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Krátká retrospektiva k německému pravopisu

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Vachková M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2018
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vol. 100
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issue 2
263-268
EN
The article recalls the memorable events of 2017 relating to the history of German orthography. It focuses on the last (4th) edition of Deutsche Orthographie by Dieter Nerius (Ed.) published in 2007. From a non-German Germanist’s point of view, there are some key points which make this standard work an indispensable resource for university-level German Studies.
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Onomaziologické přístupy ke slovotvorbě

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Kos P., Kozubíková Šandová J.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2020
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vol. 102
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issue 1
7-23
EN
The paper aims to offer a description of major onomasiological theories of word-formation. It mainly focuses on the purely synchronic approaches of Dokulil (1962) and Štekauer (1998). A comparative analysis shows that although these approaches are perceived as part of the same onomasiological tradition, they differ in a number of major aspects and should thus be seen as fully autonomous theories. In order to provide a full account of the major onomasiological approaches to word-formation, the paper also describes the most important aspects of those that are on the borderline between word-formation, diachronic onomasiology, and lexicology, those by Blank (1997) and Koch (2001). In the conclusion of the paper, we suggest possible directions which further research in onomasiology may take.
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Haluzárna, bafačky a homokonec: Neologismy na webu Československé filmové databáze a relevance neologismů (nejen) pro popis slovotvorby

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Sláma J.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2023
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vol. 105
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issue 1
23-38
EN
Studies of Czech neologisms usually focus on neologisms found in standard texts or in a collaborative online dictionary including mostly expressive words, invented words and the like. The paper attempts to bridge the gap by focusing on less formal and standard, yet fully authentic texts, i.e., user reviews in the Czech-Slovak film database. Based on 2,006 novel lexical units found on the website, it is shown that while neologisms are mostly found among lexical words, some are also found among grammatical, supposedly closed-class words. It is illustrated that derivation by suffixes and prefixoids as well as compounding are the most productive processes, yielding some surprisingly productive types of new words. Finally, the paper focuses on three prominent patterns found among the neologisms (X-árna, V-ačka, and homo-N) and points out their relevance, thus illustrating that studies of neologisms do not need to be trivially descriptive and classificatory but can point towards more general issues, both theoretical and methodological.
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Přechylování jmen živočichů

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Albrechtová B.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2016
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vol. 99
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issue 5
243-255
EN
The derivation of opposite gender forms in the case of animal names is a peripheral language phenomenon which is not covered by grammars in sufficient detail. Therefore, grammars sometimes contain simplified and inaccurate statements. This article describes occurrences of derived opposite gender forms of animal names in dictionaries and their usage. Some of the statements included in grammars are either disproved or further specified here. For example, this article proves the productivity of the frequently overlooked suffix -ka and points out the complexity of markedness of derived opposite gender forms. Although the article is primarily synchronic, it also deals with historical development where necessary.
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K významům slov s komponentem -braní

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Nzimba S.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2022
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vol. 105
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issue 2
106-111
EN
The paper deals with the meanings of the compounds with the component -braní. This component has not been lexicographically treated yet despite its productivity in contemporary Czech. We describe the word-formation bases which are combined with the component -braní and define the prototypical meaning of these compounds – ‚a public (gastronomic, cultural, etc.) event‘.
6
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Několik poznámek ke zpracování slovotvorných elementů v překladovém slovníku

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Šemelík M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2020
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vol. 102
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issue 1
102-117
EN
The aim of this paper is to reflect on a lexicographical work that can be regarded as exceptional (not only in the context of German-Russian lexicography), and to show how its concept could be refined for a new bilingual dictionary of word-forming elements. The Slovar’ slovoobrazovatel’nyh elementov nemeckogo iazyka (SSENI, M. D. Stepanova et al., 1979) can be characterized as a specialized bilingual word-formation dictionary containing 770 entries of word-forming elements of contemporary German and listing Russian equivalents of the respective lexical items. The paper offers a short discussion of word-forming elements in the framework of monolingual and translation lexicography, from the perspective of both general and specialized (word formation) dictionaries. After this exposition, the paper focuses on the characteristics and description of the approach taken by the SSENI. It is posited that the dictionary is outstanding in many respects and that it can, even forty years after its publication, serve as an inspiration for similar dictionaries of other language pairs. Along with the analysis of the SSENI, the paper puts forward some specific suggestions for the treatment of wordforming elements.
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Současný vývoj sémantiky prefixu pro-

