Book review of "Nieobecność społeczna. W poszukiwaniu sensów i znaczeń" [Social Exclusion: In Search of the Meanings], ed. Zbigniew Galor, Barbara Goryńska-Bittner
This article concerns the problem of dangers relating to the school educational process, connected with the occurrence of the phenomena of the social exclusion of children and young people. Some results of the empirical research carried out on middle-school students from Zamość schools are presented, as well as the analysis of the research and some possible ways of solving the problems in question connected with the students’ cultural activity. In order to estimate the phenomenon of social exclusion, a special “index of a student’s resistance to social exclusion” was created. Three indexes of a student’s participation in the cultural life were defined: “an index of passive participation in the cultural life”, “an index of active participation in the cultural life” and “an index of the creative participation in the cultural life”. The results of the estimation of the regression models of the index of a student’s resistance to social exclusion in relation to the index of a student’s participation in the cultural life and other control variables were presented.
This study explores pre-service teachers' views on the features and causes of social exclusion in the context of educational unsustainability. The data from expert questionnaires, assessment of research participants' personal experience with social exclusion in educational setting, their current understanding of the problem and individual suggestions for solving it were analysed qualitatively. The results indicate that, in teachers' opinion, social exclusion in education can be caused by subjective and objective factors – pupils' personal characteristics, school climate, parental influence and social causes. The research participants particularly emphasise teacher's role in reducing pupils' social exclusion by adhering to values, such as fairness, equality, empathy, cooperation and respect. The research results highlight the need for addressing the issue of social exclusion in teacher education programmes by raising future teachers' awareness of the problem and their responsibility to overcome it.
The problem of social exclusion has remained the centre of attention in Europe for several years now. To emphasise its importance, year 2010 was European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion. This significant social problem is existent in many domains. The term of social exclusions, used alternatively with social marginalisation has been in use since the 1960’s. Exclusion can be understood both as a status and as a process. Exclusion occurs when someone’s basic social laws cannot be respected. The state of Poland experiences poverty which results from the lack of means that would allow to fulfill basic needs which sometimes are exclusion’s both a cause and a consequence. One of the ‘faces’ of social exclusion is the financial one, understood as the lack of access to necessary financial services. However, there are many tools to prevent this form of exclusion. The author concentrated on those forms which are a social initiative, rather than the state’s. Therefore quasi barter tools, such as Local Exchange and Trade Systems (LETS) or time dollars as well as commercial tools known as social lending were analysed. The author also shows the meaning of initiatives such as slow life as well as co-housing indicating that local societies have a large and varied arsenal, that – if used properly – can prevent the ‘plaque of the 21st century’, as some call the social exclusion often stemming from the individual’s alienation. Those instruments indicate the important role of society’s self-organisation. Due to its origin it is in many cases much more effective than formal and by that inflexible state bodies’ activities. However, this does not mean that local societies should replace the state structures. They are, and should remain, complementary to state help.
This aim of this article is to present the research process using the action research method in the project titled “Development of the empowerment of educators and beneficiaries in the field of youth at risk and social exclusion” implemented within the Erasmus Plus programme in which the author of this article participated. The process of operationalisation of the social exclusion category and the characteristics of the methodology of action research were performed in this article. The project objectives were set out and the team appointed to carry out the research on the issue of the development of the empowerment of educators and beneficiaries working with adults at risk of social exclusion was described. The article subjects the research process implemented by the team of investigators to analysis and identifies the turning points in this process. Conclusions concerning the specificity and usefulness of action research in searching for social practice solutions in the field of social exclusion have also been provided on the basis of practical experience.
