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EN
The article analyzes the works of M. Metlitskaya, M. Paley, O. Slavnikova, T. Tolstaya, M. Traub, G. Scherbakova, L. Ulitskaya and other authors of modern “women’s prose” regarding the peculiarities of depicting age- anad society-defined behavioral stereotypes, social roles, finding feminine feelings of elderly women, as well as makes an attempt to categorize these images.
PL
W artykule obiektem badań były utwory takich współczesnych pisarek rosyjskich, jak: M. Mietlickaja, M. Palej, O. Sławnikowa, T. Tołstaja, M. Traub, G. Szczerbakowa, L. Ulickaja i in. W szczególności przeanalizowana została specyfika przedstawienia stereotypów zachowań (zależnych od wieku i miejsca w społeczeństwie), ról społecznych, ujawnienia nastrojów kobiecych oraz uczuć bohaterek. Podjęta została próba typologizacji obrazów „kobiet w wieku dojrzałym”.
EN
The article looks at the social roles of the sibling and the sibling-inlaw among older adults and how these roles are interconnected. It is based on an analysis of data collected in Czechia in 2017–2019 from 91 qualitative interviews and three focus groups with participants aged 50+. The concept of social roles used here considers a plurality of role repertoires, which actors can choose from, combine, and variously emphasise. Focusing on the social roles of the sibling and the sibling-in-law shows how each of these roles is specific. Both of these roles have a repertoire of targeted support for sibling/ kin cohesiveness and a repertoire of common solidarity and sociability. The sibling‘s role also includes repertoires of intimate closeness and emergency assistance. Both roles can be performed as a minimalist repertoire. The repertoire of the sibling-in-law role is defined in relation to the role of the sibling/ the life partner; the minimum expectation of a sibling is to not avoid contact with others and to show an interest in his/her sibling. Both roles are based on mutual autonomy and at the same time a willingness to maintain the sibling / kin relationship. How the two roles interfere and interact with each other is clear and provides insight into other dimensions of both roles. While it is possible to remain with the minimalist repertoire, it can generally be said that the role of a sibling and the role of a sibling-in-law acquire increasing importance as people grow older.
EN
The millennial studies and their role in the development of research methods and methodology. Livelier discussion on the issues. Extending the knowledge on early medieval culture. The importance for shaping social identity. The millennial excavations in Opole, Silesia.
PL
Communication is one of the most important elements of human existence, because man as a social being strives to communicate with others. Communication skills influence the degree of acceptance of the person by other members of the community and help to achieve success in various aspects of life and social roles. The article focuses on the analysis of communication skills, both verbal and non-verbal, of a child with Asperger syndrome (AS). The purpose of this article is to show the specific way in which people with Asperger syndrome communicate, which makes it difficult for them to find themselves in the school community – being a good pupil and a good colleague.
EN
Mobbing is one of the examples of pathology in organization management. In the article, we presented the problem in the perspective of organizational games using the technique of participant observation. The article is not intended to stigmatize the help facility, but to show mobbing as a significant and difficult problem for the victim. It has destructive effects and is difficult to identify and prevent. The authors believe that the article will help to pay attention to the essence of the problem and to notice negative effect.
EN
In the discourse of active ageing it is assumed that young seniors will hold active roles in public and private life. This article examines grandparenting as an emerging role of young olds in the context of their heterogeneous role sets. Based on an integrated analysis of a survey conducted among people aged 50–70 and qualitative interviews it describes what roles Czech young olds hold and how they position and frame the grandparenting role among their other individual roles. It also describes what activities the performance of the role typically involves. Attention is also devoted to gender differences, which are manifested in the meanings ascribed to the role, and in the type, frequency, and intensity of activities performed. A key issue is found to be the timing of the grandparenting role, when a period of intensive care may be followed by a performative void. From the perspective of gender structure, however, these are asynchronous changes, which makes it possible for a couple to perform their roles in a complementary manner. As some young olds pursue self-development activities indicative of active ageing with and through their grandchildren, alongside the possible duality of active ageing (as a semi-public, socially productive effort) versus grandparenting, it is possible to speak of active ageing through grandparenting, and of grandparenting as a form of active ageing.
EN
Responsibility is a “core issue” in philosophy of law. “Responsibility” in a legal discourse refers primarily to formal sanctions or it expresses an idea of having to answer for something. I argue in the study that the legal responsibility can be attached to social roles (or even tasks), which are important to the functioning of the society. I try to elucidate the notions of a role (social role) and role-responsibility. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the role responsibility (the notion of the role-responsibility is derived from the Herbert Hart’s philosophical works) is largely constituted by inter-connected sets of rights, duties and responsibilities. Moreover, the role responsibility plays an important role in the law.