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Nzimba S.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2019
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vol. 101
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issue 2
170-194
EN
The paper aims to describe the meanings of the prefix pro- found in Czech verbal neologisms. The first section characterizes verbal prefixation and describes two principal functions of prefixes — the lexical and the aspectual. The subsequent section deals with the Neomat electronic neologism database, which is the primary source of material for the paper and the basis for a discussion of its methodology. Subsequently, the difference between polysemy, cosemy and homonymy is explained and cosemy is shown on the example of the verb probruslit. Next, classifications of the prefix propresented in Czech linguistic sources (especially in grammars) are compared, the principal problems of classification are addressed, and meanings mentioned in all the sources are identified. The final section analyses meanings of the prefix pro- in verbal neologisms (prototypical, spatial meaning ‘through’ being described first). The most frequent meanings of the prefix pro- in verbal neologisms are ‘to get somewhere/to accomplish something‘, ‘to pass time’, ‘to lose something’ or ‘to do intensively’.
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Korpusy jako zdroje dat pro úpravy nástrojů automatické morfologické analýzy (Slovotvorné varianty adjektiv na [(ou)|í]cí z hlediska morfologického značkování)

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Osolsobě K.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2015
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vol. 97
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issue 2
136-145
EN
Adjectives ending with -oucí/-ící are regularly derived from verbs and hence are not usually listed in any of the Czech monolingual dictionaries. On the level of automatic morphological analysis (the dictionary) of Czech they should be generated from verbal roots and tagged as verbal adjectives (pos tag: AG.*). The data from Czech corpora prove a) inconsistencies in tagging and b) gaps in the dictionary. The main cause of both kinds of insufficiency is the existence of variants on the level of verbal forms from which the verbal adjectives are potentially derived. Consequently, text corpora are a significant source of knowledge about the formation and use of adjectives with endings -oucí/-ící that can be important for both a) automatic morphological analysis of Czech and b) theoretical description of Czech grammar (derivational morphology). Our goal is to present a corpus-based study of the Czech gerund, i.e. verbal adjectives with -oucí/-ící. The link between the inflected and the word-formation variants will be demonstrated using material from the SYN corpus (2,6 billion tokens of written Czech) and the large web corpus czTenTen12 (5,2 billion tokens of Czech text from the Internet — cleaned and deduplicated).
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Zjišťování slovotvorné produktivity z korpusových dat: přípony odvozující názvy vlastností:

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Ševčíková M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2014
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vol. 97
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issue 4-5
228-240
EN
In the “corpus age” of linguistics, the research in productivity in word-formation has focused on development of measures that enable the calculation of productivity from frequency data gained from large corpora. In this contribution, we determine the productivity of four suffixes that are used in names of qualities in Czech. The results obtained by respected productivity measures are compared with a tentative approach (inspired esp. by Dokulil, 1962) to determine the productivity of the suffixes on the basis of their systemic features. The disparity of results based on quantitative data vs. systemic features is interpreted in favor of combining both aspects.
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České entomologické odborné názvosloví ze slovotvorného hlediska - odvozování

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Kohoutová Z.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2019
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vol. 102
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issue 5
320-335
EN
In this study, derived names of insects in Czech were excerpted from two books: Atlas hmyzu [Insect Atlas] (Pokorný – Šifner, 2004) and Hmyz [The Insect] (Zahradniḱ – Severa, 2015). A significant majority of these were formed independently of the international Latin terms. It turns out that the most common suffixes used to create Czech scientific insect names denote diminution, substantives derived from adjectives, agent nouns, and feminine forms derived from masculine ones.
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Potencjał słowotwórczy wybranych czasowników dźwiękonaśladowczych w języku czeskim i polskim