Purpose: The scientific objective of this research was to determine social groups affected by exclusion in Polish health care. Materials and methods: Survey was carried out among local government units and nongovernmental organizations by using authorial questionnaire distributed towards representative research group selected. Results: This work depicts activities of social welfare centers in cooperation with non-profit sector entities, in the field of exclusion from the access to health care benefits in Poland, appointing circumstances, causes and the range of this exclusion. It presents the results of the countrywide research in the context of structure and tasks of the health care, but also two points of view (institutional and social one) for resolving the same population issues. Conclusions: On the basis of the conducted analyses it has been stated that social exclusion, in the field of health care, is a significant social problem, but the biggest difficulty is the access to the rehabilitation benefits and pharmacological therapy
Kobieca muzyka (Women’s music) to określenie, które zwykło rozumieć się jako muzyka tworzona przez kobiety, muzyka dla kobiet i muzyka o kobietach. Takie rozumienie nie wyczerpuje jednak zagadnienia. W rzeczywistości nie chodzi tu bowiem wyłącznie o podział na muzykę damską i męską a o zwrócenie uwagi na relacje pomiędzy udziałem kobiet w szeroko rozumianej kulturze muzycznej i ich społeczną sytuacją, co jest jednym z podstawowych problemów badawczych muzykologii genderowej. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu ukazanie szczególnego typu wykluczenia społecznego kobiet. Odnosząc się do konkretnych przykładów zwraca uwagę na role, jakie kobiety pełnią w muzyce oraz wskazuje, że pomimo znaczących sukcesów w tej dziedzinie wciąż istnieją bariery przypisujące kobiecej muzyce określoną, wyznaczoną przez płeć, niższą jakość zawężając niekiedy ich udział wyłącznie do tematyki tekstów. Na uwagę zasługuje jednak fakt, iż coraz częściej w społeczeństwie spotyka się pogląd, że kultura muzyczna jest dla wszystkich, bo w muzyce nie płeć jest ważna, ale sama muzyka.
EN
Women’s music is usually understood as the music made by women, music for women, and music about women. It doesn’t however exhaust the subject. In reality, it is not only about dividing music into women’s and men’s – it is about showing the relationship between culture of music and women’s situation in society, which is one of the main research topics of gender musicology. The aim of this paper is to show specific type of women social exclusion. Based on examples it indicates the roles women fulfill in music as well as the barriers that make, in spite of numerous success, women’s music worse because of their gender which negatively influences the quality but also limits women’s role to being only the lyrics subjects. In the end it is worth saying, that many people think about music in general context – it is not important who made the music because it’s the music, not gender that really matters.
The process of social exclusion influences especially the dynamically aging Polish society, particularly elderly persons living in an urban environment. There are many factors influencing the exclusion from the society, which include: the economic, health and living environment factors. Social inclusion of the seniors should be conducted on all levels of the social policy, however the most important role should be played by the local governments. Only on the local level it is possible to recognize the reasons for social exclusion and create a system in which a number of entities will include the eldest citizens to the society by way of a process of social activation. The process of activation should be programmed, realized and monitored, because only then it will become a successful process which will create a real chance to counteract social exclusion of seniors. In the introduction to the article, the author presents the theoretical aspects of social exclusion and the goals of the inclusion process. In the part devoted to the abilities of influencing social policies by the local government, the author presents an example of Częstochowa as a city that has created a senior aid program. In the third part of the article the author presents the results of the studies based on the monographic sheets of the Senior Initiative Bank, according to which, the range of the activation activities for the local senior society can be evaluated.
Being socially connected is a universal human need, but a substantial number of older men and women are or become excluded from these connections in later life. Exclusion from social relations (ESR) is unwanted as it undermines people’s ability to lead a healthy, active, and independent life. Policies to reduce this form of exclusion have been limited in effectiveness, due in part to a broader lack of knowledge about the dynamics of social exclusion in older ages and the intersection of social exclusion with gender constructions. To advance our understanding of ESR in later life, we develop a heuristic model based on theories and previous empirical studies. Considering the gendered constructing forces of ESR in older age that can potentially lead to loneliness and reduced health and wellbeing, the model identifies individual drivers, such as biopsychosocial conditions, personal standards and life- -course transitions, and macro-level drivers, such as norms and welfare state provisions. This model can serve as a conceptual platform for further theoretical development and empirical study on the gendered construction of ESR in later life. While our focus is on drivers of ESR and its outcomes, potential reversed effects are also discussed.
