus. This horizon is not clear in finds from southern, central and western Poland, occupied in the Roman period by the Przeworsk and Luboszyce cultures, not related to the Goths.
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Depozyty sakiewkowe z Ukrainy z dawnych zbiorów Józefa Choynowskiego, w kolekcji Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie

67%
Romanowski A., Adaszewska I., Krytsuk R.
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
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2021
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vol. 65
215-237
EN
In the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw there are four small sets, originating from the eastern lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They had belonged to the collection of Józef Choynowski and, as a deposit of the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts, in 1923 became a part of the Museum’s collection. They represent quite a wide time horizon, dated from the beginning of the 16th century to the half of the 17th century. Their compositions are similar to deposits from the same period, and size allow to determine them as content of purses. The older hoards are homogeneous in nature, while the later ones are more varied, including, among others, many counterfeit coins. The circumstances of their deposition are unknown.
PL
W zbiorach Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie znajdują się cztery niewielkie zespoły, pochodzące ze wschodnich ziem dawnej Rzeczpospolitej. Należały one do zbioru Józefa Choynowskiego i jako depozyt Towarzystwa Zachęty Sztuk Pięknych, trafiły w 1923 r. do kolekcji Muzeum. Reprezentują one dość szeroki horyzont czasowy, od początków wieku XVI do połowy XVII. Ich składy są podobne do skarbów z tego okresu, a wielkość pozwala określić je jako zawartość sakiewek. Starsze ze skarbów mają homogeniczny charakter, późniejsze są bardziej zróżnicowane, zawierając m.in. wiele monet fałszywych. Okoliczności ich depozycji nie są znane.
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