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Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa w zainteresowaniu służb specjalnych wybranych państw

100%

Żebrowski A.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica

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2014

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issue 13

94-116

EN

The existence of NATO and the Warsaw Pact was the start of intensified competition for spheres of influence. Beneficiaries who were leading those political-military organizations, the United States and the Soviet Union, in the process of implementing their strategic objectives used a wide range of forces and assets owned. Their secret services, whose activities were of total character, took an active part in this rivalry. It is difficult to say what those services were not interested in. They were active participants in the information war, which supported primarily foreign policy and military operations. Their satellite states, which were of interest to intelligence services because of their military potential, were also involved in the ongoing political and ideological confrontation. One such example was Poland, which was recognized not only by the intelligence of the NATO countries (U.S., Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, West Germany), but also by intelligence of its allies (the Soviet Union and East Germany).

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A ‘Great Change’, or, the Poles’ Unfulfilled Daydream about Having a Car (1956–7)

75%

Kochanowski J.

Acta Poloniae Historica

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2017

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vol. 115

PL

The political ‘Thaw’ of 1956–7 was in Poland a period of thorough political as well as cultural and social change. While the political liberalisation came to an end rather soon, the team of Władysław Gomułka, the newly-appointed First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party [PZPR], in power since October 1956, cared much for maintaining and reinforcing their pro-social and reformatory image. The leadership team’s assent for a more sophisticated consumption, part of which was owning a car, helped alleviate social tensions. The models were drawn from the West of Europe and from the United States, which for the Polish society were the major points of reference, as well as from the other socialist countries – particularly, East Germany (the GDR) and Czechoslovakia, where the political and societal significance of motorisation had already been appreciated. On the other hand, offering private individuals an opportunity to purchase a car was meant to be a remarkable tool used to draw the ‘hot money’ down from the market, thus preventing inflation. Cars, imported or Polish-made, began being (relatively) freely traded, at very high prices. This did not limit the demand, as acquiescence for private business operations contributed to the growing of the group of affluent people. While this incited the citizens to develop their own strategies of acquiring cars – not infrequently colliding with the law; the authorities began gradually reinstating the rationing. All the same, the number of private cars quickly increased, to 58,600 as of 1958, up from some 24,750 in 1956. Public discussion started around popular low-capacity (small-engine) cars – whether licensed (Renault, Simca, Fiat) or (to be) made in Poland. However, in spite of the raised expectations the authorities decided that it was still too early for a mass motorisation: this was made possible only in the early 1970s.

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Współpraca wydziałów wyznaniowych państw bloku wschodniego (wspólne narady)

51%

Zamiatała D.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

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2018

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vol. 109

373-398

EN

From the early 1960s to the end of the existence of the Eastern Bloc, the socialist countries began cooperation on a religious policy. As a result, officials from the countries of the Eastern Bloc who dealt with religious matters held meetings to discuss the issues mentioned above. The meetings provided a great opportunity for the exchange of information, experience and coordination, and for the harmonization of the main trends in the activity of these countries; as well as assistance in creating religious organizational structures aimed at implementing a religious policy which would be in line with the communist doctrine. In addition, they met to discuss the course of action towards the Vatican, and to designate the representatives of Churches, religious associations and organizations from the Eastern Bloc for international religious organizations such as the Berlin Conference of European Catholics, the Christian Peace Conference and the World Council of Churches. These meetings were also an occasion for discussing major problems of a religious policy, with particular emphasis on the analysis of political goals and the tactics of the most important Churches and religious organizations. Officials dealing with religious matters informed the other members of the conference about major problems in the relations between the church and state in their countries. These meetings contributed to deepening cooperation between socialist countries on a religious policy. These consultations were held due to the necessity of mutual cooperation on the issues relating to the Church and politics, especially from the 1960s onwards, when the Vatican changed its policy towards the Eastern Bloc and when other Churches became more active.

PL

Państwa socjalistyczne od początku lat 60 do końca istnienia bloku wschodniego, podjęły współpracę w kwestiach dotyczących polityki wyznaniowej. Wyrazem tej współpracy były organizowane wspólne narady urzędników wyznaniowych z krajów bloku wschodniego. Stanowiły płaszczyznę wymiany informacji, doświadczeń, koordynacji i zharmonizowania głównych kierunkowych działań oraz pomoc w tworzeniu wyznaniowych struktur organizacyjnych ukierunkowywanych na realizację polityki zgodnej z doktryną komunistyczną, wspólne uzgadnianie przedstawicieli Kościołów, związków wyznaniowych i organizacji wyznaniowych z bloku wschodniego do władz w międzynarodowych organizacjach religijnych, jak np.: Berlińska Konferencja Katolików Europy i Chrześcijańska Konferencja Pokojowa, Światowa Rada Kościołów, a także omawianie i ustalanie wspólnej linii postępowania wobec Watykanu. Na tych naradach omawiano zasadnicze problemy polityki wyznaniowej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem analizy celów politycznych i taktyki działania najważniejszych Kościołów i organizacji wyznaniowych. Urzędnicy wyznaniowi poszczególnych krajów informowali pozostałych uczestników konferencji o zasadniczych problemach sytuacji w dziedzinie stosunków państwo-kościół u siebie. Spotkanie te przyczyniły się do pogłębienia współpracy pomiędzy krajami socjalistycznymi w dziedzinie polityki wyznaniowej. Wynikały ona z potrzeby wzajemnej współpracy w dziedzinie kościelno-politycznej, szczególnie od lat 60 XX wieku, gdy nastąpiła zmiana polityki Watykanu wobec bloku wschodniego oraz zwiększonej aktywności innych Kościołów.

Refine search results

1 Acta Poloniae Historica

1 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica

1 Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

1 Kochanowski J.

1 Zamiatała D.

1 Żebrowski A.

1 2018

1 2017

1 2014

Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa w zainteresowaniu służb specjalnych wybranych państw

A ‘Great Change’, or, the Poles’ Unfulfilled Daydream about Having a Car (1956–7)

Współpraca wydziałów wyznaniowych państw bloku wschodniego (wspólne narady)