EN
The article deals with issues of gender equality in the Police Force of the Slovak Republic, which, as well as in other components of working or professional life, are implemented, and are represented by both sexes. Gender is an essential principle and an important factor in the character of a modern and democratic society. Slovak legislation provides for gender equality as a fundamental right and a fundamental value of our society. Despite the adoption of legal measures, however, such disparities occur. pay, offering equal opportunities, and under the leadership positions. In our society we often meet with certain gender stereotypes concerning gender concepts (genus), and gender. This is a distorted reality to irrational ideas concerning „masculinity” and „femininity” which often leads to the fact that employers and service providers are not assessed according to individual abilities and skills, but are stereotypical opinions. This gender-based pressure is developed especially for women who have been waiting automatically as the absence of certain properties, of which quite simply slides down the segregation that might result in discrimination in all its forms.
EN
Background and material. The purpose of the thesis was to explore the relationships between the social roles and the paradigms of physical culture of the different societies within the Balkans: Bosniaks, Croatians and Montenegrins for whom their ethnic identity, religious tra­dition, family traditions, work ethic and the political process stem from the military conflict within this part of land. Methods. In exploring the relation between the paradigm of physical cul­ture of asceticism and the social role of an actor I used the theoretical concepts described by Pawlucki in „Nauki o kulturze fizycznej” (2013, 2015) and the typology of physical types by Znaniecki from „Socjologia Wychowania” (1930), where the author describes the relationships between creating physical types and social roles. I applied qualitative research and created hypothetico-deductive model. Results and conclusion. There is a relationship between creating physical types and social roles. Predictions of the hypothesis have been corro­borated by observable data.
PL
This paper proposes that the beginning of the Early Iron Age saw the change of the social role and status of women. The study was based on the analysis of dozens of graves attributable to the Lusatian Culture, which spanned the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Included in the analyses were only graves of individuals, whose sex and age could be anthropologically determined. The hypothesis is justified on the basis of the socio-symbolic dimension of weaving and pottery.
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EN
An article Journalism – an occupation or profession shows the polemic about the problem whether to qualify journalism as profession. Author points the reasons for and against treating journalism as the profession. The author is especially focuses on the role and social mission associated with journal- ists. The first parts of the article concern the range of definitions of journal- ism as well as the areas and phases of its development. The following parts define the terms of occupation and profession and are the attempt to qualify journalism to one of those categories. Basing on the analysis of the literature, author claims that journalism do not fulfill the criteria to be qualified as profession. Author analyses the matter in order to show the society and the journalists environment, what actions should be undertaken to make the rank of journalism higher and make it more professional.
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2009
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vol. 167
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issue 3
415-426
EN
The aim of this article is to discuss the problem of social role of women in contemporary China from eating and drinking behaviour perspective. The article has been written on the base of long term empirical study conducted in contemporary Beijing. The author is focusing on two issues he has noticed during his research: the growing number of young Chinese men behaving courteously towards women, and the growing participation of women in interactions which have been taking place in public (in Beijing restaurants). The author is trying to find out if those phenomena can be considered as important indicators and catalysts of the women’s social position advancement or they are just manifestations of insignificant and short-lived fashion.
EN
The author goes out from Helmuth Plessner’s book Die Grenzen der Gemeinschaft to show how the basic categories of Plessner’s philosophical anthropology, especially the eccentric position conception, apply to his critique of community-oriented societies like communism and fascism. Plessner saw the alternative to a community-based society in a model where social bonds took place by association, and in which the anthropological a priori enjoyed the optimum conditions for self-expression(in such dimensions of the public sphere as ceremony, prestige, diplomacy and tact).This social model also allows the full establishment of social roles in the anthropological sense, something that is annihilated by community-type societies. The author also addresses the different ways in which the “social role” category is interpreted by Plessner (the anthropological approach) and Ralf Dahrendorf (a functionalistic approach drawing on Marxism and the concept of alienation, which Plessner felt unfamiliar with), and concludes with a few concrete and methodologically grounded objections to Plessner’s theory.
EN
The easiest and perhaps a bit stereotypical thinking about the role of priest makes him positioned in sacred space. Undoubtedly, he is an activist in this area by taking responsibility for leading his flock to redemption. Without any doubt the roles connected with holding particular positions in the governmental structures were traditional. In addition clergy, especially lower ones, were often in a position of a mediator (peasant – landlord). These traditional roles were built in feudal society and in this social structure. Meanwhile, the industrial revolution and intense processes of industrialization and urbanization changed the face of the world, they changed the circumstances in which people were supposed to live in those days. There were social and political changes that could not be unnoticed, in particular voting rights were given to other groups of people and modern concepts – which met with a wide public response (socialism especially) – were developed. They became the basis for the change of church’s and clergy’s attitudes towards both society and their place and role in the society. A doctrinal basis of this transformation became the encyclical of Pope Leon XIII Rerum novarum as of 1891 together with it the Quadragesimo anno (1931) implemented four decades later. There was a great social movement in Poland at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. The movement that initiated and activated, in other words woke communities up to life, that built social capital. Of course that movement had different social composition but a very important part in that composition was assumed by clergy. Both social status and priestly role were formed again. Changes in attitudes towards a man and interest in man’s mundane part of life had to result in both the transformation of the clergy’s role and the extension of their responsibility for the secular sphere. Times of the Second Republic of Poland led to a complete development of new roles and attitudes among clergy.
