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EN
Objectives: The neoclassical economic framework is a dominant approach in both theoretical and applied fields, such as public policy design. Despite the substantial amount of criticism towards the neoclassical assumptions of rational choice and obstacles related to preference aggregation, there is a minor concern regarding the underlying philosophy of the mainstream public policy design, namely static social utility maximisation under exogenously given social preferences.This paper analyses the inherent biases of the public policy based on the neoclassical background, attempting to prove that although such an approach can theoretically lead to the socially optimal outcome, it is hardly in line with the long-run social survival and development objectives. Other than this, the paper attempts to explore how incorporating alternative approaches towards individual and collective rationality into the theory of social choice can allow for designing a more sustainable public policy. Research Design & Methods: The paper presents the review of the relevant literature alongside the theoretical inquiry into the underlying logic and philosophy of the neoclassical approach towards the public policy design as well as the most relevant non-mainstream theories. Findings: It is demonstrated that the assumptions behind the neoclassical framework are inconsistent with the notions of social evolution and social sustainability. Implications / Recommendation: The persistent idea that public policymakers should attempt to maximise social utility implies artificial limitations for public policy as well as ill-designed goals and objectives. There is a strong need to reconsider the appropriateness of using the neoclassical analytical framework in public policy design. Contribution / Value added: The framework discussed in this article serves as the ground for more sustainable public policy design principles.
Ethics in Progress
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 2
104-152
EN
This paper describes using current literature and research a problem that has plagued social scientists for centuries, see that of „moral sentiments?. Human beings are inherently social by nature and hold certain regard for others? opinions (esteem preferences) as well as for others generally (altruism). It is argued in the article that such preferences may in fact be consistent with a core rational human agent. It is furthermore argued that the lack of regard for such preferences in social sciences research (and particularly within the domain of economics) severely weakens models and theories in the respective disciplines. A few potential avenues for including social preferences writ large into social science (read: economic) modeling are outlined.
EN
The main aim of this article is to supplement gaps in current knowledge concerning the development of competences related to goods allocation choices. We conducted a study in which 158 children aged 5 to 6 made choices concerning allocations of goods between themselves and the other, anonymous child. The crucial findings point to boys as more selfish in their choices than girls. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the claim that young children (especially boys) are aware that their choices are egoistic. Since our study adopted a similar methodology to that of the recent Swiss study, we were able to conduct cross-cultural analysis. The comparison of children’s choices in the Polish study and the Swiss one pictures Polish children as displaying a stronger egalitarian preferences and revealing egoistic preferences less frequently than the children from Switzerland.
PL
W modelowych analizach prowadzonych w ramach nowej ekonomii politycznej często przyjmuje się, że osoby zamożne preferują mniejszy rozmiar sektora publicznego (mniejszą ilości dostarczanych dóbr publicznych) niż osoby biedne. Celem artykułu jest empiryczna weryfikacja modelowej zależności pomiędzy wysokością dochodu a preferencjami społecznymi dotyczącymi wielkości sektora publicznego oraz poszczególnych dóbr publicznych. W tym celu wykorzystuje się dane z wyborów parlamentarnych w Polsce za rok 2011, zgromadzone w ramach projektu Polskiego Generalnego Studium Wyborczego (PGSW). Wykorzystując metody statystyczne, bada się rozkład preferencji respondentów, dzieląc ich według średniej i mediany dochodu oraz trzech grup dochodowych. Weryfikuje się rozkład preferencji społecznych dotyczących wzrostu wydatków publicznych, ogółem oraz poszczególnych dóbr publicznych wyrażonych przy pomocy wydatków na: służbę zdrowia, oświatę, bezrobotnych, wojsko, emerytury, dotacje i wsparcie dla biznesu oraz przedsiębiorców, policję i wymiar sprawiedliwości oraz świadczenia socjalne.
EN
In many political economics models, it is commonly assumed that wealthy people prefer smaller size of public sector (less amount of public goods supplied) than the poor. The purpose of this article is to verify the relationship between the income distribution and social preferences for the size of the public sector and quantity of some public goods supplied. To complete the goal data collected under the project Polish General Election Study (PGSW) from parliamentary elections in Poland for the year 2011 is used. By the use of statistical methods distribution of social preferences for the size of public sector and public goods into the income groups is verified. Empirical data supports political economics models assumption about social preferences concerning the size of public sector. Results differ between different public goods.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono preferencje społeczne wobec sposobu finansowania opieki długoterminowej w Polsce. Informacje zebrano w 2016 r., wykorzystując metodę CATI (wywiadów telefonicznych). Zakres terytorialny badania obejmował całą Polskę, a zakres podmiotowy uwzględniał osoby w wieku od 40 do 69 lat. Próba badawcza liczyła 1026 respondentów. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują opinie i preferencje, czyli nie przedstawiają faktycznego sposobu finansowania opieki długoterminowej, lecz to, w jaki sposób respondenci życzyliby sobie, aby była ona opłacana. Z uzyskanych deklaracji wynika, że respondenci są mocno podzieleni w opiniach na temat tego, kto w głównej mierze ma za zadanie finansować opiekę długoterminową. Ponad połowa z nich uważa, że powinna ona być opłacana przede wszystkim ze środków publicznych, a około 40 proc., że ze źródeł prywatnych. Wskazania różnią się w zależności od wieku, poziomu wykształcenia, posiadania dzieci, sytuacji materialnej oraz regionu zamieszkania.
