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EN
According to the Eurobarometer (European Commission, 2010), 39% of the Estonian adult population is not physically active at all. This percentage is relatively high compared to other countries that are culturally close to Estonia; the corresponding figure of close neighbors Finland and Sweden is below 10%. The article aims to present the results of a survey of physical activity (n=1,009) conducted in Estonia in 2013 and analyzes physical activity levels across various social groups. The results of the article show that employment, age, education, and ethnicity are important factors for engaging in leisure-time physical activity in Estonia. Non-ethnic Estonians, the less educated, the elderly, the unemployed, and those on maternity leave are less engaged in regular leisure exercise than people in other social groups. The results of the article were used to develop Estonia’s Sports 2030 strategy.
EN
The study deals with toponymic space as part of the social space in which individuals and different societies exist. Based on the analogy between the appellative vocabulary, which uses the term communication register, a set of toponyms used in social groups is called social toponyms. These form a toponymic register of the concrete social group. Talking about an individual, we talk about the toponymic register of the individual, which is formed by sub-registers of societies, of which that individual is a part. Social groups that use their own social toponyms can be divided according to age (infant, youth), profession (forest workers, peasants), interest (hunters, fishermen, sportsmen).
EN
The purpose of the article is an investigation of socio-pedagogical positions of subjectness as an important basis for children and youth socialization, appreciating the necessity to form decision-making capabilities in young generation in the modern era and being a source of personal activity. Research methods were scientific literature analysis, synthesis, generalization, and systematization of scientific views. Research analysis allowed the authors to draw general conclusion about essential characteristics of subjectness as an important feature of children and young sociality in social transformationsera. Thus, subjectness phenomenon is considered as something that is not obvious, but needed to certain conditions for its manifestation. Such external conditions are social transformations, critical events, social situations; so, they require not trivial actions from the subject. The authors considered also personality conscious purpose and motive of activity by which the subject is included in work to be basic requirement for subjectness development in subject. Personality with subjectness has certain effective characteristics; one is the ground of activity, having the motive of such activity with a plan and ways for its implementation. Personality is interested in results, and carrying responsibility for them. The article advances the view that subjectness is not a permanent quality or subject characteristic. Such property distinguishes subjectness from sociality, since sociality is characterized by greater resistance and stability of existence in the personality integration. Acquired in childhood skills, strategy, experience of social interaction (language, etiquette, social taboos, traditions, mental and behavioural patterns, etc.) always remain with a person (except critical situations: loss of memory, severe mental illness, ets.). Subjectness is a socio-personal characteristic dependent on psychological, social, spatial, and temporal conditions; it can be seen as a situational manifestation of sociality reflected the quality and specificity of acquired human sociality. The authors proposed to extend concept of the major trends of sociality changes within society, separate social groups and subjects through the study of subjectness specificity during public transformations.
EN
The purpose of the article has been to analyse the way the big Prussian towns presented their own political organisation and especially the form they exercised their power. The author attempts to answer the question to which extent the presented image took into consideration the contribution of the citizens’ community in the control over the town and in the creation of the governing bodies, and to which extent the town was presented as a community under the control of the Council. The basis for the conclusions were written sources. The author has proved that until the beginning of the 16th century the town was represented as a community of its citizens, acting directly in corpore and through its administrative and judicial bodies. The fact that at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries the regime in big Prussian towns became soviet in its character caused that also in the representation of the town the control of the council over the commune was started to be emphasised. In spite of the monopolising of power by the merchant oligarchy and in spite of the regime reality the town was presented as a community whose citizens participated in making laws and decisions in the interests of the common good. That was the model of communal power that was especially emphasised in times of internal conflict and external threats. Yet, unlike the homogenous community of commune civitatis or dy bürger algemeyne that appeared in the sources from the 13th century and the first half of 14th century the late Middle Ages commune seems to have been a diversified community created by various professional groups (merchants, artisans) and it acted through different bodies: a council, courts of law, guilds.
