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EN
In this study the interpretation of selected results of the author’s own research was carried out regarding conditions for the development of the micro-enterprise sector in Gdansk Pomerania Voivodeship from the point of view of support from existing Business Environment Institutions (BEIs) here. These are namely, obstacles and opportunities regarding cooperation between micro-enterprises and BEIs.
EN
This paper is focused on informal relations between state authorities and business, which exist in a peculiar Belarusian economic system, where the competition remains restricted, and the public sector based on large companies continues to play a crucial role. The author argues that the Belarusian public authorities have developed a broad set of informal rules which allow them to extract resources from small and medium private enterprises (SMEs) and control the expansion of the private sector. He also argues that as long as informal extractive institutions designed and maintained by the state remain in place, the improvement of formal business regulations alone will not produce the expansion of the SME sector. In authors opinion, an extra-legal extraction of funds and informal discrimination against small and medium private enterprises are embedded in the logic of the centrally planned economy, which Belarus has preserved after the fall of the Soviet Union. This paper may also help to understand how SMEs operate in many other economies of the post-Soviet area and what obstacles to the development they face.
EN
This paper is focused on informal relations between state authorities and business, which exist in a peculiar Belarusian economic system, where the competition remains restricted, and the public sector based on large companies continues to play a crucial role. The author argues that the Belarusian public authorities have developed a broad set of informal rules which allow them to extract resources from small and medium private enterprises (SMEs) and control the expansion of the private sector He also argues that as long as informal extractive institutions designed and maintained by the state remain in place, the improvement of formal business regulations alone will not produce the expansion of the SME sector In author's opinion, an extra-legal extraction of funds and informal discrimination against small and medium private enterprises are embedded in the logic of the centrally planned economy, which Belarus has preserved after the fall of the Soviet Union. This dissertation may also help to understand how SMEs operate in many other economies of the post-Soviet area and what obstacles to the development they face.
EN
The article is devoted to the study of peculiarities of the formation mechanism of state regulation of business. We studied the factors that affect entrepreneurial activity. Substantiated proposals to improve the efficiency of business regulation.
5
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MAZĀS UZŅĒMĒJDARBĪBAS STĀVOKLIS LATVIJĀ

88%
EN
Small business is currently vital for the development of any country. In the article, the term “small entrepreneurship” is an umbrella term that includes both small and micro enterprises. These two types of small enterprises, according to EU Regulation 364/2004, differ by several indicators, which given in the article. In Latvia, - just like, for example, in the USA, - small business employs about half of the workforce. The review of publications - including those of the SCOPUS database - by Latvia’s scientists and researchers shows that not enough attention paid to small business in Latvia. At the same time, in other regions of the world, for example, in Southeast Asia, where small business is also widely spread, more attention is devoted to it in scientific research. Therefore, the theme of the article is topical for Latvia. The object of the research: micro and small enterprises in the Latvia’s economy. The goal of the research: based on the analysis of the country’s socio-economic system, to test the hypothesis about the presence in the system of factors that impede the successful development of small business in Latvia, to identify and rank the most acute problems. Research methods: system analysis, expert assessment of the importance of the problems faced by enterprises, and modern mathematical methods for processing the results of the examination. A well-developed small business sector contributes to the growth of employment. The development of micro and small entreprises in Latvia is in line with global trends. However, Latvia is still lagging behind the highly developed EU countries. The socio-economic system that includes these enterprises is only partially balanced and is not stable enough. This shown in the article using mathematical model. Micro and small enterprises that differ in the number of employees have accordingly different problems. The problems are largely associated with insufficient state support for small business and an unstable tax policy. Due to the significant labour migration of young people to other EU countries, the search for qualified employees is an acute problem for all enterprises. The state programme aimed at helping the people return home, who have left their homeland to work abroad, is still ineffective. It is advisable to simplify the provision of loans by start-up entrepreneurs, to organise special courses for them, following the example of other countries.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the entrepreneurship ecosystem and the entrepreneur’s willingness to grow. This study is particularly interested in exploring the relationship between entrepreneur’s familiarity with the key economic development organizations in the entrepreneurship ecosystem and the willingness to grow. Several studies have investigated the growth process in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) since the case has been made that high growth SMEs contribute to economic growth through job creation. To date, these studies have identified multiple internal and external determinants including their effects on small business growth. There is evidence in the literature that characteristics of the entrepreneurs such as the willingness to grow and the entrepreneur’s network are important factors in growth process. However, the relationship between growth process and the entrepreneur’s networking behavior is yet to be fully understood. Drawing from the entrepreneurship ecosystem literature, the growth process literature and the resource dependence theory, this study uses the business confidence survey from 2011 to 2013, which targeted all businesses across all of Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) in Nova Scotia, Canada, to explore the relationship between the entrepreneur willingness to grow and the propensity to network with key economic development organizations of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The findings support the assumption that the proportion of businesses that are willing to grow (i.e. hire additional staff and enter new markets within the next twelve months) is higher for the group of businesses that are familiar with the key economic development organizations than for the group of businesses that are not familiar with them. However, the results are not homogeneous across all populations. Our findings also indicate that the higher the expectation to enter new markets over the next twelve months, the higher the odds to be familiar with the key economic development organizations. Our findings contribute to the literature around the association between networking and small business growth.