PL
Dziadkowie to przedstawiciele najstarszego rodzinnego pokolenia, swoisty pomost pomiędzy przeszłością a przyszłością. Dla młodszych generacji stanowią często wsparcie: ekonomiczne, opiekuńcze oraz wychowawcze. Służą nieocenioną pomocą w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Szczególna więź łączy ich z pokoleniem wnuków. Widzą w nich przedłużenie własnego życia i budują z nimi wyjątkowe relacje emocjonalne. Pełnienie funkcji aktywnych dziadków daje im możliwość czerpania satysfakcji, odmłodzenia, poczucia bycia ważnymi oraz potrzebnymi. Rola dziadków wymaga również doskonalenia się, swoistej edukacji. Bez stosownej refleksji można bowiem, będąc babcią i dziadkiem, popełniać szereg błędów.
EN
Grandparents are the representatives of the eldest generation in the family, constituting a sort of bridge between the past and the future. They frequently provide financial, protective and educational support to the youngest generation. They also provide invaluable help in critical situations. There exists an extraordinary bond between them and their grandchildren. Grandparents view them as a continuation of their own lives and establish exceptional emotional relationships with them. Their performance of the role of active grandparents boosts their satisfaction, makes them feel younger, important and needed. The role of grandparents also requires constant self-improvement as well as special education. Without relevant reflection, though, grandparents may commit one mistake after another.
PL
Cel badań. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie tradycji skoków ze Starego Mostu w Mos­tarze i jej wielowymiarowego charakteru na tle innych atrakcji tego coraz bardziej turystycznie popularnego miasta. W tekście przybliżona została historia miasta Mostar, Starego Mostu, wpisanego na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO oraz tradycja skoków z niego do rzeki Neretwy. Zamysłem autorki było zwrócenie uwagi na rolę mostarskich skoczków w kreowaniu turystycznego wizerunku Mostaru, jak również Bośni i Hercegowiny. Materiał i metody. Szczególnej analizie zostało poddane zagadnienie roli społecznej skoczków, bardzo często pomijanej, stanowiącej zwykle drugorzędny cel badań naukowych dotyczących stolicy Hercegowiny. Autorka zwraca także uwagę na stosunek samych skoczków do tradycji, często przekazywanej w rodzinach z pokolenia na pokolenie. Metody. Badania etnogra­ficzne (terenowe), wywiad. Wyniki. Bazując na własnych doświadczeniach z podróży, zarówno w charakterze turysty jak i pilota wycieczek zagranicznych, badaczka wykazała, że około 450-letnia tradycja mostarskich skoków niesie za sobą wiele wartości, zarówno z zakresu turystyki kulturowej (niematerialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego) jak i zagadnień związanych z socjologią (w tym przypadku roli społecznej). Wnioski. Badania etnograficzne dowiodły też, iż turysta kulturowy ma do czynienia ze zjawiskiem autentycznym, tak ostatnio przez niego właśnie poszukiwanym.
EN
Background. The purpose of the article is describing the tradition of jumping off the Old Bridge in Mostar and its multidimensional character in light of other tourist attractions of this popular city. The article covers the history of the city of Mostar that was listed by UNESCO and the tradition of jumping off the bridge into the river Neretva. Materials and methods. The aim of the author was drawing attention to the role of jumpers of Mostar in popularising this city as a tourist attraction of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Particular attention was paid to the social aspect of jumping, which is often overlooked and often only mentioned in scientific explorations of the capital of Herzegovina. The author also points to the relationships of the jumpers with tradition, often passed from generation to generation in their families. The methods were: ethnographic research like direct observations, interviews with jumpers, city guides and the workers of institutions like Muzej Hercegovine (ul. Bajatova 4 Mostar), Biščevića Kuća (ul. Biščevića bb, Mostar), Muzej Stari Most (Stari grad.b.b., Mostar), Klub Skakača u Vodu „Mostari” (Stari most/Onešćukova, Mostar). Results and conclusions. The analysis concluded that the 450-year long tradition of jumping off the Old Bridge carries a lot of cultural values within cultural tourism and also from a sociological point of view. Ethnographic studies also shown that tourists are exposed to authentic cultural experiences which they have been looking for specifically.
