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EN
The objective of the study is characteristics of two development concepts of modern cities, i.e. smart city and slow city, and showing the possibilities of combining them in the proposed slow city model, drawing upon the assumptions of a smart city, which was determined as the smart slow city. Conclusions mainly rely on the performed reference literature studies (using the critical literature review method), which allowed for a synthetic presentation of the characteristics of the two discussed models of development, which are the basis for an independent description of the city model that unites these two approaches. The comparison of city development models was made on the basis of the following characteristics: the genesis of the city development idea, the rate of changes and the model of life related to it, key city development factors, the main objective of changes, key actors, activity areas, specialisation, scale of urban centres, city image, level of development policy, significance of cooperation, determinants or limitations in the implementation of the city development concept. Such an attempt of combining, by modern cities, of the potential offered by two development concepts (smart city and slow city), may contribute to the creation of an image of a modern city, the so-called smart slow city which, as a member of the Cittaslow network, considers the quality of residents' life as a priority, and uses modern technological solutions.
EN
Research background: Identification of the effects achieved by cities owing to their membership in the Cittaslow network plays a role not only in the development of every city, but also in the growth of national and international Cittaslow networks. Being a member of the Cittaslow network, and thereby adopting the slow city development model, affects the process of urban management by directing it towards such activities that agree with the assumed development concept. The achieved effects, manifested in the social, economic, and spatial spheres, contribute to the improved quality of life in a slow city, which in turn influences its development. Purpose of the article: Identification of the effects of membership of Polish cities in the Polish National Cittaslow Network. Methods: The study included a diagnostic survey method. The diagnostic survey based on a standardized survey questionnaire was used to identify the effects achieved by the Polish cities in the Cittaslow network. The survey was addressed to mayors of all member cities in the Polish National Cittaslow Network. The survey was conducted in May 2020. Findings & value added: The most important effects to date of cities being members of the Polish National Cittaslow Network, and their scale, have been investigated. An attempt was made to determine in which areas of urban life the effects become observable in a relatively short time (a few years), and which effects are attainable after a longer period of time. Major barriers to obtaining the desired effects were also identified. The research fills in a gap in this scope, as it provides a complex analysis of the effects of the membership of cities in the national Cittaslow network as seen by the city authorities. The results can serve to make comparative analyses of the effects achieved on different levels of development in the national Cittaslow networks, particular-ly in view of the fact that the Polish National Cittaslow Network is the second largest network in the world with respect to the number of member cities.
PL
Współczesne miasta dynamicznie się rozwijają, poszukując coraz to nowszych koncepcji zarządzania nimi. Jedną z nich, wdrażaną w Polsce od lat 90. XX w., jest koncepcja marketingowego zarządzania miastem, oparta na wykorzystaniu instrumentów marketingu mix. Władze miast poszukują też nowych źródeł przewagi konkurencyjnej – w efekcie zrodziła się koncepcja zarządzania slow city. Jednocześnie obok konkurencji pojawia się chęć współpracy między miastami, czego wyrazem jest rozwój sieci współpracy miast Cittàslow. Celem badania było zidentyfikowanie instrumentów marketingowych, stosowanych w polskich miastach po ich wstąpieniu do tej sieci. Jako metodę badawczą zastosowano ankietę pocztową, którą rozesłano do 26 polskich miast członkowskich Cittàslow w 2017 r. Zaobserwowano, że największe zmiany zachodzą w strategii produktu, w ramach której miasta są zobowiązane do rozwijania tych subproduktów miejskich, które są niezbędne do ich funkcjonowania zgodnie z filozofią slow city. W ramach promocji szczególną uwagę poświęca się działalności PR, której celem stało się kreowanie wizerunku slow city. Warto też podkreślić, że wzrosła „gościnność” miast i otwartość na kontakty z otoczeniem.
EN
Modern cities are developing dynamically in search of ever newer concepts of management. One of them, developed in Poland since the 1990s, is the concept of the marketing management of the city, which is based on the marketing mix concept. The city authorities also look for new sources of the competitive advantage (this is how the concept of slow city management was born). At the same time, in addition to competition, there is a desire for cooperation between cities, manifested by the development of the Cittàslow city network. The study identifies the marketing mix instruments of cities which are used by Polish cities after they joined the Cittàslow network. The method employed was a questionnaire survey, which was sent to 26 Polish Cittàslow member cities in 2017. It was observed that the greatest changes occur in the product strategies under which cities are obliged to develop these urban sub-products that are necessary for the city to function in accordance with the slow city philosophy. As part of promotional efforts, PR activities should be emphasised, whose aim is to create the image of a slow city. The “hospitality” of the city and openness to contacts with the external environment has also increased.
