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1

ROLA WIĘZI SPOŁECZNYCH I KAPITAŁU SPOŁECZNEGO W KOMUNIKACJI POLITYCZNEJ I W ROZWOJU SPOŁECZEŃSTWA OBYWATELSKIEGO

100%

Wódz J.

Polityka Społeczna

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2011

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vol. 38

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issue 5-6(446-447)

31-37

EN

Political communication is an indispensable quality of highly organized democratic society. However, in modern societies, to achieve optimal efficiency of political communication, it has to refer to social bonds, values and symbols characteristic for this exact society. Therefore, it is hard to accept these models of democratic society, which indicate some kind of common, the same in different environment, model of efficient political communication. The author presents a hypothesis saying that this efficiency depends on attributes of specific society. Hence, each general model must be adopted to those attributes. The author cites Polish society as an example and attempts to point out that qualities of culture, tradition and social values determine political communication effectiveness. Such political communication, if adjusted to specific social bonds, not only causes transmission of political ideas but also stimulates social activity and reinforces civil society.

2

Communication in social networking websites. Development of social bonds or polarization of political views?

100%

Juszczyk-Rygałło J.

Political Preferences

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2016

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issue 13

73-85

EN

New media are frequently used for presenting views and developing desired socio-political opinions. The social networking websites are becoming an objection towards the use of media messages as tools of persuasion and manipulation. However, they are not playing that role exhaustively. The article discusses the process of developing social capital in social networking websites, against the background of social relationships based on trust or lack of trust. Partnership and cooperation are becoming important tools of democracy, with which there are constructed the social bonds which mobilize the users of media networking websites to undertake political activities. The developed social bonds constitute a source of discussion groups concentrated around joint views. In turn, in the light of lack of trust, that division into groups leads to alienation and the resulting polarization of views. Polarization tendencies in the social networking media limit their informative character. At the same time, they cause a situation when, in the social networking area of the Internet, different socio-political activities are ignored or blocked. Media education is to counteract such tendencies. Under the European law, the European countries have been obliged to develop media education both in education, and through social educational programs. The current condition of media education in Poland was presented.

3

Ogrody społecznościowe jako forma edukacji ekologicznej wśród inicjatyw lokalnych – unikalność łączenia pedagogiki z ekologią w ramach obchodów Jubileuszu APS

88%

Falkowska A.

Facta Ficta. Journal of Theory, Narrative & Media

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2021

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vol. 8

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issue 2

27-41

EN

In the urban space we can see less and less elements of animate and inanimate nature. The dominance of skyscrapers, office buildings, and large-scale shopping malls contributes to limiting the development of children and adults in the natural environment. Limited green areas, prevent contact with the ecosystem. The remaining few Family Allotment Gardens located for example in Warsaw, as well as the establishment of community gardens on the initiative of local residents, can be a form of creating social bonds and an ecological awareness. Through this kind of participation for environmental protection, we can educate children, youth and adults about the need to raise the level of environmental issues. The article presents qualitative research consisting of the analysis of documents concerning local initiatives disseminated in the mass media and on the websites of local, non-governmental bodies. Not every person is looking for such information, so not everyone understands the need to preserve green areas and the possibility of integration and popularization of knowledge in the field of environmental protection. The article will also present the works of The Maria Grzegorzewska University students who were to design a garden located at educational institutions. Ideas of students will be presented in the photographs. The subject matter is undoubtedly necessary to show among educators the relationship between the city – the individual – society, for example upbringing in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. Teaching about ecology at the Maria Grzegorzewska University at the department of Education for Sustainable Development may be an example combining pedagogy with ecology, as part of the APS Jubilee celebrations.

4

Women’s Rights in Muslim Countries Temporary Marriage-how Modernization May Limit Women’s Rights. Interview with Homa Hoodfar

75%

Włodek-Biernat L.

Polish Sociological Review

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2011

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vol. 172

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issue 4

511-514

5

Teoria kontroli społecznej w kryminologii

65%

Kossowska A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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1983

