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Social Remittances and More: Reflections on 25 Years of Migration Studies

100%
Levitt P., Grabowska I.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 2
15-19
EN
Instead of Preface: Reflexive Interview with Professor Peggy Levitt
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Mapping Social Remittances and ‘Segmented Development’ in Central and Eastern Europe

51%
Grabowska I., Garapich M. P.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 2
5-13
EN
Migratory remittances are inseparable components of development. At the same time, both these concepts are contested, with less than clear contours (Castles, de Haas and Miller 2009); development in particular is based predominately on ‘an assumption that something is moving from a lower, less differentiated status to a higher, better and more differentiated one’ (Hammar and Tamas 1997: 18). This includes the belief that some societies are the least, some less, and some the most developed or advanced (Hammar and Tamas 1997). In this sense, migration plays a key role as one of the symptoms of development.
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(Trans)national intergenerational care contract. Attitudes and practises of transnational families towards elderly care

51%
Krzyżowski Ł.
Studia Humanistyczne AGH
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2014
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vol. 13
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issue 2
EN
In this article I am focused on the functioning of the transnational intergenerational care system. This is dynamic,as it is bound up with the life cycle of the transnational family, and on the one hand, denotes practices associatedwith any assistance parents provide to their migrant children and on the other – in the event of elderly peoplebeing faced with health and basic living problems – with the phenomenon of migrants caring for their parentsin old age. The transnational system of care also incorporates the involvement (or lack of involvement, as faras this triggers consequences that are of relevance here) of relatively immobile people, for example the siblingsof migrants who provide (or not, as the case may be) domestic support for their elderly parents. In this articleI adopt the thesis that migrants who function in different care regimes change not only their own but also theirparents’ attitudes towards elderly care.
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From Potential to Actual Social Remittances? Exploring How Polish Return Migrants Cope with Difficult Employment Conditions

51%
Karolak M.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 2
21-39
EN
The aim of this paper is to examine individual social remittances in the sphere of employment, against the background of the changing employment patterns and flexibilisation of work. Through an analysis of life stories of post-accession return migrants from the UK to Poland, it investigates the way in which returnees’ work experience gathered abroad impacts on their perception of employment standards in general. The revealed differences are understood as ‘potential social remittances’, i.e. the discrepancies acknowledged by returnees between the realities experienced during emigration and after their return (in this case to Poland). It is argued that the actualisation of the ‘potential social remittances’ depends on return migrants’ coping strategies as well as on the institutional and structural settings in returnees’ home country. The four main distinguished strategies are: re-emigration, activism, adaptation and entrepreneurship.
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Social Remittances and the Impact of Temporary Migration on an EU Sending Country: The Case of Poland

51%
Grabowska I., Engbersen G.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 2
99-117
EN
This article sheds light on the unintended consequences of temporary migration from Poland by combining Merton’s functional analysis with Levitt’s work on social remittances. In addition to economic remittances, Polish migrants have been bringing norms, values, practices and social capital to their communities of origin since the end of the nineteenth century. The article presents a juxtaposition of the non-material effects of earlier migration from Poland, dating from the turn of the twentieth century, with those of the contemporary era of migration from Poland since the 1990s. The analysis shows that some aspects, such as negotiating gender roles, the changing division of household labour, individualistic lifestyles, new skills and sources of social capital, and changing economic rationalities are constantly being transferred by migrants from destination to origin communities. Contemporary digital tools facilitate these transfers and contribute to changing norms and practices in Polish society. The article demonstrates that migration fulfils specific functions for particular sections of Polish society by replacing some functions of the communist state (e.g., cash assistance and loans from communist factories, factory and post-coop cultures) and by facilitating their adaptation to changing conditions (e.g., changing gender relations, new models of family, job aspirations and social mobility).
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The Circulation of Non-Economic Capital in the Migration Cycle. Empirical Perspective

51%
Dzięglewski M.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
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2013
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issue 1(23)
155-171
EN
In the context of post‑accession migration from Poland it is important to analyze not only its economic but social and cultural implications for receiving and home country as well as for migrants themselves. Recent migration takes place in a new context of inter‑European mobility and as such can be treated as a part of ‘life project’, career strategy and a new form of migration. The paper focus is on the theoretical and empirical frame of social and cultural capital accumulated by migrants abroad and transferred into home country. The theoretical framework is supposed to provide a base for empirical research on the social and cultural capital transfer possibilities in the case of return migration. The question such a research would try to answer is: can the return migrants bean active actors of innovation and social change?
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The Complexity of Return: Socio-Cultural Remittances of Highly Skilled Belarusians

