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Правове регулювання відповідальності за незаконне переміщенням товарів через митний кордон зі часів УРСР

100%

Storozhenko S.

Path of Science

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2018

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vol. 4

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issue 9

4001-4008

UK

У статі розглядаються правові акти, які встановлювали відповідальність за незаконну діяльність, пов’язану з переміщенням товарів через митний кордон на українських територіях під час їх входження до складу СРСР. Про-стежуються тенденції розвитку особливостей встановлення відповідальності за товарну контрабанду в незалежній Україні. Встановлено, що вітчизняний законодавець, враховуючи досвід СРСР, до кінця 2011 року передбачав кримінальну й адміністративну відповідальність за контрабанду, після 2011 року таке поняття як адміністративна (товарна, економічна) контрабанда перестало використовуватися в нормотворчій практиці. Контрабандні злочини стали лише кримінальними й асоціюються з незаконним переміщенням предметів, вилучених з вільного обігу (наркотиків, зброї, вибухівки та ін.). Всі інші правопорушення, пов’язані з незаконним переміщенням товарів через митний кордон, є порушеннями митних правил, відповідальність за які передбачена Митним кодексом України. Наголошено, що відбулося об’єднання поняття «адміністративна (товарна, економічна) контрабанда» з поняттям «незаконне переміщення товарів через митний кордон» у рамках однорідних адміністративних правопорушень.

EN

The article deals with legal acts that set liability for illegal activities, related to the movement of goods across the customs border on Ukrainian territories during the period of their belonging to the USSR. The trends of development of the peculiarities of establishing liability for smuggling in independent Ukraine can be followed. It has been established that domestic legislators, taking into account the experience of the USSR, provided criminal and administrative responsibility for smuggling by the end of 2011. After 2011 such notion as administrative (commodity, economic) smuggling ceased to be used in law-making practice. Smuggling crimes have become only criminal and are associated with the illegal movement of items removed from free circulation (drugs, weapons, explosives, etc.). All other offenses, related to the illegal movement of goods through the customs border are violations of customs rules, the responsibility for which is provided by the Customs Code of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the concept of “administrative (commodity, economic) smuggling” has been united with the notion “illegal movement of goods through the customs border” within the framework of homogeneous administrative offenses.