EN
Purpose of the article is to evaluate the compliane, in all material respects, of the information provided in the financial statements of micro and small enterprises, from the financial ratio analysis perspective. To achieve this objective, the financial statements prepared by micro and small companies have been analyzed with regard to the form thereof, the most important ratios for micro enterprises have been determined, followed by a financial ratio analysis of micro enterprises preparing small company financial statements has been performed. It has been determined that, in all material respects, the information contained in the financial statements of small entities is complete, whereas the information presented in the financial statements of micro enterprises is incomplete. It is impossible to calculate all the main micro-enterprise ratios based on short financial statements. It is therefore recommended that micro businesses prepare their financial statements in the form of small enterprise financial statements. In order to survive on a competitive market, enterprises of this category need to assess their financial performance continuously and consistently. The EU and member states’ declared simplification of micro-business financial reporting can prevent business decision-makers from obtaining reliable information from financial statements which is necessary and for financial analysis. The practice shows that, when the financial statement information requirements are the same for both small and micro companies, many micro businesses opt to prepare small-company financial statements, rather than statements of their business category. The existing regulation should be revised with regard to this situation.
EN
Based on the theoretical and practical studies the role of benchmarking in small business development was examined. The analysis of benchmarking exercises by representatives of small business in Ukraine. There was outlined the range of issues that affect the application of the method of benchmarking in small businesses. The statistics on the use of standard indicators comparing small businesses and determination of the level of satisfaction of the applicable method were provided. A procedure for implementing the method of benchmarking in the activities of small businesses was proposed.
PL
Artykuł zawiera opis procesu projektowania nowych wyrobów oraz ich wdrażania do produkcji w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach. Autorzy definiują fazy tego procesu, jego elementy i wskazują czynniki wpływające na ten proces. Proponują, aby stworzyć centra usługowe zajmujące się procesami przygotowania produkcji, które świadczyłyby usługi dla małych i średnich firm.
EN
The article shows a designing problem of new goods in a small-size companies. The authors define stages of this process, its elements and its distinctiveness when compared to big concerns. The authors suggest setting up service centers which would assist in designing new goods.
EN
The aim of the presented paper is to identify the significance of selected determinants of the competitiveness of small innovative enterprises operating in local markets that use business advice. The achievement of this aim required identifying the determinants of the competitiveness of small enterprises (characteristics of managers, characteristics of enterprises) and presenting the motives for as well as the areas and effects of using business advice. The second part of the paper presents the results of empirical research carried out using the CATI technique on a sample of 152 small Polish innovative enterprises operating in local markets and at the same time benefiting from business advice. The conducted research confirms the hypothesis of the significant modifying impact of business advice on the system of the competitiveness determinants of enterprises. Improving the competitiveness of enterprises requires the use of business advice as well as the improvement of the capacity to absorb business knowledge.