51%
Bobova N.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 2
119-134
EN
This article investigates the post-return experiences of highly skilled Belarusian professionals. I concentrate on the socio-cultural aspects of highly skilled migration and view returnees as carriers of new experiences, ideas, and practices by studying the ways in which they apply various socio-cultural remittances to the different spheres of their lives. In particular, I argue that the formation and transmission of socio-cultural remittances are strongly heterogeneous and selective processes, which manifest themselves to varying degrees not only in different people, but also in different aspects of people’s lives. The analysis of several socio-cultural remittances in private and public spheres shows that in some cases the socio-cultural remittances display strong gender differences. Moreover, the highly skilled returnees appear to be proactive remitters: some of them re-interpret and transform the socio-cultural remittances before transmitting them. The research draws on the analysis of 43 in-depth interviews with highly skilled professionals who returned to Belarus after long periods of time spent abroad.
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Narrating Migrant Workplace Experiences: Social Remittances to Poland As Knowledge of British Workplace Cultures

44%
Haynes M., Galasinska A.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 2
41-62
EN
This paper explores how the workplace experience of migrants helps to determine part of the social remittances they can make to their country of origin. The social remittance literature needs to pay more attention to work as an element of the migrant experience. Focus is placed on public internet forums related to newspapers in Poland because these are a very open means of communicating experience to the public sphere. To support the analysis, UK census and other data are used to show both the breadth of work done by Polish migrants in the UK and some of its peculiarities. This is then followed with a more qualitative analysis of selected comments from the gazeta.pl website. The complexities of both the range of migrants’ ideas about their work and also the analysis of internet-based newspaper comment sites as a form of public communication are shown.
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Return Migration and Social Change in Poland: ‘Closures’ to Migrants’ Non-Economic Transfers

44%
Dzięglewski M.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 2
167-188
EN
The aim of this article is to provide an empirical test of the model of non-economic transfers by migrants such as values, attitudes, behaviours, lifestyles, transnational social networks, know-how, skills and knowledge. The first part of the article discusses the current state of Polish society, identifies the direction of social change in Poland since 1989 and analyses the mutual dependency between social change and migration. The second section offers the analytical model and describes how existing empirical data from official statistics and research reports as well as the author’s own research projects have been analysed. The crucial element of the model is the notion of ‘closure’, defined as any factor that makes the migrants’ non-economic transfers difficult or impossible. Within each of the three categories of closure – socio-economic, cultural and psycho-social – more specific barriers to non-economic transfers are tested, e.g., lack of cohesive policy towards return migrants, social narratives on migration or ‘homecomer syndrome’. The analysis leads to the conclusion that, however difficult the measurement of the impact of return migration on social change at this stage, return migrants’ transfers are accelerating the process of social change in Poland towards the model of well-developed, post-modern Western societies, whereas closures impede this process.
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Social Remittances and Migration (Sub-)Cultures in Contemporary Poland

44%
White A.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 2
63-80
EN
The article discusses how to research the impact of migration on social change in sending countries, without using a development studies framework. It argues for greater attention to the lives of ‘stayers’. A comprehensive approach to migration impact should begin by using mainstream sociological research to identify overall social trends in the origin country, before considering migration as one determinant of change. The case study is social remittances in contemporary Poland. Social remittances are understood to include not just foreign ideas, but also those resulting from migrants’ reflections on their own changing lives. One way to investigate how such social remittances ‘scale up’ to create cultural change is to consider the meso-level of regional migration culture. Taking the example of changing gender roles, I discuss Polish sociological and migration scholarship before presenting my own quantitative and qualitative data on stayers’ opinions about maternal migration. I show how stayers in regions with high levels of migration can become persuaded to condone maternal behaviour which is at odds with traditional views on gender roles and the importance of the extended family. Migration cultures are, however, not so visible in other parts of Poland or in Polish cities. The final part of the article employs the concept of migration sub-cultures – pockets of migration exposure and expertise among particular social groups. Examining the case of Wrocław, a prosperous city which might appear to be untouched by migration influences, I argue that such sub-cultures are probably more prevalent than might be assumed.
11
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Social Remittances and Social Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Embedding Migration in the Study of Society