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issue X

7-22

EN

"Social control" is one of thę most fundamental concepts in sociology. Nevertheless, the meaning of that term has changed, parallel with the development of sociology as an academic discipline. Originally, the idea of social control was the focal idea in studies of the organization and growth of industrial societies, and formed the basis of investigations of the various elements constituting law and order. Nowadays, the dominant trend is to narrow the meaning of the term „social control" to defining the process of conformism to the rules of society. It is this second meaning that is used in criminology today. There is a basic difference betwęen the theory of social control and other criminological theories. This difference consists in the fact that this theory, unlike other ones, tries to explain why people do not break the law, why they behave according to the rules of society, why they fall in with the group - in other words, why they are conformist in their attitude towards the rules and norms, as well as to the values generally accepted by society. The other theories try to find out what makes people go against the social norm. The basic principle of the theory of social control is the recognition that human beings must learn social behaviour through a process of socialisation. The aim of socialisation is to lead people to absorb the norms and values held in esteem by a given society. The process whereby the individual absorbs social norms and values depends mainly on the character of his links with the primary social groups, on the cohesion of the system of social norms, and on how far conformily with those norms will offer him the advantages he looks for. A survey of the criminological literature dealing with the question of the effect of social control on deviant behaviour reveals that several theoretical approaches exist, each of them emphasizing different elements of such control. These elements are: the social bonds, the system of norms and yalues and the course and results of socialisation. These three theoretical approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are undoubtedly complementary. We can distinguish three theoretical approaches to social control: a) the socialisation approach, b) the sociar bond approach, and c) the normative system approach. In the first of these approaches, attempts are made above all to explain how socialisation takes place, and what results it leads to. The chief representatives of this approach may be said to be W. Reckless, I. Nye, and A. Reiss. Recklessr is the author of the containment theory, in which he distinguishes the following elements of social control: We have outer containment when external pressure is exerted on the individualn by the group, or by society, in order to bring about behaviour approved by the group. This kind of pressure is exerted through training the individual to carry out socially approved roles, through his affiliation to tradition and the community in which he lives, and through direct control. We have inner containment when, through socialisation, the individual develops self-control, that is, what we sometimes call his conscience. Five elements developed in the course of socialisation go to make up inner containment: a favorable self-concept, goal orientation, a realistic,aspiration level, adequate frustration tolerance, and commitment to socially accepted norms and values. These two mechanisms - outer containment and inner containment - function either together or soparately. In some cases they reinforce each other, while in other cases they are complementary. On the whole, inner containment regulates behaviour based on a person's internal pressures whereas outer containment is used when factors in the environment favour criminal behaviour. But there are also frequent situations where, when inner containment fails, behaviour is modified by exteinal controlling factors; and conversely, it sometimes happens that in situations where control by the social group or social institutions is ineffective, self-control is the regulating mechanism. Nye is of the opinion that the role of social control in society is that it strengthens our motivation towards conformist behaviour. It is a factor that increases our conformism, whereas lack of it encourages anti-social behaviour. Nye sees four types of social control: Internal control occurs when, in the course of socialisation the individual Internalises the norms and values generally accepted in the given society, so that they become components of this conscience. Indirect control is based on the emotional links between the child and his parents which cause the child to absorb the rules of behaviour passed on by the parents in the course of socialisation. Direct control is exerted by the social institutions and primary groups; punishments are threatened in the case of nonconformist behaviour. Then we have legitimate need satisfaction, where society guarantees that the emotional needs of the individual will be met if he conforms, but threatens that these needs will not be satisfied if he does not conform. In his well-known paper on the connection between the breakdown of social control and the occurrence of criminal behaviour, A. Reiss3 declares that criminaIity may be defined as behaviour that is the consequence of the failure of personal control and social control, as regards the regulation of human behaviour in keeping with the social norms. According to Reiss, criminal behaviour occurs firstly, when there is a relative lack of internalised norms and rules that would keep behaviour conformist; secondly, when a control mechanism that previously functioned properly breaks down; and thirdly, when the group to which the individual belongs is such that the social principles for inculcating conformist behaviour are on the whole lacking, ( or when there is a split between these social principles). Criminality may be regarded as a function of the relationship between personal control and social control. The second approach to the theory of social control lays emphasis on the social bond. Hirschi is the chief exponent of this approach, according to which the bonds (taken in the wide sense) between the individual and other