XX
Celem artykułu jest analiza przedstawiania przez wielkie miasta pruskie własnej organizacjipolitycznej, w szczególności zaś formy sprawowania władzy. Autor podejmujepróbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakim stopniu konstruowany obraz własny uwzględniałudział wspólnoty obywateli w rządzeniu miastem i kreowaniu organów władzy,a w jakim przedstawiano miasto jako wspólnotę podlegającą władztwu rady. Podstawąwniosków są źródła pisane. Autor wykazuje, że do początku XIV wieku miasto reprezentowałosię jako wspólnota obywateli, działająca bezpośrednio in corpore oraz zapośrednictwem swoich organów administracyjnych i sądowych. Wykształcenie się naprzełomie XIII/XIV wieku w dużych miastach pruskich ustroju radzieckiego sprawiło,że także w reprezentacji miasta zaczęto artykułować władztwo rady nad komuną. Mimomonopolizacji władzy w mieście przez oligarchię kupiecką, wbrew realiom ustrojowym,miasto przedstawiało się jako wspólnota, której obywatele uczestniczą w stanowieniuprawa i podejmowaniu decyzji w interesie dobra wspólnego. Taki model władzy komunalnejeksponowano szczególnie w czasach zagrożenia zewnętrznego oraz konfliktówwewnętrznych. W odróżnieniu jednak od jednolitej wspólnoty commune civitatis lubdy bürger algemeyne pojawiającej się w źródłach z XIII i I połowy XIV wieku, komunapóźnośredniowieczna prezentuje się jako społeczność zróżnicowana, tworzona przezróżne grupy zawodowe (kupców, rzemieślników) i działająca za pośrednictwem różnychorganów: rady, ławy sądowej, cechów.
EN
Nałkowski lived in times of rapid transformation of civilization and during the period of ideological ferment, in a colonized country which at that time was Poland. Clearly disappointed with social and political reality, he turned his interest towards the trendy socialist ideas, seeing in them the hope for improving the living conditions of the society. The discerning analysis of the Nałkowski’s Social Writings (ed. 1951), allowed the author to assess the influence of the intellectual atmosphere on his activities and views. Although Nałkowski was a supporter of modern ideas, such as evolution, his intellectual independence and strength were the reason why he never became political activist. Moreover, he refused to join socialist movements and organizations. His ideological position and uncompromising character as well as the controversial, typical for him way of expressing opinions and views caused, that he was excluded from the political circles and condemned to an existence outside of academia, and often on the margins of intellectual life.
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EN
The article presents the problem of formation of ergonomic awareness in the group of academic teachers, students of the University of Technology and the University of Economic Science in Poznań. A survey has been carried out to verify the knowledge of basic terms from the area of ergonomics, as well as the term of awareness and its interpretation in the group of examined people. The problem of forming ergonomic awareness has been discussed in different age groups. Methods of forming ergonomic awareness and methods adjusted to different age groups mentioned before have been presented. Both general social activities for shaping ergonomic awareness in the entire society and individual activities, directed on specific individuals, have been distinguished.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę dotyczącą kształtowania świadomości ergonomicznej wśród wykładowców uczelni, studentów Politechniki Poznańskiej i studentów Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu. W tym celu na wybranej grupie respondentów przeprowadzono badania przy pomocy kwestionariuszy, weryfikujące znajomość podstawowych pojęć dotyczących ergonomii, a także pojęcia świadomości i jej interpretacji wśród badanych. Przedyskutowany został problem kształtowania świadomości ergonomicznej w różnych grupach wiekowych. Przedstawiono sposoby kształtowania świadomości ergonomicznej. Wskazano na metody, z uwzględnieniem wcześniej omawianych grup wiekowych. Wyróżniono zarówno działania ogólnospołeczne, mające na celu wykształcenie świadomości ergonomicznej w odniesieniu do całego społeczeństwa, jak i działania indywidualne, kierowane bezpośrednio do konkretnej jednostki.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the problem of intercultural dialog in the context of territorial sovereignty respect. In detail, author describes the main reasons for ethnic separatism and its influence on society. The article highlights examples of separatism manifestations around the globe and determines its main typologies. Significantly, the quantitative and qualitative markers for evaluating separatist movement are determined. The focus revolves around the differences between the ethnic, religious and racial separatism. It should be capitalized, that in the process of conflict it’s relevant to depict the role of stereotypes, phobias, labeling and prejudice. Furthermore, accelerating globalization processes testify to the notion of intercultural competencies, enabling research stakeholders to manage cultural diversity more effectively and monitor development according to recommended measurements of success. It’s hard to deny that without such competency model, misunderstandings and stereotypes rooted in identity are conflict capable. Moreover, the authors intend to systemize and propose the strategy of ethnic policy that can be done in order to avoid any of cross-cultural conflicts.
