The article deals with the issue of systemic education. The author asks a classic question of whether traditional education systems should concentrate on students with average abilities or maybe they should foster the most talented ones. Considerations on this subject are conducted with regard to the multi-layered thought of Nietzsche, whose position is so invaluable that in a possible polemic it is situated as an exceptionally radical. Writing down the natural history of mankind, Nietzsche formulates a thesis that the moment of the creation of the first human communities, the moment of the socialisation of man, was extremely unfavourable as far as man’s strength, ability and creativity are concerned. He presents socialisation, which is part of the education process, as beneficial for the community and detrimental to the individual. This situation in the course of history remains the same, which – after the adoption of Nietzschean assumptions – gives cause to adopt a radical position of those who deem the education system unfit to foster outstanding individuals. Nietzsche’s view, in comparison with other views, is so innovative that it considers the inability as genealogically founded. Although the educational system from the point of view of the majority contributes to the emergence of new content, ideas or values, it remains inefficient for individuals of genius.
In the era of universal mathematics education in the civilised world and a general ability to perform calculations, the size of social awkwardness in maths is surprising. Despite the fact that mathematics is considered a vital part of the “rational man power”, a lot of people have a kind of “mathemaphobia” – mainly developed by the school. The specificity of each area of knowledge is the source of the impact of hidden content in different but intersecting areas of an individual. In the social sciences they are more associated with the filtering of information on the wider social relations, while science is an area of cognitive interactions directed towards nature. The teaching of mathematics, as well as other subjects at school, brings a certain message as part of the hidden curriculum.
In the era of universal mathematics education in the civilised world and a general ability to perform calculations, the size of social awkwardness in maths is surprising. Despite the fact that mathematics is considered a vital part of the “rational man power”, a lot of people have a kind of “mathemaphobia” – mainly developed by the school. The specificity of each area of knowledge is the source of the impact of hidden content in different but intersecting areas of an individual. In the social sciences they are more associated with the filtering of information on the wider social relations, while science is an area of cognitive interactions directed towards nature. The teaching of mathematics, as well as other subjects at school, brings a certain message as part of the hidden curriculum.
English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers are seemingly ideally placed to mediate the successful socialisation of multilingual learners into the new school environment for two major reasons. Firstly, as they have effective command of both L1 and L2 and often have experience of living abroad, they tend to exhibit higher levels of openness to new situations, empathy and understanding of the difficulties faced by multilingual learners. Secondly, the English class can itself be a platform for mutual understanding where learners are able to develop both English communication skills and intercultural competence (cf. Hopp, Jakisch, Sturm, Becker & Thoma 2020; Krulatz, Neokleous & Dahl 2022). As English is the language of instruction, it also has the potential to maintain levels of multilingual competence among those learners who already speak English as their heritage language (Banasiak & Olpińska-Szkiełko 2021), e.g. migrant children returning from the UK/Ireland. Drawing on data from a larger project (Rokita-Jaśkow, Wolanin, Król-Gierat & Nosidlak 2022), which consisted of interviewing 23 primary school EFL teachers in various contexts, this paper analyses the possible factors that impact teacher agency in the socialisation of multilinguals. It has been found that teacher agency in that respect appears to stem from teachers’ plurilingual competence and prior teaching experience. Surprisingly, personal experiences of intercultural encounters (e.g. time spent living abroad) or verbalised empathy, had little impact on teacher agency. This finding implies that even language teachers find it difficult to put themselves in the position of the multilingual learner and need specialist training in order to work with multilingual learners, which may convey an important message for educational decision-makers with reference to the formulation of future teacher education guidelines and curricula.
In recent years, the multi-dimensional and multi-layered social change has become not so much a temporary, but constant state. The process of decomposition of the existing normative regulations and patterns of behaviour is clearly ahead of the construction of their new stable and enduring forms. The social world has now found itself in a permanent state of anomy, not always easily discernible either by the participants of various social spaces or external observers. In the contemporary reality a normative deregulation has become the norm. This paper is an attempt to formulate an initial diagnosis of the changes outlined above. In the course of the analysis, the following perspective of three medium-range theories interconnected with one another have been used: the theory of socialisation, the social control theory and the theory of anomy.