2

Kryminologiczne aspekty przestępczości granicznej

76%

Laskowska K.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2002

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issue XXVI

161-180

EN

In this study the author indicates the main problems that appeared in Poland as a result of the opening of borders after the transition to a new economic and political system launched in 1989. The list is headed by offenses committed by foreign nationals, smuggling activities, illegal crossing of frontiers, and population movements, especially from very low-income countries. Border crime is defined here as both illegal border crossing, customs and currency offenses, forgery of documents and crime againts institutions. Border crime can be examined in a large numer of aspects as offenses which ere a threat to fundamental public policy interests. The crux of the matter lies in the motives and aims of the perpetrator. When we refer to border crime we have in mind the kind of offenses that are associated with cross-border movement of persons and objects involved in an illegal activity The commission of offenses falling into this category is not confined solely to border regions. The area of operations of criminals of this kind may be the whole of a country. Border crime is crime of a special kind. Its effects and in particular its further consequences are not always visible. Nor in all such cases is there an injured party, though it should be noted that serious harm may be suffered by people smuggled across borders and that injury is caused to victims of smuggling-related car theft. It is worth drawing attention to the etiology of this kind of crime. Among the internal influences contributing to its growth should be included the closure or collapse of workplaces, state farms and industrial enterprises, especially along Poland’s eastern border, and the consequent rise in unemployment. In recent years there has been a notable decline in the public’s standard of living, which has prompted some of them to seek alternative or additional sources of income.With increasing frequency people set their sights on swift multiplication of wealth and see in smuggling, for instance, a relatively simple and low-risk way of making money. It is worth noting a judicial tendency towards unduly lenient treatment of perperators of border crime and to hand down light sentences (most glaringly, for organizacion of illegal border crossing). Another development has been a steep rise in the incidence of pathological phenomena among officials, such as forgery or falsification of documents, bribery or entry into the structures of criminal groups. Much more dangerous are the external factors driving border crime, such as steadily worsening economic decline in parts o fthe Middle East, Asia and the former Soviet Union and rising unemployment and inflation in the countries concerned. Other causes are wars, national, ethnic and religious conflicts and the inadequacy of the technical protection of frontiers. Not without significance is the continuing demand in the East for cars of Western make and the possibility of legalizing their acquisition if they have been stolen. There has also been an intensification of corrupt practices among public officials with an influence on the state of national security and inviolability of frontiers (especially among the border guard forces in Belarus and Ukraine). Also conducive to the growth of crime is the further organization and specialization of criminal groups pursuing activities on both sides of the frontier. The author also offers a detailed picture of selected types of border crime. Her study centers on the legal and criminological aspects of the crime of illegal entry. She indicates the methods of committing this crime employed by its perpetrators at both border crossings and along smuggling routes. She depicts the mechanisms involved in the smuggling of persons with particular emphasis on the role played in such trafficking by organized criminal groups. Another criminal activity worth attention is smuggling, chiefly of liquor, cigarettes, cars, drugs, animals, guns, etc. This crime is a threat to the economic interests of the state which incurs significant losses of revenue in this respect. The author brings out the complex, underground modus operandi of the criminals involved and stresses the prominence in this illicit activity of organized criminal groups. The data illustrating border crime points to the continued persistence of threats from illegal immigration into Poland, including in many cases in organized forms, and its transformation from a transit to a destination country. Because of the unabating demand in the former Soviet republics for Western cars rhe organizers of smuggling rings will probably develop more sophisticated methods of falsifying the documents of cars (mostly luxury models) stolen in West-European countries. As at present there will be continued smuggling, both by individuals and in organized forms (of considerable value per consignment), of liquor into Poland and of cigarettes bound for Poland and Germany. Intensification of attempts to corrupt the personnel (including senior officers) of watchtowers and border crossings. The most important role in prevention and suppression of border crime is played by Border Guard personnel. More and more often they are equipped with modern equipment for X-raying baggage and carry out passport checks by means of readers connected to a computer database. Border Guard personel also engage in operations outside the border zone and conduct searches of dwellings and premises belonging to the organizers of illegal cross-border traffic. Not infrequently they face an increased element of risk. Criminals often possess firearms, gas and other dangerous implements. Hence the importance of specialist training, physical fitness, unarmed combat skills and the ability to handle weapons. An important erement in fighting border crime is cooperation with other public institutions. Preventive action and operational, surveillance and investigative measures aimed at improving the state of security and public order and detection and expulsion of foreign nationals who have entered Poland illegally are carried out in the border zone in collaboration with the police. Because of the nature or its responsibilities and the international connections of criminal groups the Border Guard maintains day-to-day liaison with its counterparts in other countries. Among the most important areas of cooperation between the border authorities of European Union members, Central and East European countries, the United States and Canada are interchange of information about tasks, structures, jurisdictions, powers and problems relating to cross-border traffic and border crime and interaction in operational and investigative activities. There is a particularly successful record of cooperarion with the German authorities (specifically the BGS). It is worth stressing that amendmends to the Border Guard Act adopted in 2001 provide for its equipment with additional powers for combating corruption, including operational oversight, „sting” operations, the offering or acceptance of bribes, and imposes on Border Guard personnel and employees the requirement to file declarations of assets. The powers in question could be a significant boost to the prevention and suppression of border crime.

3

Korzyści i koszty funkcjonowania umowy o małym ruchu granicznym z Rosją w opiniach mieszkańców terenu przygranicznego

63%

Subocz E., Sternicka-Kowalska M.

Opuscula Sociologica

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2015

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issue 2(12)

53-65

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań odnośnie do wpływu funkcjonowania umowy o małym ruchu granicznym z Rosją na zmiany zachodzące w wybranym mieście leżącym w pasie pogranicza polsko-rosyjskiego w percepcji jego mieszkańców. W ramach badań przeprowadzono 463 wywiady kwestionariuszowe z dobranymi celowo mieszkańcami miasta przygranicznego oraz dwa wywiady fokusowe z przedstawicielami władz miasta i służb mundurowych oraz z lokalnymi przedsiębiorcami. W artykule postawiono tezę, że mały ruch graniczny generuje korzyści związane z rozwojem gospodarczym miasta przygranicznego, ale jednocześnie przyczynia się do zjawisk negatywnych związanych z przemytem towarów.