The concept of social exclusion is widely used in academia and social policy discourse in European countries. However, one of the constituents of social exclusion, namely, exclusion from social relationships, remains unclear and underdeveloped both conceptually and empirically. Moreover, knowledge on the patterns of exclusion from social relationships among men and women in later adulthood is even less advanced. Therefore, we developed a multidimensional scale for measuring an individual’s level of embeddedness in social relationships and examined the gender patterns of social embeddedness. We applied latent class analysis to survey data collected on a sample of 2015 residents of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia aged 50+. We derived a seven-class model based on a continuum from strong to weak social embeddedness. We identified two classes with a high level of exclusion from social relations and, conversely, two classes with a high level of social embeddedness. Subsequent multinomial regression analysis revealed that gender was a statistically significant predictor in the cases of the most excluded class and one of the most socially embedded classes.
Based on an analysis of the works of Łukasz Surowiec, demonstrated at the exhibition Dziady (2013) in The Bunkier Sztuki Gallery in Cracow, the author examines the ways in which Surowiec's art interferes with the realm of political. She draws on the concepts of Jacques Ranciere's le partage du sensible and Andrzej Turowski's particular art to point on some innovative strategies the artist uses in order to subvert the existing, stabilized visual regimes of homelessness and social exclusion. The aim of this article is to answer the question, if and how the work of Surowiec contributes to a political change.
According to the System Justification Theory by Jost Banaji people are motivated to defend existing social arrangements, often at the expense of their personal and group interests. It can be seen in legitimation of the status quo, out-group favoritism and in increased system justification among members of groups that are most discriminated by that system. Although large body of research supports this theory, there is also growing evidence that the motivation to justify the system is not universal for all societies. In the following paper author discusses differences in need for system justification between citizens of countries with a long tradition of capitalism and citizens of post-communist countries and their possible political implications.
W 2010 r. Rada Europy ustaliła 5 głównych celów strategii „Europa 2020”. Jeden z nich dotyczył promocji integracji społecznej, szczególnie poprzez redukcję ubóstwa. Autorzy artykułu proponują metodę pomiaru ubóstwa pozwalającą na identyfi kację tych krajów UE, które mają największą liczbę ubogich i do których powinny trafi ć największe środki pomocowe w celu osiągnięcia przyjętego w strategii „Europa 2020” celu zmniejszenia liczby najuboższych mieszkańców UE o 20 mln. Proponowana metoda uwzględnia zarówno wskaźniki pieniężne, jak i niepieniężne ukazujące deprywację materialną gospodarstw domowych ludzi najuboższych. Stosując tę metodę, autorzy obliczyli liczbę ludzi biednych i zakres ubóstwa w poszczególnych krajach UE oraz oszacowali koszty fi nansowe zakładanej redukcji ubóstwa.
EN
In 2010, the European Council determined 5 major aims of the strategy ‘Europe 2020’. One of those aims concerned the promotion of social integration, notably by reducing the extent of poverty. The authors of the paper propose a method of measuring the poverty which could help to identify the EU countries having the biggest numbers of the poor and which should receive the biggest fi nancial support needed in order to reduce the total number of the poor in the European Union by 20 million, as assumed in the strategy ‘Europe 2020’. The proposed method takes into consideration both monetary and non-monetary indicators showing material deprivation of the poorest households. Using this method, the authors have estimated the numbers of the poor and the scope of poverty in the individual EU countries and calculated the fi nancial costs of the assumed reduction of the poverty.
RU
В 2010 г. Совет Европы определил 5 главных целей стратегии „Европа 2020”. Одна из них касалась продвижения и поддержки социальной интеграции, прежде всего путем сокращения размеров бедности. Авторы статьи предлагают метод замера бедности, по- зволяющий определить те страны ЕС, в которых количество бедных наиболее велико. Именно туда, выполняя задачу стратегии по сокращению количества бедных на 20 млн. чел., должны быть направлены основные средства помощи. Предлагаемый метод учи- тывает как денежные, так и неденежные показатели, указывающие на материальную депривацию домашних хозяйств самых бедных слоев населения. Авторы с помощью этого метода произвели расчеты количества бедных и структуру бедности в отдельных странах ЕС, а также оценили финансовые затраты по сокращению бедности.