PL
W ostatnich latach wielopłaszczyznowa i wielowątkowa zmiana społeczna stała się stanem nie tyle przejściowym, ile ciągłym, a proces dekompozycji obowiązujących regulacji normatywnych i wzorów zachowań wyraźnie wyprzedza konstruowanie nowych stabilnych i trwałych ich form. Społeczny świat znalazł się stanie permanentnej anomii, nie zawsze łatwo dostrzegalnej, zarówno przez samych uczestników rozmaitych społecznych przestrzeni, jak i z zewnątrz, przez ich obserwatorów. W otaczającej nas współczesności normatywne rozregulowanie stało się normą. Niniejszy tekst stanowi próbę wstępnej diagnozy naszkicowanych powyżej przemian, a tok analizy podporządkowany zostanie perspektywie połączonych ze sobą trzech teorii średniego zasięgu: teorii socjalizacji, teorii kontroli społecznej i teorii anomii.
Cherishing the value honour, in certain social circles, leads to the creation of a peculiar ‘culture of honour’ as a part of the general culture. The paper presents the basic knowledge in the field: a historical outline, examples of the bright as well as the dark side of the culture of honour, its definition, morphology and general theoretical assumptions. Additionally, the second part of the paper discusses the basic issues of honour in the armed forces, such as specifying the meaning of the term and the soldier’s dignity, the importance and functioning of the culture of honour in the military structure, the functions it serves and its place in the process of the military members’ professional socialisation.
The aim of this study is to examine the everyday life of day-care institutions and the culture of peer relationships that develop there. Interdisciplinary studies of childhood perceive it as a social construct separable from biological immaturity, and they describe a distinct toddler style of socialisation with peers. In this paradigm, participation in cultural routines is central to understanding child socialisation. Based on ethnographic observations in two facilities and interviews with teachers and parents, we explore relationships between peers, social routines, and the creation of collectivity. We focus on the perspective of adults and their perception of the children's collective and on the meanings of children's interactions. The analyses reveal that as well as socialising in hierarchical relationships with adults they also actively participate in cultural reproduction through the interpretation of meanings. What constitutes 'play' when socialising with adults becomes 'something real' when it occurs between physical and cognitive equals. Interaction with peers in a day-care facility allows a child to experience a collective 'WE', through which they are then able to to control adults. However, the creation of collectivity depends on their being conditions in place that are suitable for small children and toddlers.
This article argues that it is central to consider the socialisation processes of migrant children in transnational settings when focusing on issues of integration and the transnationality of the next generation. A central experience of migrant children is that they grow up and are involved in both the emigration and immigration country (of their parents). Many of them circulate between Germany and Turkey several times and maintain multiple relationships across national borders when they are growing up. This has implications for their family relationships and educational careers in childhood, but beyond that it also has effects that are detectable into adulthood. The article shows that migrant children develop the potential and skills that enable them to live a transnational life. The question the article therefore addresses is whether and how a transnational childhood affects the transnationality and integration of the next generation in the adult life.
Aim: Physical recreation plays a significant role in raising quality of life and health of a contemporary man. This paper discusses an issue of family socialisation in their leisure time. The aim of the research is the analysis of pastime behaviours of parents and their role in developing interest in active recreation among children at kindergarten age. Material and method: The research was carried out in 2012 among parents of children at kindergarten age. Majority of respondents were men aged 31-37 years, with high school education, having two children aged 4-7 years. The research was carried out with use of poll method, using an authorial questionnaire. Results: Majority of the respondents declared that as children they had often participated in active forms of recreation. At present they hardly ever take up physical activity in their leisure time. The respondents prefer traditional forms of active recreation, they rarely take part in organised forms of recreation or make use of modern facilities. It has been noted that access to facilities which might enable the respondents rational organisation of leisure time is sufficient. However, the respondents do not make sufficient use of them. Conclusion: Parents need support from physical activity organisers. Those who organise joint family activities should adapt contents and offer to age of various family members. It is also important to provide professional care for children in sports facilities, which will enable parents, particularly mothers, attend organised sport activities more often.