EN
The goal of the article is an analysis of selected sexual behaviours in the light of Erving Goffman’s concept of theatralization of social life. The text deals with the issue of social and sexual roles based on the results of research conducted on a small group of people practising BDSM. It’s an attempt to situate the importance of social role in sexual behaviours. The elements such as facade, backstage or stage are characteristic and noticeable not only in social, but also in sexual behaviours. The analysis of IDI interviews refers to indicated elements with regard to the norm-deviation perspective and cultural perception of sexual role models.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza wybranych praktyk zachowań seksualnych w świetle koncepcji teatralizacji życia społecznego Ervinga Goffmana. Tekst podejmuje tematykę ról społecznych i seksualnych na podstawie wyników badań przeprowadzonych na niewielkiej grupie osób uprawiających praktyki BDSM. Jest to próba usytuowania znaczenia roli społecznej w zachowaniach seksualnych. Elementy, takie jak fasada, kulisy czy scena, są charakterystyczne i dostrzegalne nie tylko w zachowaniach społecznych, lecz także w zachowaniach seksualnych. Przeprowadzona analiza wywiadów IDI odnosi się do wskazanych elementów z uwzględnieniem perspektywy norma-dewiacja oraz kulturowego postrzegania wzorów ról seksualnych.
EN
The article takes the issue of Mother-Scientists at universities. Special attention was focused around the possibility of conflict of roles (work-family life and family life-professional work). Social roles were presented by contemporary women. Addressed are issues relating to the specifics of scientific work. In the article it was decided to try to show the opportunities and barriers to accompanying Mother-Scientists.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę matek-naukowców na uczelniach wyższych. Szczególna uwaga skupiona została wokół możliwości pojawienia się konfliktu ról (praca zawodowa- życie rodzinne i życie rodzinne-praca zawodowa). Zaprezentowane zostały role społeczne współczesnych kobiet. Poruszone zostały kwestie odnoszące się do specyfiki pracy naukowej. W artykule podjęto się próby ukazania możliwości i barier towarzyszącym matkom-naukowcom.
PL
Wśród osób z niepełnosprawnością jest sporo tych, które nie dochodzą do etapu pełnej autonomii pozostając do końca życia zależne od innych. W znacznej mierze są to osoby na stałe przebywające w rodzinie generacyjnej. Pozostanie pod opieką rodziców jest często spotykane w przypadku osób, które charakteryzują się dysfunkcjami umysłowymi. W ramach projektowanego badania starano się przyjrzeć sytuacji rodziców dzieci z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną. Jako materiał badawczy posłużyły osobiste doświadczenia rodziców zebrane w formie wywiadów swobodnych nieustrukturyzowanych. Analizę danych prowadzono zgodnie z zasadami metodologii ugruntowanej. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań udało się przedstawić i zrekonstruować przebieg dwóch subprocesów: definiowania ról rodzicielskich i konstruowania tożsamości rodzica dziecka z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną z podaniem ich najważniejszych składowych, wymiarów, a także podejmowanych w ich ramach strategii.
EN
There is a sizable share of persons with disability who fail to reach the stage of full autonomy, and instead they remain dependent on others for the rest of their lives. Remaining under the care of their parents is often encountered in the case persons characterized with mental dysfunctions. Therefore, as a part of the research, the author attempted to take a closer look at the situation of parents of children with intellectual disability. The research material was the personal experiences of those parents, compiled through unstructured free interviews. The data was analyzed according to the grounded methodology principles. The performed research allowed to present and reconstruct the course of two subprocesses: defining of the parental roles and construing of the identity of the parent of a child with intellectual disability, specifying their most significant components, dimensions and strategies undertaken within that scope.
EN
The aim of the article is to provide the background of the research and practical problem of women functioning in professional and family roles and the possibilities to take them simultaneously. The article focuses on the terminology used by social sciences to describe specific phenomena regarding women’s involvement in work and maternity and their context related to the social changes in late modernity. The local scope of the problem, related to the reality of post-transition Poland, was also included in the text.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest nakreślenie tła problemu badawczego i praktycznego, jakim jest funkcjonowanie kobiet w rolach zawodowych i rodzinnych oraz możliwości ich jednoczesnego pełnienia. Artykuł przybliża kategorie pojęciowe, którymi nauki społeczne opisują specyficzne zjawiska towarzyszące zaangażowaniu kobiet w pracę zawodową i macierzyństwo oraz ich kontekst związany z przemianami w obrębie współczesnych, późnonowoczesnych społeczeństw. W tekście zaprezentowano również lokalny kontekst problemu, odnoszący się do rzeczywistości potransformacyjnej Polski.
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