people are the fundamental instrument of social control. According to Hirschi, the social bond consists of four main elements: 1) personal, emotional links (attachment), 2) a rational commitment to conformist behaviour, along with expectations as to punishment and reward (commitment); 3) a degree of involvement which would leave no room for deviant behaviour (involvement), and 4) beliefs. In the case of personal attachment, the behaviour of the individual will depend on how sensitive he is to the opinions of others, on how far he reckons with their views. The people who matter here are the members of the primary groups to which the given individual belongs, the people whose opinion he respects, the people who will expext him to conform to the norms which they themselves recognize. According to Hirschi, the groups with whom bonds are all important are: the parents, the school, and the peer group. Commitment means that the person absorbs the life style of his environment. A strong commitment to conformist behaviour, with the aim of achieving the kind of goals ranked high by the given culture, means that the person may lose a great deal if he acts contrary to the norms accepted by that culture. At the same time, conformism guarantees as it were that the person's aspirations will be achieved. Strong involvement in conformist behaviour results in the fact that the person spends so much time and energy in keeping to the generally accepted model of behaviour that even "physically" he cannot behave otherwise (e.g. for lack of time). Beliefs affect the acceptance or otherwise of the norms adhered to in a given society. Difference of behaviour between individuals may be due to difference in the degree to which the norms laid down by the law are accepted. By and large Hirschi believes that all four types of social bond act together. Yet he also accepts that the diverse elements separately may each have an independent effect on the person's behaviour. Schrag is one of those who adopt the normative and system approach to the question of the functioning of social control. He examines the functioning of the social control system on two planes; 1) culturally approved ends- culturally approved means, and 2) behaviour expected in a given society (prescriptions) – actual behaviour (performance). The cultural goals (prescribed ends) are values such as: freedom, justice, equality, happiness, security, Means that are approved by society (prescribed means) are such norms as: the law, beliefs, legal codes, regulations, agreements. Goals which may actually be achieved (performed ends) are goals such as influence, social status, prestige, education, reputation, money. The means actually used to attain these goals (performed means) are practices such as. customs, traditions, conventions of behaviour, innovations in existing customs. A social system works well when all its constituent elements work well together. In such circumstances there are no disruptions in the functioning of social control. But if the various elements of the system clash, social control ceases to function efficiently, that is, it ceases to regulate human behaviour effectively. There is always a danger that the connections between the various elements of the system will become looser. This danger may take at least six forms: the accepted norms may not be able to protect the group values; goals may be beyond the reach of practical action; ways of behaving may be at odds with the sopially accepted norms; goals may be in conflict with the generally accepted values; there may also be a contradiction between values and practices, and between goals and norms. If the system is to work well, it is essential that there should be no basis divergence between formal (= legal) norms, and informal (= moral) norms. If the legal norms are rejected by the group because they do not fit in with the group's values, social control will not work. According to Schrag, the causes of crime should be sought not so much in the individual as in the social system and the way it functions. To sum up, one may present the sociological theory of social control as follows. It asks what makes people ready to subscribe to the norms and values accepted in a given society. Three basic types of answer may be given to this question. Answers of the first type stress the course and the effectiveness of socialisation processes. Answers of the second type emphasize the role of social bonds in the shaping of conformist behaviour. Answers of the third type draw attention to the importance of cohesion in the system of norms and values in a given society. On the whole, socialisation is a process that takes place within the primary groups. Its aim is to make the individual adopt society's norms and values. The optimum situation is where these norms become internalised, that is, they become an integral part of the person's internal mental and moral structure. If this happens, we can say that inner control governs behaviour - that is, the person’s own conscience keeps him from behaviour that does not fit the generally accepted patterns. This goal can be achieved when there are strong bonds of affection between an individual and his parents, and also when the individual finds emotional support in other primary groups. The role of the primary groups is not only to provide good personal models to imitate, or to help the inaividual to adopt the generally accepted norms, but also to exercise direct control over tbe individual' behaviour by inducing him to conform. If the individual is to absorb a sociaily approved system of norms and values, that system should be a well integrated one, the rules should be clearly stated, and behaviour at odds with the approved norm should encounter expected social sanctions. Social control is most effective when three basic factors play a role: when socialisation follows its undisturbed course, when the individual finds support in the group and the group is able to control the behaviour of the individual, and thirdly when the system of social norms and values is cohesive and clear. In times of social unrest, when bonds are weaker, and the individual does not know what to expect from society, social control will be unable to exert effective control over the individual’s behaviour.