EN
The aim of this study was to identify the factors, determinants and barriers in the development of slow cities in Poland, with special attention paid to those connected with specific features of the slow city model and membership in the Cittaslow network. The research subject was the factors and determinants of the development of member cities of the Polish National Cittaslow Network. All analyses and conclusions were mainly based on a critical examination of the literature. An identification of determinants and factors involved in the development of slow cities in Poland was made, including the division of them into local, regional, national, international and global categories. Attention was drawn to the determinants of implementing the slow city model connected with the contemporary paradigm of the development of cities, which should be considered in the management of slow cities in Poland.
PL
Celem badań była identyfikacja czynników, uwarunkowań i barier rozwoju slow cities w Polsce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych, które wiążą się z cechami modelu slow city i członkostwem w sieci Cittaslow. Przedmiotem badań były czynniki i uwarunkowania rozwoju miast należących do Polskiej Krajowej Sieci Miast Cittaslow. Analizę i wnioskowanie przeprowadzono głównie poprzez krytyczną analizę piśmiennictwa. Dokonano identyfikacji uwarunkowań i czynników rozwoju slow cities o charakterze lokalnym, regionalnym, krajowym, międzynarodowym i globalnym. Zwrócono uwagę na uwarunkowania implementacji modelu slow city związane ze współczesnym paradygmatem rozwoju miast, które to uwarunkowania powinny być uwzględniane w procesie zarządzania slow cities w Polsce.
PL
Filozofia slow jest odpowiedzią na potrzebę zwolnienia i bardziej refleksyjnego patrzenia na różne obszary ludzkiej aktywności. Przejawem jej rozpowszechnienia jest rozwój międzynarodowej sieci miast Cittaslow, do której należy już 28 polskich miast. W artykule omówiono główne cechy i uwarunkowania procesu rewitalizacji w miastach Cittaslow. Zwrócono uwagę na zintegrowane planowanie rewitalizacji, która zależy od poziomu znajomości i akceptacji idei slow wśród mieszkańców, przedsiębiorców i lokalnych liderów oraz współpracy miast w sieci (tzw. koopetycji).
EN
The philosophy of slow is a response to the need to slow down and more reflective look at various areas of human activity. A manifestation of its prevalence is the development of international network of Cittaslow, which already includes 28 Polish cities. The article discusses the main features and determinants of the revitalization process in the cities of Cittaslow. Attention is paid to integrated revitalization planning, which depends on the level of knowledge and acceptance of the slow idea among inhabitants, entrepreneurs and local leaders and cooperation of cities in the network (the so-called coopetition).
EN
The issue of the concept of development and urban planning in an optimal manner is as old as cities. It has not yet been established which human activities are to be considered as conscious and planned space development. It is assumed that the beginnings of rational, thoughtful urban planning should be sought at a time when cities began to be treated as a single organism, which should function smoothly, guarantee the safety of its inhabitants through defence functions and provide a higher standard of living. The effect of these assumptions was the logical placement of buildings, transportation systems and infrastructure, as well as recreational areas so that life in the city was something more than just miserable existence. This article overlooks former planning theories such as the theories of location by J.H. von Thunen or A. Weber, as well as the projects of a garden city by E. Howard and Functional Warsaw by J. Chmielewski and S. Syrkus. Instead, it focuses on what is currently, at the beginning of the 21st century, up to date and combines contemporary concepts of sustainability and new technologies, and treats the city as a resource of limited space, buildings, infrastructure and people representing both purchasing power and the labour force. The article, apart from theoretical considerations, focused on realizations of ideas in practice, quoting both sectoral solutions related to the organization of transportation in the city, as well as to projects of entire cities.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the process of using the slow city concept in Poland in the context of the key determinants of the development of small towns and to show the potential and directions of development of Cittaslow towns. The research was based on a critical analysis of the literature and strategic documents of the local development policy of Cittaslow towns. To compare the level of development of Cittaslow towns, a synthetic indicator of the socio-economic potential and the indicator of the quality of life were used. The first section describes the paradigm of sustainable development and the development challenges of small towns in Poland. The second section discusses the assumptions of the slow city and the determinants of the process of its implementation. The next section focuses on the socio-economic potential of Cittaslow towns and possible directions of their development. The last section assesses examples of cooperation between towns belonging to the Polish National Cittaslow Network.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the genesis and development of the Polish National Cittaslow Network and the Chinese National Cittaslow Network, as well as to draw attention to differences between the two ‘slow city’ models, respectively. The period of analysis spans the years 2007-2021. The research methods included a critical analysis of the relevant literature and source materials (statutes, regulations and other strategic documents of the association) and a comparative analysis. The main differences between the Polish and Chinese Cittaslow networks are related to cultural differences between these countries, with the dissimilar political systems and administrative divisions. The model of Cittaslow development in Poland is closer to the European ‘slow city’ model. The Chinese network is at the stage of searching for individual solutions corresponding to social, cultural and economic realities of the country.
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