PL
Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest identyfikacja znaczenia wybranych determinant konkurencyjności małych przedsiębiorstw innowacyjnych działających na rynkach lokalnych, korzystających z doradztwa biznesowego. Osiągnięcie tego celu wymagało: określenia determinant konkurencyjności małych przedsiębiorstw (charakterystyki zarządzających, charakterystyki przedsiębiorstw), omówienia motywów, obszarów oraz efektów korzystania z doradztwa biznesowego. Przedstawiono także zagadnienie zdolności absorpcji wiedzy biznesowej jako determinanty konkurencyjności małych przedsiębiorstw oraz warunku skuteczności korzystania z doradztwa biznesowego. W drugiej części artykułu przedstawiono wyniki badań empirycznych przeprowadzonych techniką CATI na próbie 152 małych polskich przedsiębiorstw innowacyjnych działających na rynkach lokalnych i równocześnie korzystających z doradztwa biznesowego. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdzają hipotezę o istotnym modyfikującym wpływie doradztwa biznesowego na układ determinant konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw. Poprawa konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw wymaga zarówno korzystania z doradztwa biznesowego, jak i poprawy zdolności absorpcji wiedzy biznesowej.
EN
In the entrepreneurship field, this study examines what kinds of external endorsements are helpful for venture capitals investment and the growth of new technology ventures in developing countries. This study uses the signalling theory and the methodologies of multiple regression and survival analysis with the panel data of the ventures in Korea. In the results, collaboration with business groups and certification of government are positively influential in attracting venture capitals’ investment, which accelerate the growth of new technology ventures. The practical implication for entrepreneurs is that they need to obtain the endorsement from business groups and governments strategically.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono częściowe wyniki badań nad mikro i małymi przedsiębiorstwami z Radomia i okolic. W badanym okresie 62% tych przedsiębiorstw wprowadziło innowacje osiągając przede wszystkim korzyści w postaci podniesienia jakości usług i większego zysku. Wprowadzane innowacje były finansowane przede wszystkim z środków własnych przedsiębiorców. Brak środków własnych i wsparcia od państwa jak i zbyt wysokie obciążenia podatkowe są wskazywane jako najważniejsze bariery we wprowadzaniu innowacji.
EN
The paper presents the results of the research carried out among micro and small business in the region of Radom. 62% of them have introduced innovations in the studied period to have raised the level of quality of their services and profits. Most of the innovations have been financed from private resources of their owners. Main barriers to innovate as perceived are the following: lack of own resources, negligence from state authorities, and high taxes.
EN
Many small-business owners are highly innovative in Poland. Therefore companies with up to 250 staff are awarded in grants for conducting products and market research and prototyping in Lublin Region. The budget for the small business R&D grants in LAWP (Regional Development Agency in Lublin) allowed to award 16 small companies since its inception of the grant in 2008. Small companies may still receive public backing for research and development projects in precisely described strategic areas of the Lublin Region.
PL
Polityka spójności jest przedmiotem szerokich dyskusji i analiz. Eksperci zajmujący się tą problematyką monitorują rozwój społeczno-gospodarczy w poszczególnych regionach oraz poszukują optymalnych instrumentów wspierania regionów słabszych. Artykuł jest próbą spojrzenia na problem zróżnicowaniaregionalnego przez pryzmat oczekiwań, jakie mali przedsiębiorcy wiążą z prowadzoną działalnością gospodarczą. Podstawą rozważań są wyniki realizowanego przez Urząd Statystyczny w Kielcach „Badania podmiotów małych” w kontekście oczekiwań przedsiębiorców związanych z prowadzoną działalnością gospodarczą oraz oceny ich spełnienia. Autorzy koncentrują się na istotnych w zakresie polityki spójności i jednocześnie najczęściej wskazywanych przez przedsiębiorców oczekiwaniach dotyczących: motywacji utrzymania rodziny, osiągnięcia ponadstandardowego poziomu życia oraz ucieczki przed bezrobociem. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że wraz ze wzrostem wielkości firmy rosną odsetki wskazywanych oczekiwań, podobnie zwiększa się odsetek przedsiębiorców zadowolonych z prowadzonej działalności gospodarczej. Analiza przestrzenna oczekiwań wskazywanych przez przedsiębiorców dowodzi, że motywacja związana z zapewnieniem bytu dla siebie i swojej rodziny jest charakterystyczna dla przedsiębiorców głównie z województw bardzo słabych i słabych pod względem społeczno-gospodarczym, natomiast w przypadku chęci podniesienia standardu życia – takie oczekiwania są typowe zarówno dla województw słabych, jak i mocnych.