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Malanowska-Statkiewicz M.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2017
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vol. 165
255-265
EN
The article is acontrastive analysis of word-forming potential for six Czech and Polish ono­matopoeic verbs, such as: HLTAT / ŁYKNĄĆ; 2) CHLEMTAT / CHŁEPTAĆ; 3) CHROUPAT / CHRUPAĆ; 4) MLASKAT / MLASKAĆ; 5) SRKAT / CHLIPAĆ; 6) ŠPLOUCHAT / CHLUPAĆ. Using methodology of word-formation nests, two aspects of these words were analyzed: 1) abstract word-forming paradigm, 2) aword-forming chain. The analysis showed that in both languages ono­matopoeic verbs quite regularly will derive verbs naming the result of the action and the verbs expressing intensity or weakening of the action. In Czech language there are also verbs naming completion of the action, verbs accentuating the beginning of the action or its direction. Word-form­ing chains are different: Czech are constituted by: verb → adjective → adverb, Polish by: verb → noun → verb.
CS
Záměrem autorky je konfrontovat slovotvorný potenciál onomatopoických sloves češtiny apolštiny spojených s jídlem apitím, např.: 1) HLTAT/ŁYKNĄĆ; 2) CHEMLAT/CHŁEPTAĆ; 3) CHROUPAT/CHRUPAĆ; 4) MLASKAT/MLASKAĆ; 5) SRKAT/CHLIPAĆ; 6) ŠPLOUCHAT/CHLUPAĆ. Používá při tom metodologii slovotvorných hnízd, což znamená 1) vertikální analýzu hnízda — až na typický slovotvorný svazek, 2) horizontální — postupnou derivaci, kterou lze popsat v rámci slovotvorných řetězců. Zanalýzy vyplývá, že se v obou jazycích derivují substantiva s významem výsledků děje aslovesa vyjadřující zesílení nebo zeslabení děje. K typickému českému slovotvorném svazku patří také slovesa s významem úplnosti děje, slovesa zdůrazňující začátek procesu nebo jeho směr. Slovotvorné řetězce jsou v obou jazycích odlišné: v češtině je tvoří základní sloveso → adjektivum → adverbium; v polštině: základní sloveso → substantivum → sloveso
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Nominant

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Preininger M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2021
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vol. 104
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issue 2
133-137
EN
This paper deals with several issues associated with the Czech word nominant ‘nominee’. (1) Although the frequency of the word has been growing, it is not listed in any established Czech dictionaries. This might cause some problems, since (2) the morphological structure of nominant is misleading, as the word is formed by an agentive suffix but denotes a patient. (3) Furthermore, the base verb nominovat ‘nominate’ is often defined as a synonym of jmenovat ‘to appoint, to name’, which is inaccurate. (4) Nominant has also the variant forms nominand and nominát. Nevertheless, corpus data indicate that nominant seems to be the preferred variant with a rather stable lexical meaning.
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Ze staročeské "kuchyně" : k původu slova kuchař

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Šimek Š.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2017
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vol. 100
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issue 5
312-321
EN
The article discusses the origin of the Old Czech word kuchař ‘cook’. The analysis suggests that the word was probably neither derived from the non-recorded Old Czech word *kuchati ‘to cook’, nor from the attested Old Czech verb kuchati ‘to eviscerate’. The semantic and wordformative analysis of the Old Czech word-formative group containing words based primarily on the lexical item kuchyně ‘cuisine’ shows that the word kuchař is most likely a loanword from Middle High German adapted to the Old Czech lexical system, specifically to the group of lexemes containing the suffix -ař (comp. Old Czech rychtář from Middle High German rihter etc.).
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O Komárkově teorii morfologie:

80%
Bednaříková B.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2014
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vol. 75
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issue 3
200-219
EN
The article is devoted to the Czech linguist Miroslav Komárek, both to commemorate his 90th birthday (which he unfortunately can no longer celebrate) and to provide insight into his theory of morphology and later morphological work inspired by it. The first part reflects morphology in the context of grammatical descriptions before Komárek, comparing them with the methodology of the Prague School’s functional structuralism. The second part shows that the Mathesius-inspired direction of grammatical description, from function to form, resonates with the conceptual efforts of the generation of the 1970s and their concept of academic grammar. On the other hand, it demonstrates the incompatibility of word-formational and morphological descriptions, an issue which was a part of Komárek’s morphological endeavors. The main part of the article analyzes Komárek’s most important conceptual morphological efforts, i.e. Příspěvky k české morfologii (Komárek 1978), the two basic pillars of which are the theory of word classes and word structure analysis. The last part shows the (non-) inspiration in several post-Komárek word-formational and morphological descriptions, especially in current projects which aim to create a new academic grammar of the Czech language.
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Hranice flektivní a derivační morfologie: Případ předpony po- u českých sloves