44%
White A., Grabowska I.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2019
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vol. 8
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issue 1
33-50
EN
Our article considers social remittances and social change in Central and Eastern Europe. We show how migration scholarship can be embedded into the wider study of social processes and relations. ‘Social remitting’ sometimes seems to be little more than a slippery catchphrase; however, this article defends the concept. If it is defined carefully and used cautiously, it should help the researcher to think about what, in addition to money, is sent from one society to another and exactly how, thus shedding light on important and insufficiently studied aspects of migration. A close-up view of the processes by which ideas, practices, norms, values and, according to some definitions, social capital and social skills are transferred by migrants across international borders helps researchers to understand more precisely how migration contributes to social change or, in some cases, prevents it from occurring. Our article reviews some of the most interesting arguments and findings presented recently by other scholars and discusses aspects of social remitting which particularly interested us in our own research. The context of our research is social change in Poland: we attempt to understand how migration has contributed to wider patterns of social change since 1989 and exactly how it intertwines with other social trends and globalisation influences. This entails a careful focus on both structural conditions and agency and therefore on social remittances.
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‘I Don’t Want This Town to Change’: Resistance, Bifocality and the Infra-Politics of Social Remittances

44%
Garapich M. P.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 2
155-166
EN
The process of social remitting is complex and multilayered, and involves numerous social actors that at each stage face several choices. By definition, the process of socially remitting ideas, codes of behaviour and practices starts with the migrants themselves and their social context in the destination country. This paper focuses on the as yet unexplored issue of resistance performed and articulated by migrants confronted with potential change influenced by social remittances and the generalised process of diffusion. Faithful to the understanding of social remittances as ultimately a process where individual agency is the crucial determinant, the article follows the ideas, practices and values travelling across the transnational social field between Britain and various localities in Poland. Resistance to change and new ways of doing things is a continuous dialogical process within one culture’s power field, which is understood here in anthropological terms as a porous, open-ended field of competing meanings and discourses. Notions of bifocality, infra-politics of power relations and resistance are an important aspect of remittances and their reinterpretations, and resistance to social remittances by migrants, both in their destinations and in their communities of origin, is a crucial component of the whole process without which our understanding of remittances is incomplete.
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Social Remittances from the Professional Diaspora: The Issue of Home-Country Receptivity

44%
Nevinskaitė L.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 2
135-153
EN
This article deals with the issue of home-country receptivity towards social remittances from the professional diaspora. Social remittances from the highly skilled depend on a favourable context for knowledge and skills transfer in their home countries, a context that could be summarised by the term ‘country receptivity’. This article is based on the case of Lithuania. The data comes from a series of semi-structured interviews with members of the skilled diaspora and representatives of institutions that are involved in programmes targeted at the diaspora. The analysis reveals several groups of obstacles to successful knowledge and skills transfer that may be understood as issues of country receptivity: mistrust of government by diaspora members, expressed as a belief that it is not interested in results and thus involvement of the diaspora, but rather in pursuing particular political objectives; lack of openness towards other experiences (unwillingness of institutions at different levels and in various fields to open up to new opinions, approaches and experiences brought by Lithuanians from abroad); bureaucratic and institutional impediments (inability of institutions to adapt their procedures in the interests of cooperation; slowness and ineffectiveness when dealing with requests or reacting to initiatives from the diaspora); and a perceived negative opinion (unwelcoming attitude) in society towards Lithuanians from abroad. The interviews also provide some tentative evidence of a ‘feedback loop’, through which the involvement of the diaspora causes changes in the home-country institutions. In the discussion part of the article, possible causes and implications of these obstacles are considered.
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The Centenary of the Polish Peasant in Europe and America through the Contemporary Concept of Social Remittances

38%
Grabowska I., Buler M.
Polish Sociological Review
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2019
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vol. 205
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issue 1
85-102
EN
This article was motivated by the centenary (2018) of the seminal sociological monograph Polish Peasant in Europe and America by Thomas and Znaniecki (1918). It shows that classics can be not only occasionally referenced but also read in-depth with the new contemporary concept of social remittances embedded in transnational ties. Reaching for the Polish Peasant in Europe and America aimed this analysis to revisit the preceding passages of migration history and to revitalise the preliminary knowledge about human moves and social change. The article is a reminder and a positioner of Thomas and Znaniecki’s monograph in their contemporary migration historical writings of Central Europe, not commonly referenced in international sociology. The methodology of the qualitative content analysis with retrospective mapping the flow of information in the illustrative cases of migrant families applied in this article, helped to analyse resistance and changes of norms, values, practices and social capital affected by international migration and bundled as social remittances.
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Efekty społecznych przekazów migracyjnych (social remittances) w polskich społecznościach lokalnych