Aim. The aim of the article is to understand how Chinese parents draw on their learning beliefs and experiences within the Chinese educational context to make decisions about their children’s overseas education, as well as analysing how their learning beliefs are similar or different from East Asian or Western learning beliefs. Methods. The study is based on more than 100 in-depth separate interviews with 22 Chinese families conducted over serval years between 2016 and 2019. Based on interpretative phenomenological analysis and discourse analysis, the results are coded according to the theory of values proposed by Clyde Kluckhohn (1951). These learning values are further coded according to whether they are reflective of the American learning model (EALM), Confucian learning model (CLM), and Confucian learning philosophies. Results. The analysis shows that Chinese parents have displayed similar learning beliefs in socialising their children in the family domain, in their disapproval of the Chinese education system, and in their pursuit of a Western overseas education. The Chinese families’ pursuit of a Western education for their children are driven by their cultural leaning beliefs, which are rooted in Confucian heritage culture, and which also echo European American heritage cultures. Conclusion. Many researchers tend to emphasise cultural differences in learning, particularly between Confucian heritage and European American heritage cultures. This paper shows the possibilities of cultural learning values shaping educational choices, expands upon the understanding of Confucian heritage culture, and suggests the similarities between the learning cultures of East Asia and the West.
The article analyses three selected theories: the theory of communicative action proposed by Jürgen Habermas, the theory of social learning by Albert Bandura, as well as dramaturgical theory by Erving Goffman. The aim of the analysis was to find one leading theory of the process of acquiring civic competences. The selected theory should meet the set conditions that allow it to be used in school space. Civic competences are understood as a particular subtype of social competences, the acquisition of which is an important element of social development. The scope of the definition of civic competences depends on the theoretical approach adopted. School space is a community made up of students, teachers and parents, who focus on a common goal. This space is also where students’ socialisation takes place. The analysis was carried out on the basis of 5 questions regarding the subject, determinants, mechanism, place in development, and criteria for verifying the process of acquiring civic competences by students in the school space. The answers to the questions listed in the table have become the criteria for the analysis. However, this analysis did not allow for choosing a leading theory. None of the theories has met all the conditions set.
The paper presents a new understanding of freedom. It refers to the concept of ideology and the interpellation of Louis Althusser. In this new perspective freedom is a phenomenon from the sphere of social communication, and, more broadly, a process of socialization, in which plays the role of a subtle medium of interiorization of ideolog-ical philosophical universalisms. This specific role of freedom and especially its preva-lence in the contemporary world has its fundamental anchored in the common within the framework of capitalism society private ownership of the workforce.
The goal of this article is to investigate the relationship between the contemporary humanistic ideology and the student roles as perceived by young people themselves. First, the traditional humanist ideas of education as a relational term and its contemporary features are analysed. Theoretically, a good education today offers young persons positive experiences for developing and is dialogical in nature. After this discussion, the interpretations of young people from different school types and age groups on their perceived role at school and their relations attributed to that role are described. These young people see their role in a very traditional way, meaning that the most important goal is to behave in manner that best insures their receiving good grades. This paper shows that there is no congruence between the currently desired image of education and the described role of student
This article concerns the issues of socialisation influences in the institutional structure. Scholars have not conducted before this type of research on the preferences of particular types of socialisation. In the literature there is only described the scientific basis which presents theoretical approaches concerning particular ways of socialisation influences. Therefore, it was decided to create a research tool which was designed based on Schaffer’s statements. Then, it was also needed, on the basis of Schaffer’s statements, to determine what pattern of four varieties of socialisation is preferred by educators from social rehabilitation institutions? The aim was to determine statistically significant differences between the degree of acceptance of particular socialisation types by virtue of gender, seniority and workplace of educators specialising in social rehabilitation. As a hypothesis it was assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the ranks which were ascribed to particular models of socialisation on the grounds of age, seniority and workplace of educators specialising in social rehabilitation. The study constitutes a research perspective of theoretical description of socialisation types presented in the literature.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy sfery oddziaływań socjalizacyjnych w strukturze instytucjonalnej. Badań dotyczących preferencji poszczególnych typów socjalizacji dotychczas nie prowadzono. Funkcjonuje jedynie podstawa naukowa opisana w literaturze, prezentująca ujęcia teoretyczne poszczególnych sposobów oddziaływań socjalizacyjnych. Postanowiono z tego powodu utworzyć narzędzie, które skonstruowano z uwzględnieniem twierdzeń Schaffera, by na tej podstawie ustalić, jaki wzorzec z czterech odmian socjalizacji jest preferowany przez wychowawców z placówek resocjalizacyjnych. Jako cel wyznaczono określenie istotnie statystycznych różnic między stopniem akceptacji poszczególnych klas socjalizacji ze względu na płeć, staż i miejsce pracy wychowawców resocjalizujących. Przyjęto hipotezę, że istnieją istotne statystycznie różnice pomiędzy rangowaniem cech modeli socjalizacji ze względu na płeć, staż i miejsce pracy wychowawców resocjalizujących. Opracowanie stanowi perspektywę badawczą teoretycznego opisu rodzajów socjalizacji prezentowanych w literaturze.