PL

"Social control" is one of thę most fundamental concepts in sociology. Nevertheless, the meaning of that term has changed, parallel with the development of sociology as an academic discipline. Originally, the idea of social control was the focal idea in studies of the organization and growth of industrial societies, and formed the basis of investigations of the various elements constituting law and order. Nowadays, the dominant trend is to narrow the meaning of the term „social control" to defining the process of conformism to the rules of society. It is this second meaning that is used in criminology today. There is a basic difference betwęen the theory of social control and other criminological theories. This difference consists in the fact that this theory, unlike other ones, tries to explain why people do not break the law, why they behave according to the rules of society, why they fall in with the group - in other words, why they are conformist in their attitude towards the rules and norms, as well as to the values generally accepted by society. The other theories try to find out what makes people go against the social norm. The basic principle of the theory of social control is the recognition that human beings must learn social behaviour through a process of socialisation. The aim of socialisation is to lead people to absorb the norms and values held in esteem by a given society. The process whereby the individual absorbs social norms and values depends mainly on the character of his links with the primary social groups, on the cohesion of the system of social norms, and on how far conformily with those norms will offer him the advantages he looks for. A survey of the criminological literature dealing with the question of the effect of social control on deviant behaviour reveals that several theoretical approaches exist, each of them emphasizing different elements of such control. These elements are: the social bonds, the system of norms and yalues and the course and results of socialisation. These three theoretical approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are undoubtedly complementary. We can distinguish three theoretical approaches to social control: a) the socialisation approach, b) the sociar bond approach, and c) the normative system approach. In the first of these approaches, attempts are made above all to explain how socialisation takes place, and what results it leads to. The chief representatives of this approach may be said to be W. Reckless, I. Nye, and A. Reiss. Recklessr is the author of the containment theory, in which he distinguishes the following elements of social control: We have outer containment when external pressure is exerted on the individualn by the group, or by society, in order to bring about behaviour approved by the group. This kind of pressure is exerted through training the individual to carry out socially approved roles, through his affiliation to tradition and the community in which he lives, and through direct control. We have inner containment when, through socialisation, the individual develops self-control, that is, what we sometimes call his conscience. Five elements developed in the course of socialisation go to make up inner containment: a favorable self-concept, goal orientation, a realistic,aspiration level, adequate frustration tolerance, and commitment to socially accepted norms and values. These two mechanisms - outer containment and inner containment - function either together or soparately. In some cases they reinforce each other, while in other cases they are complementary. On the whole, inner containment regulates behaviour based on a person's internal pressures whereas outer containment is used when factors in the environment favour criminal behaviour. But there are also frequent situations where, when inner containment fails, behaviour is modified by exteinal controlling factors; and conversely, it sometimes happens that in situations where control by the social group or social institutions is ineffective, self-control is the regulating mechanism. Nye is of the opinion that the role of social control in society is that it strengthens our motivation towards conformist behaviour. It is a factor that increases our conformism, whereas lack of it encourages anti-social behaviour. Nye sees four types of social control: Internal control occurs when, in the course of socialisation the individual Internalises the norms and values generally accepted in the given society, so that they become components of this conscience. Indirect control is based on the emotional links between the child and his parents which cause the child to absorb the rules of behaviour passed on by the parents in the course of socialisation. Direct control is exerted by the social institutions and primary groups; punishments are threatened in the case of nonconformist behaviour. Then we have legitimate need satisfaction, where society guarantees that the emotional needs of the individual will be met if he conforms, but threatens that these needs will not be satisfied if he does not conform. In his well-known paper on the connection between the breakdown of social control and the occurrence of criminal behaviour, A. Reiss3 declares that criminaIity may be defined as behaviour that is the consequence of the failure of personal control and social control, as regards the regulation of human behaviour in keeping with the social norms. According to Reiss, criminal behaviour occurs firstly, when there is a relative lack of internalised norms and rules that would keep behaviour conformist; secondly, when a control mechanism that previously functioned properly breaks down; and thirdly, when the group to which the individual belongs is such that the social principles for inculcating conformist behaviour are on the whole lacking, ( or when there is a split between these social principles). Criminality may be regarded as a function of the relationship between personal control and social control. The second approach to the theory of social control lays emphasis on the social bond. Hirschi is the chief exponent of this approach, according to which the bonds (taken in the wide sense) between the individual and other people are the fundamental