32%
Jaźwińska E., Grabowska I.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2017
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issue 1(224)
139-165
PL
Od rozszerzenia Unii Europejskiej z Polski wyjechało około 2,3 mln osób. Za tymi danymi kryją się historie społeczności lokalnych, rodzin, indywidualnych migrantów. Celem tego artykułu jest pogłębiona analiza zbiorowych i indywidualnych efektów społecznych przekazów migracyjnych (social remittances) w polskich społecznościach lokalnych, czyli wszystkie niematerialne nabytki, które migranci przywożą z zagranicy do miejsc, z których wyjechali. Artykuł opiera się na transnarodowym wielostanowiskowym jakościowym badaniu powtórzonym, zwanym również badaniem podłużnym (transnational multisited qualitative longitudinal study), które zostało trzykrotnie przeprowadzone w trzech społecznościach lokalnych: na Podlasiu, Górnym Śląsku i Dolnym Śląsku. Transnarodowość badania polegała na symultanicznym przeprowadzeniu wywiadów z przedstawicielami tych społeczności, przebywającymi na migracji w Wielkiej Brytanii w czasie badań w wysyłających społecznościach lokalnych.
EN
Some of us learn more from numbers and some of us learn more from life stories of people which are deeply hidden in statistical data (Putnam 2015). The national statistics show that since the EU enlargement in May 2004 more than 2.3 million Poles went abroad. The histories of local communities, families and individuals are hidden in these quantitative data. The aim of this article is in-depth analysis of collective and individual outcomes of social remittances- all non-material acquisitions which migrants transfer from abroad to places where they departed from. The article is based on the methodology of transnational multisited qualitative longitudinal study which was repeated in three waves in selected localities in Podlasie, Silesia and Lower Silesia. The transnational optic of this study was realized in the simultaneous interviews conducted with selected representatives of these spotted local communities both at destination in the UK and at their origins in Poland.
16
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Social Remittances and Modifications of Polish Intergenerational Care Cultures. Polish Migrants in Austria and Iceland and their Elderly Parents

32%
Krzyżowski Ł.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2015
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issue 2(217)
97-118
EN
The change of the Polish cultures of old age is taking place as a result of intense international movement of Poles, which affects the recomposition of family ties. The effect of international migration is the emergence of transnational families that operate across borders of nation states. The purpose of this article is to present – on the basis of both quantitative and qualitative research – a transnational family functioning in the early phase (70–79 years) and advanced (80+) ages of the generation of grandparents. In this article I show transnational forms of intergenerational care of elderly parents and the changes taking place in Polish cultures of old age as a result of international migration of a generation of adult children. The analysis presented in the paper expands the knowledge about intergenerational transfers in the context of international migration. In addition, by focusing on transnational practices, the impact of cultures of the host countries (Austria, Iceland) on changes in the Polish culture in the area of care on ageing people will be examined, thus enriching the literature on social remittances.
PL
Zmiana polskich kultur starości wynika między innymi z intensywnych migracji zagranicznych Polaków, które modyfikują więzi rodzinne. Efektem migracji zagranicznych jest pojawienie się transnarodowej rodziny, która funkcjonuje ponad granicami państw narodowych. Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie (na podstawie danych ilościowych i jakościowych) transnarodowej rodziny z uwzględnieniem tych jej członków, którzy znajdują się we wczesnej (70–79 lat) i zaawansowanej (80+) starości. W artykule opisuję transnarodowe formy opieki (realizowane przez dorosłe, migrujące dzieci) nad starszymi rodzicami oraz przedstawiam zmiany, jakie zachodzą w polskich kulturach starości w wyniku migracji. Wyniki badań poszerzają wiedzę na temat transferów międzygeneracyjnych w kontekście zagranicznych migracji zarobkowych. Dodatkowo, poprzez skupienie się na praktykach transnarodowych, na wpływie kultur państw przyjmujących (Austria, Islandia) na zmiany w sposobie opiekowania się osobami starszymi w Polsce, wyniki wzbogacają studia migracyjne o wiedzę na temat międzygeneracyjnych transferów społecznych.
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