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Ševčíková M., Panevová J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2018
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vol. 79
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issue 3
171-198
EN
The present case study deals with the functions of the Czech verbal prefix po-. Three functions of the prefix are analysed by contrasting the existing theoretical descriptions with corpus data. In its primary, word-formational function, po- modifies the meaning of the base verb (expressing one of the semantic features described as Aktionsart or other meanings; e.g. kreslit ‘to draw’ > pokreslit ‘to cover with drawings’). In its second function, po- derives perfective counterparts from the imperfective verb; here, the prefix is considered to be a grammatical means used for the formation of aspectual pairs of verbs (cf. kárat ‘to admonish.impf’ > pokárat ‘to admonish.pf’). The third function of po- is manifested in the class of determinate verbs; it is a part of the morphological form of these verbs in their (imperfective) future meaning (e.g. běžet ‘to run’ – poběží ‘(he) will run’). A group of verbs suspected of exhibiting similar behaviour as the pure determinate verbs is analysed and attested using the corpus data. Finally, the competition between the prefix po- and several tens of prefixes in Czech verbs is commented upon and the position of the prefixed verbs within word-formation nests is sketched.
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Alanica в топонимии Дона

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Iliadi A. I.
Acta onomastica
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2023
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vol. 64
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issue 2
344-359
EN
The aim of the proposed study is to determine the Iranian trace in the toponymy (mostly in hydronymy), attested in the basin of the Don river. In particular, taking into account the results of the etymological analysis of a toponym group in the Don river region, the author considers that the conclusion about its Alanian genesis is very likely. An important factor leads to this thought: the words reconstructed in this study have close equivalent or full identity only in the archaic Ossetian vocabulary (appellative and toponymic), which inherits Alanian lingual tradition. There is a reason to reconstruct the following Alanian words: *anz-āf, *aspa-boγ-, *boγ-ān, *boγ-ut čar, *bor-oday- or *bar-oday-, *bur-gāmi āstaw, *dānaw [*dānaw- sanak?], *fars-dān, *fotug-dān, *is-ān, *sūs-[w]ad, *tuskāj lanč-, *wīr-xān or *wīri xān. All overviewed toponyms are of particular interest for the practice of etymology and Iranian comparative-historical linguistics. There is a very interesting and etymologically equivocal example Донав Сынок which may be a case of Slavic rethinking Alanian *dānaw just as Proto-Slavic *dunavь. The conclusion on Alanian heritage in the Don toponymy can be supported with data of archaeology and history, therefore it is clear that further search of evidences of Iranian lexical relicts in this region will be in perspective.
CS
Cílem příspěvku je odhalit íránskou stopu v toponymii (především pak hydronymii) povodí řeky Donu. Na základě výsledků etymologické analýzy autor považuje závěry o alanské genezi za velmi pravděpodobné. Vede jej k tomu následující důležitá skutečnost: slova rekonstruovaná v tomto příspěvku mají blízký ekvivalent nebo plnou identitu pouze v archaické osetské slovní zásobě (apelativní i toponymické), která vychází z alanského jazykového dědictví. Lze zrekonstruovat následující alanská slova: *anz-āf, *aspa-boγ-, *boγ-ān, *boγ-ut čar, *bor-oday- nebo *bar-oday-, *bur-gāmi āstaw, *dānaw [*dānaw- sanak?], *fars-dān, *fotug-dān, *is-ān, *sūs-[w]ad, *tuskāj lanč-, *wīr-xān nebo *wīri xān. Všechna zkoumaná toponyma jsou obzvláště zajímavá z hlediska etymologie a iránské historickosrovnávací lingvistiky. Bez zajímavosti není ani etymologicky dvojznačné jméno Донав Сынок, v jehož případě se může jednat jak o slovanskou výpůjčku alanského výrazu *dānaw, tak o praslovanský výraz *dunavь. Závěr o existenci alanského kulturního dědictví v toponymii povodí Donu může být podpořen archeologickými i historickými daty, a je proto zřejmé, že bude namístě další hledání dokladů íránského lexika v tomto regionu.
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Co přináší jednojazyčná lexikografie lexikografii překladové?

71%
Vachková M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2019
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vol. 102
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issue 1-2
102-118
EN
The paper is based on experience gained from working on a current project of the Large German-Czech Academic Dictionary. The author suggests briefly that bilingual lexicography cannot exist without monolingual dictionaries. The examples show that monolingual and translation dictionaries solve their processing problems in specific ways due both to the function of the emerging works and the theoretical assumptions tied to a linguistic, historical and cultural heritage of the respective country. Writing a German-Czech bilingual dictionary, the author often checks the Czech equivalents for their morphology, stylistics, semantics, and word-formation in monolingual dictionaries, and lacks greater reliability and completeness of data. This paper claims that new monolingual works should be based on thorough knowledge of the needs of not only ordinary users, but also professional ones. The reflection of the uniqueness of single and bilingual works could benefit lexicographers from both mentioned areas, in other words, seeing data in monolingual dictionaries through the eyes of a bilingual lexicographer could prove inspiring and useful.
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