instrument of social control. According to Hirschi, the social bond consists of four main elements: 1) personal, emotional links (attachment), 2) a rational commitment to conformist behaviour, along with expectations as to punishment and reward (commitment); 3) a degree of involvement which would leave no room for deviant behaviour (involvement), and 4) beliefs. In the case of personal attachment, the behaviour of the individual will depend on how sensitive he is to the opinions of others, on how far he reckons with their views. The people who matter here are the members of the primary groups to which the given individual belongs, the people whose opinion he respects, the people who will expext him to conform to the norms which they themselves recognize. According to Hirschi, the groups with whom bonds are all important are: the parents, the school, and the peer group. Commitment means that the person absorbs the life style of his environment. A strong commitment to conformist behaviour, with the aim of achieving the kind of goals ranked high by the given culture, means that the person may lose a great deal if he acts contrary to the norms accepted by that culture. At the same time, conformism guarantees as it were that the person's aspirations will be achieved. Strong involvement in conformist behaviour results in the fact that the person spends so much time and energy in keeping to the generally accepted model of behaviour that even "physically" he cannot behave otherwise (e.g. for lack of time). Beliefs affect the acceptance or otherwise of the norms adhered to in a given society. Difference of behaviour between individuals may be due to difference in the degree to which the norms laid down by the law are accepted. By and large Hirschi believes that all four types of social bond act together. Yet he also accepts that the diverse elements separately may each have an independent effect on the person's behaviour. Schrag is one of those who adopt the normative and system approach to the question of the functioning of social control. He examines the functioning of the social control system on two planes; 1) culturally approved ends- culturally approved means, and 2) behaviour expected in a given society (prescriptions) – actual behaviour (performance). The cultural goals (prescribed ends) are values such as: freedom, justice, equality, happiness, security, Means that are approved by society (prescribed means) are such norms as: the law, beliefs, legal codes, regulations, agreements. Goals which may actually be achieved (performed ends) are goals such as influence, social status, prestige, education, reputation, money. The means actually used to attain these goals (performed means) are practices such as. customs, traditions, conventions of behaviour, innovations in existing customs. A social system works well when all its constituent elements work well together. In such circumstances there are no disruptions in the functioning of social control. But if the various elements of the system clash, social control ceases to function efficiently, that is, it ceases to regulate human behaviour effectively. There is always a danger that the connections between the various elements of the system will become looser. This danger may take at least six forms: the accepted norms may not be able to protect the group values; goals may be beyond the reach of practical action; ways of behaving may be at odds with the sopially accepted norms; goals may be in conflict with the generally accepted values; there may also be a contradiction between values and practices, and between goals and norms. If the system is to work well, it is essential that there should be no basis divergence between formal (= legal) norms, and informal (= moral) norms. If the legal norms are rejected by the group because they do not fit in with the group's values, social control will not work. According to Schrag, the causes of crime should be sought not so much in the individual as in the social system and the way it functions. To sum up, one may present the sociological theory of social control as follows. It asks what makes people ready to subscribe to the norms and values accepted in a given society. Three basic types of answer may be given to this question. Answers of the first type stress the course and the effectiveness of socialisation processes. Answers of the second type emphasize the role of social bonds in the shaping of conformist behaviour. Answers of the third type draw attention to the importance of cohesion in the system of norms and values in a given society. On the whole, socialisation is a process that takes place within the primary groups. Its aim is to make the individual adopt society's norms and values. The optimum situation is where these norms become internalised, that is, they become an integral part of the person's internal mental and moral structure. If this happens, we can say that inner control governs behaviour - that is, the person’s own conscience keeps him from behaviour that does not fit the generally accepted patterns. This goal can be achieved when there are strong bonds of affection between an individual and his parents, and also when the individual finds emotional support in other primary groups. The role of the primary groups is not only to provide good personal models to imitate, or to help the inaividual to adopt the generally accepted norms, but also to exercise direct control over tbe individual' behaviour by inducing him to conform. If the individual is to absorb a sociaily approved system of norms and values, that system should be a well integrated one, the rules should be clearly stated, and behaviour at odds with the approved norm should encounter expected social sanctions. Social control is most effective when three basic factors play a role: when socialisation follows its undisturbed course, when the individual finds support in the group and the group is able to control the behaviour of the individual, and thirdly when the system of social norms and values is cohesive and clear. In times of social unrest, when bonds are weaker, and the individual does not know what to expect from society, social control will be unable to exert effective control over the individual’s behaviour.