EN
Cohesion policy is a widely discussed and analyzed problem. Experts interested in this issue monitor socio-economic development in individual regions and seek optimal instruments to support the weaker ones. This paper is an attempt to consider the problem of regional differentiation in the light of expectations that small entrepreneurs have of their businesses. The basis for this discussion is provided by the results of the "Survey of Small Entities" conducted by the Statistical Office in Kielce, investigating entrepreneurs' expectations connected with the conducted economic activity and assessment of their fulfillment. The authors focus on expectations that are both important from the perspective of cohesion policy and at the same time are most frequently indicated by entrepreneurs, i.e. the need to ensure financial security for their families, the attainment of a high standard of living, and the escape from unemployment. The analysis shows that as the size of a company grows, the number of expectations increases, and likewise the percentage of entrepreneurs satisfied with their business activity increases. The spatial analysis of entrepreneurs' expectations shows that the motivation related to providing for one's family is characteristic for entrepreneurs mainly from voivodeships described as socio-economically weak and very weak, whereas in the case of willingness to raise the standard of living, such expectations are typical of both weak and strong voivodeships.
Management
|
2013
|
vol. 17
|
issue 2
31-46
EN
Isolating mechanisms as sustainability factors of resource-based competitive advantage Strategic resources which fulfill conditions of VRIN generate extraordinary profits for organizations. The possibility of these long-term profits (rents) to achieve can be protected by isolating mechanisms. These mechanisms can be different but the most important are causal ambiguity, lead time, path dependency, the role of history, socially complex links and the time compression diseconomies. These mechanism can be WIM and AIM type (based on willingness or ability). They can be also analyzed on individual, organizational or social levels. The article presents the case study which supports available systems of mechanism categorization.
EN
The latest trends in state aid in integrating European Union was presented, giving a special attention to supporting of small and medium sized enterprises. Creating the Single internal Market in EU has brought the danger of unregulated enterprises supporting by members countries, which would be discordant with the idea of free economy. That is why European Commission has decided to implement single competition policy. It was strongly connected with the necessity of state aid regulation at EU level. Its foundations were included in Art. 87-88 of the Treaty Establishing The European Community. Starting with the Lisbon agenda in 2000, institutions of EU launched the process of reducing the general level of State aids and shifting the emphasis from supporting individual companies or sectors towards tackling horizontal objectives. One of these objectives is supporting of creation, development and growth of competitiveness of small and medium sized enterprises.
RU
В статье представлены результаты социологического исследования, проведенного в пяти регионах России в мае 2020 года относительно последствий пандемии SARS CoV-19 и вызванных ею ограничительных мер на предпринимательскую активность регионального бизнеса. Как показывают результаты исследования, указанные последствия являются крайне негативными: респонденты опроса заявляют о существенных потерях для их бизнеса, у части респондентов бизнес разрушен полностью. В статье сравниваются ожидания российских бизнесменов относительно сроков и темпов выхода из кризиса, вызванного карантинными мерами, с результатами исследований, проведенных Boston consulting group и McKinsey. Вполне можно утверждать, что в среде международного, равно как и российского бизнес-сообщества существует определенное сходство ожиданий по поводу продолжительности выхода из кризиса. Одним из важных аспектов статьи является исследование роли экспертного сообщества в выработке антикризисных мероприятий в области экономики.
EN
The article presents the results of a sociological survey conducted in five regions of Russia in May 2020 regarding the consequences of the SARS CoV-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictive measures on regional entrepreneurial activity. As the results of the study show, these consequences are extremely negative: the respondents of the survey claim significant losses for their business, some claim that the business is completely destroyed. The article compares the expectations of Russian businessmen regarding the timing and pace of overcoming the crisis caused by quarantine measures with the results of studies conducted by Boston consulting group and McKinsey. It can be argued that among the international, as well as the Russian business community, there is a certain similarity of expectations regarding the length of recovery from the crisis. One of the important aspects of the article is the study of the role of expert community in the development of anti-crisis measures in the field of economics.