Język Polski
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2017
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vol. 97
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issue 3
5-18
PL
Artykuł rozpoczyna się od przeglądu polskich prac na temat świadomości językowej. Wśród nich wyróżniają się dwie monografie historyczne, które odnoszą się do świadomości całego społeczeństwa polskiego – od X do XV wieku (K. Maćkowiak 2011) oraz w okresie 1918–1939 (M. Sagan-Bielawa 2014). Autorzy innych prac analizują świadomość polskich grup społecznych, żyjących współcześnie. W części drugiej autor przedstawił definicje świadomości językowej K. Maćkowiaka i M. Sagan-Bielawy oraz cechy świadomości językowej według P. Scherfera (1983), a także definicję postaw wobec języka A. Markowskiego (1999). Mimo że wielu autorów proponowało wcześniej prowadzenie badań świadomości językowej Polaków, nie powstał żaden program takich badań. Dlatego autor proponuje siedmiopunktowy program badań świadomości językowej współczesnych Polaków, także tych mieszkających poza Polską. Artykuł kończy część poświęcona kształtowaniu świadomości językowej w przyszłości. Autor omawia tu prace analizujące fakt, że ok. 70% polskich migrantów europejskich nie przekazuje języka polskiego swoim dzieciom, uważając go za niepotrzebny.
EN
The article opens with a review of Polish research devoted to language awareness. Two monographs adopting a historic perspective seem particularly important, one characterising language awareness in the Polish society from the 10th to the 15th century (K. Maćkowiak 2011) and the other in the years 1918–1939 (M. Sagan-Bielawa 2014). The remaining body of reviewed research investigates language awareness among various Polish groups living contemporarily. This part is followed by a discussion of the definitions of language awareness proposed by K. Maćkowiak and M. Sagan-Bielawa, the features of language awareness by P. Scherfer, as well as attitudes towards language by A. Markowski. Despite numerous earlier suggestions of the necessity to conduct research on language awareness among Polish people, no program of such research has to date been proposed. In the present article, W. Miodunka puts forward a seven-point program to guide further research into language awareness among Polish people, including those who live abroad. The article concludes with reflections on how to shape language awareness in the future. Here, the author takes into account research demonstrating that about 70% of Polish emigrants in Europe do not transmit Polish to their children, deeming it unnecessary. Those parents should be educated on the benefits resulting from bilingualism and on the many advantages offered to multilinguals in Europe.
EN
The article presents Silesian culinary customs in the context of the cultural changes of the last few centuries. The author refers to the remarks of Norbert Elias, who illustrated these metamorphoses by describing behaviour in everyday life, including culinary customs. This methodology is applied to the description of regional cooking customs - the author postulates broadening the field of research and going beyond the analysis of the Upper Silesian peasant’s behaviour only. He argues against the stereotype of identifying the description of native cuisine with plebeian menus, citing, for example, the case of the cuisine of Prince George Rudolf of Legnica, where the Swiss cookbook by Anna Wecker (1605) was used, the English menu at the Pszczyna court of the Hochberg family, or the influence of the Schlesisches Kochbuch by Henrietta Pelz on Silesian bourgeois cuisine at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. These examples lead the author to conclude that Silesian cuisine was open to the transfer of culinary customs, a phenomenon he interprets as a readiness to embrace cultural change by different social groups in the region.