6

WIĘZIOTWÓRCZE FUNKCJE PRZEDSIĘBIORSTW SPOŁECZNYCH

63%

Rymsza M.

Polityka Społeczna

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2011

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vol. 38

|

issue 7(448)

14-18

EN

The paper gives the characteristics of social entrepreneurship of the “old” social economy (born on the turn of XIX and XX centuries), and of the “new” social economy (developing on the turn of XX and XXI centuries) as well as social enterprises of different kinds. The main important, taking into account its function in building social capital and strengthening social bonds, is a distinction between social enterprises (SE) focused on reintegration of individuals excluded from the labor market because of their personal deficits, called WISE (work integration social enterprises) and social enterprises used as vehicles for economic development of marginalized communities (social enterprises locally embedded - SELE). The general tendency brings for WISE to involve vertical ties in reintegration programs, and SELE to built networks of stakeholders based on horizontal ties. The author argues that in current Poland the chance for surviving and development have social enterprises of a hybrid type, which combine two kind of social mission: reintegration of individuals excluded from the labor market and empowering marginalized local communities.

7

Instytucje społeczne według Zygmunta Baumana i Alaina Touraine`a

63%

Leśniak-Moczuk K.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

|

2018

|

vol. 55

213-225

PL

Istnienie instytucji społecznych dowodzi o praktycznych zasadach funkcjonowania danego społeczeństwa. Instytucje społeczne jako komponent więzi społecznej powinny służyć spajaniu społeczności we wspólnoty zapewniające jednostce warunki do egzystencji i dające poczucie bezpieczeństwa. Zróżnicowanie typów instytucji społecznych wynika z regulacji przez nie sfer życia społecznego. Od sprawności działania instytucji społecznych zależy jakość warunków życia. Na stan spójności społeczno-ekonomicznej na poszczególnych etapach rozwoju społecznego wpływa zaawansowanie instytucjonalizacji. Gwarantem przetrwania biologicznie i społecznie uwarunkowanej wspólnotowości jest pełna wymiana i wzajemność. Utrudnienia wymiany i zerwanie wzajemności wynikają z powodu nadmiernych nierówności społecznych – z jednej strony nędzy i ciemnoty u dołu drabiny społecznej, a z drugiej strony męczącej obfitości na górze tej drabiny. Determinantem upadku wspólnoty w społeczeństwie informacyjnym jest ubożenie i zrywanie więzi społecznych prowadzące do izolacji i desocjalizacji jednostek na skutek substytucji styczności w sferze realnej kontaktami w cyberprzestrzeni.

EN

The existence of social institutions demonstrates the presence practical rules of functioning of a given society. Social institutions as a component of social bonds should serve to bind communities that provide the individual with conditions for existence and give a sense of security. The diversity of types of social institutions results from their regulation of different spheres of social life. The quality of living conditions depends on the efficiency of the social institutions. The state of social and economic cohesion at the various stages of social development is influenced by the advanced institutionalization. The survival of biologically and socially conditioned community is guaranteed by full exchange and mutuality. Difficulties of exchange and rupture of reciprocity are due to excessive social inequalities – on the one hand, poverty and darkness at the bottom of the social ladder, and on the other hand tiring abundance at the top of this ladder. The fall of the community in the information society is determined by the scarcity and disruption of social ties leading to the isolation and de-socialisation of individuals as a result of the substitution of contact in the real sphere with contacts in cyberspace.

8

Krajobraz po wojnie: anatomia rozpadu świata społecznego na przykładzie Polski w okresie II wojny światowej

51%

Wylegała A.

Studia Socjologiczne

|

2016

|

issue 3(222)

133-163

PL

Tekst analizuje wpływ II wojny światowej na więzi społeczne, normy, wartości i strukturę ówczesnego społeczeństwa polskiego. W części pierwszej omawia proces wojennej destrukcji, skupiając się na czterech jej głównych elementach: rozpadzie struktur społecznych, eksterminacji ludzi, brutalizacji życia codziennego i upadku norm. Część druga pokazuje, dlaczego powojenna odbudowa była tak trudna. Skupia się na takich kwestiach, jak: niepewność polityczna i poczucie ﬁzycznego zagrożenia, przemoc na tle etnicznym i rabunkowym, bieda, ogólna demoralizacja i brak elit, a także trudności związane z adaptacją i zakorzenieniem się osób przesiedlonych. Tekst powstał na podstawie kwerendy w dokumentach osobistych z takich kolekcji, jak Archiwum Wschodnie, Archiwum Historii Mówionej, Biblioteka Jagiellońska, Biblioteka Narodowa, Ossolineum, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum oraz liczne źródła opublikowane.

EN

This text analyses the inﬂuence of the Second World War on the social bonds, values, and structure of postwar Polish society. In the ﬁrst part, the author discusses the process of wartime destruction, focusing on four issues: the disintegration of social structures, the extermination of people, the brutalization of everyday life, and the destruction of values and standards. In the second part, the author shows why the postwar reconstruction was such an arduous process, focusing on such problems as political instability and feelings of physical danger, ethnic cleansing and criminal violence, poverty, general demoralization and lack of elites, and the difﬁculties caused by mass migrations and deportations. The text is based on extensive research in the ego-documents in such collections as the Eastern Archives, the Oral History Archives, the Jagiellonian Library, the National Library, Ossolineum, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and numerous published sources.

9

Użytkownicy aplikacji Too Good to Go I Foodsi jako obywatele w obronie dziedzictwa przyrodniczego?

51%

Zakusilo A.