This study focuses on the fundamental changes which took place in consumer co-operatives over the course of 1948–1953 as the result of “Victorious February” 1948. It looks at the original state of co-operatives during the First Republic and analyses how this changed during the war, the Third Republic and in particular following February 1948. It assesses the consequences these changes brought for co-operatives. Last but not least, it also looks at the role which KSČ expert in the field, Internal Trade Minister and head of the Central Co-operatives Council, Antonín Zmrhal, played in the process of “Gleichschaltungification” of consumer co-operatives. The study posits the core question of what part of the analysed changes (if any) would be possible without the February coup and establishment of the communist dictatorship.
Artykuł dotyczy związku między agresją a płcią, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem różnic płciowych w przejawianiu agresji oraz skłonności do zachowań przemocowych. Od co najmniej kilku lat badacze zajmujący się problematyką płci w społeczeństwie zwracają uwagę, że społeczne funkcjonowanie człowieka (zajmowane pozycje, pełnione role, osiągane statusy) jest zdeterminowane przez przynależność do którejś z płci. Różnice płciowe kształtują odmienne modele zachowań, działań oraz interakcji wśród kobiet i mężczyzn. Konsekwencją tych różnic są odmienne potrzeby, interesy, systemy komunikacji i ekspresji, style rozwiązywania problemów czy konfliktów, sposoby radzenia sobie ze stresem. Kobiecość i męskość stanowią binarne, opozycyjne wobec siebie, konstrukcje społeczno-kulturowe, czego odzwierciedleniem są różnice w ujawnianiu lub rozładowaniu agresji.
EN
The article deals with the relationship between aggression and gender, with particular emphasis on gender differences referring to the way in which aggression is shown and to the propensity for violent behaviour it affects. For at least several years, researchers examining gender in society have indicated that human social functioning (i.e. positions occupied, roles performed, status achieved) is determined by the gender to which one belongs. Gender differences generate different types of behaviour, actions and interactions between men and women. As a consequence of these differences, there are different needs, interests, systems of communication and expression, problem-solving and conflict-solving styles, ways of coping with stress. Femininity and masculinity are sociocultural structures in binary opposition to each other, reflected by differences between the ways aggression is released or unloaded.
The human being has both an individual and a social nature, which indicates the necessity of taking into account in the process of the social engagement of the child both care for the child's own development (personalisation) and its orientation towards social life (socialisation), and this in every educational and socially engaging activity. In social engagement there is a justifiable need for both family care and support for the development of the child by the parents and the family, as well as for social (State) care, and the cooperation of these environments should take place without violating the rights of other persons or subjects entitled to upbringing – especially the family.