EN

The paper presents results of research on the effect of the agreement on local border traffic with Russia to changes in the selected town, lying in the Polish-Russian borderland, in the perception of its inhabitants. As a part of the study there were conducted 463 questionnaire interviews with deliberately chosen residents of border town, and two focus group interviews with representatives of local authorities, uniformed services and with local entrepreneurs. The thesis of the article states that local border traffic generates benefits of cross-border economic development of the town, but also contributes to the negative phenomena related to the smuggling of goods.

4

Państwo polskie w walce z przestępczością transgraniczną

51%

Cywoniuk G.

Zagadnienia społeczne

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2021

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vol. 1

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issue 15

199-234

EN

Cross-border crimes are a problem that border authorities are constantly confronted with. Open borders in the European Union and the possibility to choose the means of transport increase the continuing interest in easy money. Fighting cross-border crime has been going on for centuries. In Poland, cross-border crimes are most often committed by foreigners, including third-country nationals. Statistical studies showed that the level of cross-border crime decreased in the years 2016-2020. It seems that the decline in this crime in 2020 was influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic and bans imposed by states, which significantly inhibited cross-border traffic.

PL

Problemem, z którym ciągle spotykają się służby graniczne są przestępstwa transgraniczne. Otwarte granice w Unii Europejskiej oraz możliwość wyboru środka transportu wzmaga nieustające zainteresowanie łatwym zarobkiem. Zwalczanie przestępczości transgranicznej jest prowadzone od stuleci. Na terenie Polski przestępstwa transgraniczne są dokonywane najczęściej przez cudzoziemców, w tym przez obywateli państw trzecich. Badania statystyczne pokazały, że poziom przestępczości transgranicznej w latach 2016-2020 obniżył się. Wydaje się, że wpływ na zmniejszenie się tej przestępczości w 2020 roku miała pandemia COVID-19 i zakazy wprowadzone przez państwa, co w znacznym stopniu zahamowało ruch graniczny.

5

Przestępczość transgraniczna w latach 2015–2017 zagrożeniem dla bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa w świetle danych statystycznych Bieszczadzkiego Oddziału Straży Granicznej w Przemyślu

45%

Kozłowski P.

Współczesne Problemy Zarządzania

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2020

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vol. 8

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issue 1(16)

83-95

EN

The above article deals with the issue of cross-border crime. The article consists of two integral parts. In the first one, the author presents the basic concepts of cross-border crime as well as the role and tasks of the Border Guard in combating border crime. In the second part, based on the statistical data of the Bieszczady Border Guard Unit in the field of combating border crime, the author shows the contribution of the border formation in improving the state of internal security of the state. The above article is the beginning of a discussion on the role of border formations in combating organized crime.

PL

Powyższy artykuł omawia kwestię przestępczości transgranicznej. Artykuł składa się z dwóch integralnych części. W pierwszej Autor prezentuje podstawowe pojęcia z zakresu przestępczości transgranicznej oraz rolę i zadania Straży Granicznej w zwalczaniu przestępczości granicznej. W drugiej części, na podstawie danych statystycznych Bieszczadzkiego Oddziału Straży Granicznej w zakresie zwalczania przestępczości granicznej. Autor pokazuje wkład formacji granicznej w podniesienie stanu bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa. Powyższy artykuł stanowi zaczątek do dyskusji nad rolą formacji granicznych w zwalczaniu przestępczości zorganizowanej.

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Правове регулювання відповідальності за незаконне переміщенням товарів через митний кордон зі часів УРСР

Kryminologiczne aspekty przestępczości granicznej

Korzyści i koszty funkcjonowania umowy o małym ruchu granicznym z Rosją w opiniach mieszkańców terenu przygranicznego

Państwo polskie w walce z przestępczością transgraniczną

Przestępczość transgraniczna w latach 2015–2017 zagrożeniem dla bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa w świetle danych statystycznych Bieszczadzkiego Oddziału Straży Granicznej w Przemyślu