Studia Humanistyczne AGH

|

2022

|

vol. 21

|

issue 3

27-44

EN

Postmodernity, with its disappearance of trade barriers, disintegration of traditional social structures, and the spread of ethics of consumerism, is seen by a number of sociologists as a challenge to social bonds, especially civic ones, based on the idea of common good. However, what is the role of mobile applications promoting the idea of zero food waste in the post-modern societies and thus referring to protection of the natural environment as the common good of mankind? The article explores the potential for environmental social bonds offered by applications Too Good To Go and Foodsi, and the social media groups that bring their users together. Based on the results of a quantitative study preceded by a content analysis of user groups on Facebook, the article answers the question of whether mobile applications can become the basis for social bonds. Applying theoretical perspectives on postmodern transformations and types of social bonds, the article aims to characterize the social bonds emerging through new media.

PL

Ponowoczesność, która charakteryzuje się zanikiem barier handlowych, rozpadem tradycyjnych struktur społecznych oraz rozpowszechnieniem etyki konsumpcjonizmu, jest widziana przez wielu socjologów jako wyzwanie dla więzi społecznych, w szczególności tych obywatelskich, odwołujących się do idei dobra wspólnego. Jaką rolę mogą jednak odgrywać w ponowoczesnych społeczeństwach zachodnich aplikacje mobilne promujące ideę niemarnowania jedzenia, nawiązując w ten sposób do kwestii ochrony środowiska przyrodniczego będącego wspólnym dobrem ludzkości? Artykuł eksploruje możliwości wykształcenia się więzi społecznych w obszarze ochrony środowiska dzięki aplikacjom Too Good To Go i Foodsi oraz grupom w mediach społecznościowych zrzeszającym ich użytkowników. Opierając się na wynikach badania ilościowego poprzedzonego analizą treści w grupach użytkowników na portalu Facebook, autorka odpowiada na pytanie, czy aplikacje mobilne mogą stać się podstawą więzi społecznych. Artykuł wykorzystuje teoretyczne ujęcia dotyczące ponowoczesnych przemian i typów więzi społecznych w celu scharakteryzowania relacji, które powstają dzięki nowym mediom.

10

Kierunki badań socjologów polskich i niemieckich na Warmii i Mazurach w XX i na początku XXI wieku

45%

Małłek J.

Warmińsko-Mazurski Kwartalnik Naukowy, Nauki Społeczne

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2015

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issue 2

65-76

PL

Autor artykułu analizuje kilka faz badań socjologicznych prowadzonych przez socjologów na Warmii i Mazurach w minionym 70-leciu. W latach 1948 – 1949 były to badania terenowe zespołu prof. Stanisława Ossowskiego, koncentrujące się na poczuciu świadomości narodowej wśród ludności autochtonicznej. Druga faza badań socjologicznych na Warmii i Mazurach przypada na lata po Polskim Październiku aż do utworzenia w roku 1961 Ośrodka Badań Naukowych im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie, który zatrudnił profesjonalnych socjologów. W wyniku ich prac w latach 1961 – 1989 powstało wiele wartościowych monografii poświęconych tworzeniu się nowych więzi społecznych na Warmii i Mazurach, a wśród nich szczególne miejsce zajmują prace Andrzeja Saksona z Instytutu Zachodniego w Poznaniu. Ostatnia faza badań to okres od roku 1989, po zmianie ustrojowej w Polsce, do chwili obecnej. Ze środków Fundacji Volkswagena zrealizowano w latach 1996 – 2000 wspólny polsko-niemiecki projekt badawczy oparty na badaniach terenowych pt. „Społeczna konstrukcja ojczyzny na Mazurach”. Dzięki inicjatywie prof. Roberta Traby powrócono w latach 2005 – 2007 do badań, które prowadził zespół prof. Ossowskiego i opublikowano kilka tomów ukazujących złożoność problematyki pogranicza kulturowego polsko-niemieckiego tak wyraźnie zarysowanego na Warmii i Mazurach. Artykuł metodologiczny prof. Adama Sosnowskiego, na który powołuje się autor niniejszego artykułu, może być drogowskazem dla prowadzenia badań nad społecznością wielokulturową zwłaszcza na Warmii i Mazurach.