The article presents the influence of globalisation on identity and the question of individualisation. Globalisation implies multiple processes that are not uniform, as they occur at different times and in different places. Globalisation impacts the youth, families and cultural systems. The processes of globalisation may contribute to the loss of cultural identity. The diverse nature of globalisation has given rise to new identities. Identity is defined as a process of internal and external adjustment. Concurrently, the challenges posed by globalisation are presented, for instance: identity and freedom of individualisation versus community and belonging. The author explores some of the new challenges and trends, presenting them from selected theoretical perspectives[1].[1] All quotations have been translated by the author.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wpływ globalizacji na tożsamość oraz zagadnienie indywidualizacji. Globalizacja narzuca wiele procesów, które nie są ujednolicone, rozgrywają się w różnym czasie oraz miejscach. Globalizacja oddziałuje między młodzieżą, rodzinami, systemami kulturowymi. Procesy globalizacyjne mogą się przyczyniać do utraty tożsamości kulturowej. Różnorodność globalizacji powoduje wytwarzanie nowych tożsamości. Tożsamość jest określana jako proces, w którym następuje dopasowanie wewnętrzne oraz zewnętrzne. Równocześnie zostają zaprezentowane wyzwania globalizacyjne, takie jak tożsamość i swoboda indywidualizacji kontra zbiorowość i przynależność. Autor analizuje niektóre nowe wyzwania i trendy, prezentując je z perspektywy wybranych teorii.
The media fulfil various functions in society. For the audience and for society, the priority of these functions may be different. In terms of importance for society, their socialisation function is also important. Socialisation through the media assumes its dominance when there is a dysfunction of primary socialisation or at certain stages of human development. From a societal perspective, their influence as a potential shaper of society’s culture in the context of secondary socialisation is relevant. At present, audio-visual production in particular is dominant. It is attractive to all generations, as it provides both information and entertainment in a way that is convenient for the audience. Television offers different types of programmes with higher or lower value and quality of media content. Reality shows have a relatively significant presence in the programming structure. This television format on the border of non-fiction and fiction brings in different values, formulas and elements. The authors of the study analyse the various positive and controversial elements of reality shows. They focus on trash reality shows, which are more prominently represented in the autumn programming structure. In their interpretation, they not only draw on current findings, but also use their years of experience and knowledge from research in this field. The emphasis is on the potential impact on the socialisation of sensitive audience groups as well as on the culture of society as a whole.
Fairytales, along with myths and biblical parables, have built the foundation of human consciousness. The dreams and experiences of many generations have been accumulated. Do these stories continue to play an important role in the socialisation of the younger generation in today’s reality of the Internet and ubiquitous media? This paper attempts to answer this question by analysing the archetypal image of the mother in two fairytales – Cinderella and Snow White. The literary versions of the two fairytales by the Brothers Grimm, and “Cinderella” by Charles Perrault, served as the source texts. Taking into consideration the important role of contemporary media in the process of inculturation of society, I decided to include the animated versions of these fairytales created by the Walt Disney Company. To show a different interpretation of the role of stepmother, I referred to Michael Cohn’s feature film “Snow White: A Tale of Terror?” (1997). I focused on determining the role of the contrast between the fairytale loving mother and the wicked stepmother in children’s development and in the socialisation process.
PL
Baśnie, wraz z mitami i przypowieściami biblijnymi, budowały podstawy ludzkiej świadomości. Zostały w nich nagromadzone marzenia i doświadczenia wielu pokoleń. Czy w dzisiejszej rzeczywistości doby Internetu i wszechobecnych mediów, te fantazyjne historie nadal odgrywają istotną rolę w procesie socjalizacji młodego pokolenia? W poniższej pracy próbowałam udzielić odpowiedzi na to pytanie, dokonując analizy archetypowego wizerunku matki w baśni o Kopciuszku i Królewnie Śnieżce. Za teksty źródłowe przyjęłam literackie wersje obu utworów autorstwa braci Grimm oraz opowiadanie Kopciuszek, czyli pantofelek z popielniczki Charlesa Perraulta. Uwzględniając współczesną istotną rolę mediów w procesie inkulturacji społeczeństwa, zdecydowałam się także odwołać do wersji animowanych tych baśni stworzonych przez wytwórnię Walt Disney Company. W celu zaprezentowania odmiennej interpretacji roli macochy w Królewnie Śnieżce, odniosłam się również do filmu fabularnego w reżyserii Michaela Cohna pod tytułem Snow White: A Tale of Terror? z 1997 roku.. Wedle przyjętych założeń skoncentrowałam się na określeniu roli kontrastu pomiędzy baśniową kochającą matką, a niegodziwą macochą w procesie rozwoju i socjalizacji dziecka.
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