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostały śląskie obyczaje kulinarne w kontekście przemian kulturowych ostatnich kilku wieków. Autor przywołuje uwagi Norberta Eliasa, który te metamorfozy ilustrował poprzez opis zachowań w życiu codziennym, w tym – obyczajów kulinarnych. Ta metodologia jest odniesiona do opisu obyczajów kuchni regionalnej – autor postuluje poszerzenia pola badań i wyjście poza analizę wyłącznie zachowań górnośląskiego chłopa. Polemizuje ze stereotypem utożsamiania opisu rodzimej kuchni z jadłospisem plebejskim, przywołując m.in. przykład kuchni legnickiego księcia Jerzego Rudolfa, gdzie korzystano ze szwajcarskiej książki kucharskiej Anny Wecker (1605), angielskie menu na pszczyńskim dworze Hochbergów czy wpływ Schlesisches Kochbuch autorstwa Henrietty Pelz na śląską kuchnię mieszczańską na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Te przykłady prowadzą autora do wniosku, iż śląska kuchnia była otwarta na transfer obyczajów kulinarnych, a to zjawisko interpretuje jako gotowość do przyjmowania kulturowych zmian przez różne grupy społeczne regionu.
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51%
EN
From beginnings of the existence of the man on the earth people moved seeking the better place for themselves. The main cause of these migrations of you the hope that you will find more favorable conditions for development. People seeking better Land under crops and animal husbandry, and at the alone time rich in natural resources. However in those times the migration had collective character above all and usually concerned the entire tribes which took everything with themselves what had, i.e. crop plants, animals and tools. At present however the migration assumed the individualized form. In the twenty-first century decision it is leave outside the squares of residence of the of personages shall own or at the bridge, together with their families.
PL
Od początków istnienia człowieka na ziemi ludzie przemieszczali się szukając dla siebie lepszego miejsca. Główną przyczyną tych wędrówek była nadzieja, że znajdą bardziej sprzyjające warunki do rozwoju. Ludzie poszukiwali lepszej ziemi pod uprawę roślin i hodowlę zwierząt, a przy tym obfitującej w naturalne bogactwa. Jednakże w tamtych czasach migracja miała przede wszystkim zbiorowy charakter i dotyczyła zazwyczaj całych plemion, które zabierały z sobą wszystko co posiadały, tj. rośliny uprawne, zwierzęta oraz narzędzia. Obecnie natomiast migracja przyjęła zindywidualizowaną formę. W XXI wieku decyzję o wyjeździe poza miejsce zamieszkania osoby podejmują samodzielnie lub co najwyżej wspólnie ze swoimi rodzinami.
Vox Patrum
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2015
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vol. 63
273-286
EN
The aim of the present paper is to thoroughly reconstruct the meaning of the official cult ceremonies for the social life of the Roman Imperial army. Crucial to the analysis is the evidence produced by the Feriale Duranum, a papyrus docu­ment dating to the reign of Severus Alexander, but supported also by other sources. The matter of loyalty to the state and ruler is characteristic of most military ceremonies. Hierarchy and social order are emphasised as well, all four being values important for the military ideology. Participation in the same rites influ­enced the morale and esprit de corps not only in a particular unit, but also within the whole army. Therefore one can view the rites as an expression of a military identity, serving also to distinguish the soldiers as a separate social group. The of­ficial holidays were also of importance for the private life of a soldier, being one of few occasions when exemption from work and free time were granted. This made such ceremonies a welcome break from camp routine. As such, the official military religious rites were vital for the social life of both individual soldiers and military communities, be it units or even the whole army.
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