EN

The author investigates distinct periods of sociological research carried out in the Warmian an Mazurian district within the past seven decades. The first step, field studies implemented by a research team under prof Stanisław Ossowski (1948/49) focussed on the ethnic consciousness/ identity among the local autochthonous population. The second phase of sociological research in the Warmian and Mazurian region encompasses the years after the Polish October, otherwise known as the Polish thaw, to the foundation of the Wojciech Kętrzyński Centre for Scientific Research, which contracted professionnal sociologists. Their work yielded many significant monographs dedicated to the development of new social bonds in the Warmian and Mazurian region. A key position among these works take the publications of Andrzej Sakson from the Western Institute in Poznań. The final phase was initiated by the political changes in 1989 and lasts to the present day. Backed up by financial means of the Volkswagenstiftung the joint Polish-German field study „Social construction of Heimat In Mazuria” could be implemented in the years between 1996–2000. Motivated by the initiative of Prof. Traba the work of Prof. Ossowski and his research team was resumed in the years 2007–2009 and several scientific volumes that show the complexity of Polish-German cultural issues which are so apparent in a border region like Mazuria could be submitted to the public. Prof. Adam Sosnowski’s scientific publication which constitutes the primary source of this paper can be considered a signpost for future scientific research on multicultural societies, particularly in the Warmian and Mazurian region.

11

100 lat piłki nożnej w Tyczynie, czyli od „szmacianki” do piłki skórzanej (1921–2021).

45%

Fudali D. J., Bober S., Kamińska-Kwak J.

Prace Historyczno-Archiwalne

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2022

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vol. Tom XXXIV

80-112

EN

The article discusses commemoration of the 100 years of football in Tyczyn. Sport is a source of many emotions and football especially was prevalent in the interwar period, where it made people bond and shaped the feelings of a community. Despite the passage of many years since the German occupation of Poland and the communistic People’s Poland, nothing changed in this regard, football played on the green grass is still an escape from the bleak and often gray reality. Even after the socio-structural changes that happened in the years 1989-1990, football still keeps its well-earned place. The article portrays the people associated with Tyczyn football, their achievements, plans and dreams. It also shows their successes and failures, and ends on an optimistic message that before the MKS Strug 1921 Tyczyn the future is bright.

PL

Artykuł nawiązuje do obchodów Jubileuszu 100-lecia piłki nożnej w Tyczynie. Zaprezentowany został okres międzywojenny, kiedy sport, a w szczególności piłka nożna była źródłem wielu emocji, budowała relacje społeczne, kształtowała poczucie więzi obywatelskich. Pomimo upływu lat, czasów okupacji niemieckiej, okresu Polski Ludowej, pod tym względem niewiele się zmieniało. Często rywalizacja piłkarska na zielonej murawie była „odskocznią” od ponurej, a później często szarej rzeczywistości. Także po przemianach społeczno-ustrojowych w Polsce na przełomie lat 1989/1990 piłka nożna znalazła należne jej miejsce, tak jest zresztą do dziś. Artykuł ukazuje ludzi związanych z tyczyńskim futbolem, ich dokonania, plany i marzenia. Pokazuje także sukcesy i porażki, kończy się jednak optymistycznym przesłaniem, że przed MKS „Strug” 1921 Tyczyn przyszłość rysuje się w optymistycznych barwach.

12

(Re)defining places for community in Sykhiv housing estate

38%

Otrishchenko N.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica

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2017

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issue 30

27-37

PL

Lwów (Ukraina) to miasto Europy Wschodniej z historią sięgającą XIII wieku. Można je sobie wyobrazić jako miejsce przypominające palimpsest o różnych walorach architektonicznych, społecznych i kulturowych. Jednak większość obecnej populacji Lwowa żyje w środowisku miejskim zaprojektowanym i zbudowanym w drugiej połowie XX wieku. Na podstawie danych socjologicznych (wywiady pogłębione częściowo ustrukturyzowane, ankieta i obserwacja ukryta) w artykule dokonano przeglądu specyfiki miejsc w przestrzeni miasta w największym osiedlu mieszkaniowym – Sykhiv. Autorka pokazuje, jakie obszary są postrzegane przez mieszkańców jako miejsca życia społecznego i jakie rodzaje spójności społecznej mogą przyczynić się do transformacji miejskich.

EN

Lviv (Ukraine) is an Eastern European city with a history dating back to the 13th century. It could be imagined as a palimpsest-like place of different architectural, social, and cultural heritages. However, the majority of current Lviv’s population lives within an urban environment designed and constructed during the second half of 20th century. Based on sociological data (in-depth semi-structured interviews, survey, and unobtrusive observation) article reviews the specifics of places for community in the largest mass housing estate – Sykhiv. Author shows what areas are perceived by inhabitants as the locations for social life and what types of social cohesion could contribute to the urban transformations.

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Kierunki badań socjologów polskich i niemieckich na Warmii i Mazurach w XX i na początku XXI wieku

100 lat piłki nożnej w Tyczynie, czyli od „szmacianki” do piłki skórzanej (1921–2021).

(Re)defining places for community in Sykhiv housing estate