EN
In article two basic directions of development of the business potential of the current economic model of society. The author shows the genesis of the concept of the term „startup”. At work the features of startups and investigated the formation of startups. Today, in terms of new markets, significant changes in the structure of production, increase in the number of unemployed Ukrainian special attention of scientists, government officials, managers and practitioners should be paid to the issue of increasing the number of small and medium enterprises in Ukraine. The study allowed us to estimate the need of small and medium business in Ukraine by establishing new enterprises with innovative component.A number of areas to find new business ideas (when a startup organizer repelled by what he lacks, and offers it to the market, monetize hobbies, that is your preference and commercialization skills; Finding a niche in the market that overlook existing companies; The development towards a new industry that is growing rapidly). The author reveals the involvement of funds for their businesses and analyzed a number of postulates.Separately investigated definition of the term “startup” and given his determination. Also conducted regulation processes of startups with the development of the crisis in the economy and a focus on investments in business projects. It should be noted that this study needs to add detail components in the context of direct implementation at startup shahiv market and the first of the new business project in the environment.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano dwa podstawowe kierunki rozwoju potencjału biznesowego bieżącego modelu ekonomicznego społeczeństwa. W pracy ukazano genezę koncepcji pojęcia start-up, cechy start-upów oraz zbadano ich tworzenie. Dziś, z punktu widzenia nowych rynków, wobec istotnych zmian w strukturze produkcji, wzrostu liczby bezrobotnych Ukraińców, należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę naukowców, przedstawicieli rządu, managerów i praktyków na kwestię rosnącej liczby małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw na Ukrainie. Badanie pozwoliło na oszacowanie potrzeb małych i średnich firm na Ukrainie poprzez tworzenie nowych przedsiębiorstw z komponentem innowacyjnym. Obszary, w których można znaleźć pomysły na nowy biznes (gdy organizator start-upu odrzucił to, czego nie posiada, zaś oferuje rynkowi, rozpowszechnia za opłatą hobby, czyli swoje preferencje i umiejętności handlowe), obejmują: znajdywanie niszy rynkowej, której nie dostrzegły już istniejące firmy; rozwój w nowej branży, która szybko rośnie. Autorzy wskazali zaangażowanie funduszy dla firm i dokonali analizy szeregu postulatów. Poza tym zbadali definicję terminu start-up i przedstawili swe określenie. Przeprowadzili również analizę procesów regulacyjnych dotyczących start-upów, postępującego kryzysu w gospodarce oraz koncentrowania się na inwestycjach w projektach biznesowych. Należy podkreślić, że opracowanie to wymaga uzupełnienia o szczegółowe części składowe w kontekście ich bezpośredniego wdrażania na rynku start-upów w branży filatelistycznej shahiv (ukr. шагив) oraz pierwszych z nowych projektów biznesowych w środowisku.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono definicję małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MSP), obowiązujące kryteria klasyfikacji przedsiębiorstw oraz znaczenie MSP we wzroście gospodarczym i rozwoju społecznym. Najwięcej miejsca poświęcono na omówienie barier podatkowych i fiskalnych rozwoju tego sektora. Na zakończenie podano sposoby obliczania podatku VAT w turystyce.
EN
The article presents a discussion on the idea of small and medium-sized companies (SME) it also indicates their importance in the economic and social development, the same as their role in leveling off the tension on the labor market has been presented in the article. Particular attention has been paid to discussions on the development barriers of SME—especially tax and fiscal ones. In the final part of the article some legally binding tax regulations have been provided, which are exercised in tourism and which give an example of the complexities of tax laws and the ambiguities of tax regulations.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia model procesu rekrutacji pracowników w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach. Sektor małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw pełni kluczową rolę w rozwoju gospodarki w wielu krajach, od kilku lat jego rola rośnie także w Polsce. Autor omawia także istotę i rodzaje rekrutacji, źródła pozyskiwania pracowników oraz techniki rekrutacji.
EN
The process of recruiting new employees is of vital importance as the employees are one of the most valuable assets of a company. The article presents a model recruitment process used in a small- and medium-size company. The segment of small- and medium-size companies plays an important role in the economic development of many countries, and its role has recently been increasing in Poland, too. Additionally, types of recruitment have been discussed here, the same as the ways of hiring employees and other recruitment techniques have been presented.
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