The article has been touched the problem of NEET s in the EU, as a special case of unemployed young people. Presents the etymology of the concept, the probable risk factors of the phenomenon and the social costs to individual entities. Segmentation in the NEET population it’s a significant problem. NEET is a category that contains a variety of subgroups, some of whom are vulnerable and some are not, with very different experiences, characteristics and needs. Heterogeneity of the NEET determine various forms of helping or intervention. The article also included are current proposals to solve the problem of NEETs in the EU.
In this paper the author indicates the current contexts and mechanisms of social exclusion. The presented analysis is carried out from the critical perspective. The mechanisms of social exclusion have been identified as those of neo-liberal/market character. These are the processes, such as: privatisation, decentralisation, deregulation, competition as well as commodification of social relations. The author discusses the number of incorrect assumptions of neoliberalism and social order based on those assumptions. The conclusion is that the application of those assumptions in practice of social life has caused the emergence of many social problems, namely social inequality, rising unemployment, impoverishment of many social groups, etc. The author also points out that the assumptions underlying the policy being labelled as the Third Way or the concept of inclusive and sustainable development also are pro-market in their character. This indicates that the economic growth is still considered as the main indicator of social development. The author presents the opinion that the social policy conducted in this manner leads to the occurrence of the people’s attitudes of despair and the increase in the feeling of uncertainty that are experienced at both, the individual (especially by people suffering from social exclusion) as well as the social levels. The paper ends up with the question whether and to what extent the generation of young people in Poland is affected by the mechanisms of social exclusion.
This issue consists of nine articles, followed by two books reviews. The contributions reveal that the issues of inclusion and exclusion can be analysed in very different contexts of the sports field, with relation to different sports disciplines, and different groups and countries. The authors provide analysis of their own research, analysis of secondary data, as well as theoretical frameworks and a large number of references. The topics raised and case studies analysed are predominantly very recent.
A public school is an institution for all pupils in a given administrative region. In its actions, it must be guided by the principles of tolerance and social egalitarianism. Social egalitarianism is framed in terms of equal educational opportunities and social justice. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced a significant change in the school practice. Distance learning has become the main form. In this article, we discuss the issue of public school social egalitarianism in the context of the results of the students’ opinion poll on the transformation of traditional forms of education into distance learning.
This paper provides a possible answer to the question of why so few people with disabilities enter the labor market. Introductory remarks on the importance of work and being employed in human life are followed by different definitions of disability. By reference to the basic facts about employing people with disabilities in Poland, the author identifies and examines the obstacles that make it difficult for a disabled person to get a job. Along with architectural barriers in the workplace and unfavorable attitude of the employers, there is another factor that narrows down the range of job offers available to disabled individuals: an average level of education in this group of people, comparing to others, is lower. As a consequence, job and life opportunities for this social group remain significantly limited.
The paper presents thematic analyses relating to migration processes, situated between the Legacy of the Past and Challenges of the Future. The authors focus on a complex migration process referring to key factors that characterise it as well as dominant concepts in host societies: segregation and integration. The theoretical considerations undertaken in the text are primarily oriented towards presenting the diverse situation of Migrant Children and Youth “On the Move” as a category of the young generation affected by migration processes. The text is an attempt to reflect on the functioning of migrant backgrounds in the context of children’s and adolescents’ integration with the new place of residence. Particular attention was drawn to fragile areas generating distance, social exclusion and consequently hindering the process of integration.
The social assistance system faces challenges related to the emergence of new problems (e.g., migration processes, military conflicts). The ACTTE project was prepared in response to these needs. It is based on the Empowerment concept, which emphasises the social strengthening and restoration of people’s total possible participation. One of the project’s tasks was to conduct research. Its methodology was based on the action research concept. As part of the research, interviews were conducted. Data were collected on participants’ experiences gained during the training and utilising the acquired knowledge and skills in professional practice. The results are presented in the article.
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.