EN
The article presents social attitudes towards the financing of long-term care in Poland. Information was collected by CATI method (telephone interviews). The territorial scope of the research covered the whole of Poland, and the respondents were aged from 40 to 69 years. The sample consisted of 1026 people. The results show the ways respondents would like long-term care to be financed. Respondents are strongly divided on the opinion about who should finance long-term care. More than a half of them think that it should be the state, with about 40% preferring private sources of funding. These opinions differ depending on the age, education level, family and material situation as well as the region of residence.
EN
Objectives: This study investigated whether preschool and early school age children's friendship choices are modulated by a talker's regional dialect, and whether the potential preference for local/native dialect would be attenuated by a child's more diverse language experience. Methods: An online forced-choice experiment was administered. Each of 12 trials contained a pair of sentences recorded by two different same-sex speakers: one was a speaking the Central Bohemian variety of Czech and the other speaking a phonetically distinct Nothern Moravian-Silesian dialect. Data were collected from a total 81 participants, aged 5 to 8 years from both regions, who, upon listening to both sentences in each trial, indicated which of the two children they would like to play with. Results: A generalized linear mixed-effects model revealed a statistically significant interaction of age and participant location (average estimated effect size = 16.4 %, SE = 8.1 %, z = 2.031, p = .042). Pairwise comparisons showed that younger Moravian-Silesian children had a stronger preference for their own local dialect than younger Central Bohemian children, and marginally also than the older Moravian-Silesian children. Conclusions: The results can be explained by considering that older Moravian-Silesian children have a more diverse language experience (associated with starting school), similarly to Central Bohemian children of any age who have a more diverse language experience due to a greater linguistic variation in their region. Such richer, more varied, language experience might then attenuate children's preferences for their own dialect. Limitations: The recruitment procedures for both regions were kept identical in order to recruit comparably motivated participants' parents, which is crucial to collect comparably reliable data using an online experiment administered by the children's parents. This however resulted in a relatively small sample of the younger group of Moravian-Silesian children. Follow-up research, ideally lab-based, is needed to test the replicability of the present findings and to collect more detailed information on children's language, dialectal, and education background.
CS
Cíl. Experiment zkoumal, zda jsou sociální preference dětí předškolního a mladšího školního věku ovlivněny regionálním dialektem mluvčího a zda mohou být potenciální preference pro lokální/vlastní dialekt tlumeny bohatší jazykovou zkušeností dítěte. Metody. V percepčním online experimentu byla zkoumána dialektově podmíněná volba kamaráda. Každá z 12 experimentálních položek obsahovala dvojici vět, které byly nahrány dvěma různými mluvčími stejného pohlaví: jeden mluvil středočeskou varietou češtiny a druhý mluvil foneticky odlišným moravskoslezským dialektem. Formou nuceného výběru měli participanti v každém pokusu rozhodnout, se kterým ze dvou dětí by si chtěli raději hrát. Data byla sebrána od 81 participantů ve věku 5 až 8 let, kteří si poslechli obě nahrávky a následně se rozhodli, se kterým ze dvou mluvčích by si raději hráli. Výsledky. Smíšený model logistické regrese odhalil významnou interakci věku a lokality participanta (průměrná modelovaná velikost efektu = 16,4 %, SE = 8,1 %, z = 2,031, p = 0,042). Párová srovnání ukázala, že mladší (věk 4 a 5 let) moravskoslezské děti měly silnější preferenci pro svůj lokální dialekt než mladší středočeské děti a okrajově také než starší (věk 6 a 7 let) moravskoslezské děti. Závěry. Výsledky naznačují, že jazykově podmíněné sociální preference mohou být ovlivněny variovaností jazykového prostředí, ve kterém se dítě nachází. Slabší preference pro rodný dialekt u mladších dětí ve Středočeském kraji než v Moravskoslezském kraji mohou být výsledkem variovanějšího jazykového prostředí středočeského regionu (včetně Prahy). Stejně tak může být (okrajově významné) slábnutí preference pro rodný dialekt u starších dětí v rámci Moravskoslezského kraje spjato s nástupem do školy, jež dítěti taktéž poskytuje variovanější jazykové prostředí. Limity. Relativně malý vzorek mladší skupiny moravskoslezských dětí, který ovšem reflektuje demografickou situaci: způsob náboru participantů do experimentu byl pro oba regiony stejný, aby participanti v obou regionech pocházeli ze srovnatelně motivovaných částí populace, což je ke sběru spolehlivých dat prostřednictvím online experimentu klíčové. Autorky navrhují provést navazující výzkum, ideálně v laboratoři, který ověří replikovatelnost výsledků a bude sbírat více podrobných údajů ohledně jazykového a dialektového pozadí dítěte.
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