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1

Tourist Activity of Senior Citizens (60+) Residing in Urban and Rural Areas

100%
Omelan A., Podstawski R., Raczkowski M.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
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2016
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vol. 72
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issue 1
51-65
EN
The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of place of permanent residence (urban or rural) on the tourist activity of senior citizens (60+) of different socioeconomic statuses. The study involved 380 senior citizens (305 female and 75 male) aged 60 years and older who were permanent residents of the region of Warmia and Mazury, Poland. In this group, 244 subjects resided in urban areas and 136 participants were rural dwellers. The respondents were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their socioeconomic status (place of permanent residence, age, gender, educational attainment, financial status, membership in senior organizations, marital status, and professional activity) and tourist activity. A significance test of two structure coefficients (α=0.05) was applied. Factors such as gender, professional activity, and marital status were not related with the travel propensity of seniors from different groups (urban and rural), but were significant when rural residents were compared with urban dwellers. Seniors residing in urban areas of Warmia and Mazury, Poland, were significantly more likely to travel for leisure than those residing in rural areas. The tourist activity of seniors decreased significantly (p<0.05) with the age (60-74 years) and financial status of rural residents. The travel propensity of elderly people increased significantly (p<0.05) with educational attainment and membership in senior organizations. The study revealed considerable differences in the socioeconomic status and social characteristics of seniors residing in rural and urban areas, and those variations significantly influenced their propensity for travel: urban residents traveled more frequently than rural residents. It can be concluded that place of residence was a crucial factor determining the tourist behavior of senior citizens, and urban dwellers were more likely to travel.
2
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New market labor and obesity: A nation-wide Italian cross-sectional study

86%
Barbadoro P., Ponzio E., Chiatti C. J., Di Stanislao F., D'Errico M. M., Prospero E.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2016
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vol. 29
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issue 6
903-914
EN
Objectives To investigate the prevalence of obesity among different types of employment status in the Italian working population, and to examine associated risk factors. Material and Methods Cross-sectional survey of 36 814 people that declared to have been occupied with the same type of contract for at least 5 years was analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models were built considering workers’ sex, age, education, family body mass index (BMI) category, leisure time and occupational physical activity, weight control habits, smoking habit, use of drugs, number of working hours per week, and type of working contract. Results After adjusting for covariates, the importance of temporary-employment was confirmed by multivariate analysis, with odds ratio (OR) = 1.32 for obesity (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–1.63) with respect to employed persons; the association was even more important in workers occupied for more than 40 h/week (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.07–2.66); moreover, shiftwork was confirmed as a risk factor for obesity in workers (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.94–1.2). Dealing with different occupational group, some categories were associated with obesity; in particular, this phenomenon involved people employed in agriculture (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.22–1.7), transportation (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.26–1.85), and public administration (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.1–1.55). Conclusions Our analysis suggest that obesity is strongly correlated with temporary employment. Maybe the way out this pathway to obesity in the future might be working better, choosing organizational flexibility rather than fixed term. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(6):903–914
3
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Anemia – a scourge to maternal and child development in Bihar, India

86%
Nirala S. K., Rao R., Naik B. N., Patil S., Verma M., Singh C., Pandey S.
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
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2023
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issue 2
416-423
EN
Introduction and aim. Anemia remains a leading contributor to years lived with disability (YLDs), being responsible for 50.3 million (5.82%) YLDs worldwide and 19.3 million (12.03%) YLDs in India, respectively. Results of the National Family Health Survey 2019-2021 (NFHS-5) suggest a high burden of anemia in India among women of reproductive age and children aged 6-59 months at the national level (57%, 67.1%), and in the state of Bihar, India (63.5%, 69.4%). Iron deficiency is the leading cause, accounting for more than half the cases. Anemia bodes harmful implications for both the mother and child, with long-lasting consequences for the latter. Anemia control programs have yielded little benefit despite efforts stretching over five decades. This narrative review aims to highlight the burden of anemia and the probable factors behind it among under-5 children and women of reproductive age in the Indian state of Bihar. Material and methods. The paper is a narrative review. The following databases were used to search and select literature: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. In addition, the websites of relevant government departments and national health programs were searched for pertinent material. Analysis of the literature. A multitude of reasons seem to be behind the unabated high prevalence in Bihar: low socioeconomic status, gender disparities, traditional customs and practices, food insecurity, lack of diverse diets, poor consumption, and no adherence to iron and folic acid (IFA) supplements, groundwater contamination with arsenic and fluoride, and supply chain mismanagement, all playing roles of varying degree. Conclusion. An all-encompassing approach and not merely the provision of IFA supplements are necessary to unravel the intricate web of factors that lead to anemia.
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Wystąpienie problemu prawnego jako funkcja czynników indywidualnych i kontekstowych. Analiza ekonometryczna z wykorzystaniem hierarchicznego modelu logitowego

72%
Florczak W., Grabowski W.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2017
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vol. 105
193-213
PL
Celem artykułu jest kwantyfikacja wpływu uwarunkowań mikroekonomicznych i mezoekonomicznych na indywidualne prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia problemu prawnego. Na podstawie przeglądu literatury zidentyfikowano indywidualne czynniki ryzyka, zaś w oparciu o bazy danych regionalnych dla polskich powiatów ustalono listę regresorów mezoekonomicznych. Łącząc informacje dotyczące cech socjoekonomicznych respondentów z danymi regionalnymi, oszacowano parametry strukturalne hierarchicznego modelu logitowego. Zbiór regresorów objął czynniki mikro, zarówno obiektywne, jak i subiektywne – takie jak dochód, wiek, wykształcenie, stan cywilny, miejsce zamieszkania, postawę wobec prawa, świadomość prawną, kapitał ludzki czy aktywność społeczną – oraz czynniki mezo: uwarunkowania demograficzne i ekonomiczne. Z badania przeprowadzonego na reprezentatywnej próbie dorosłych Polaków wynika, że czynniki ryzyka wystąpienia problemu prawnego zależą głównie od indywidualnych cech socjoekonomicznych respondentów, zaś uwarunkowania kontekstowe mają znacznie drugorzędne.
EN
The aim of this paper to quantify micro- and meso-level risk factors affecting individual demand for legal aid in Poland. On the basis of a literature survey and information taken from regional databases a set of relevant explanatory variables has been established, whose structural parameters were estimated by means of a hierarchical logit model. The regressors contained both objective and subjective micro-level information – such as income, age, education, gender, marital status, place of residence, personal attitude towards law, knowledge of law, social capital, and social activity – as well as meso-level information from demographic and economic areas. It follows from the results obtained on a representative sample of adult Poles that the risk factors belong mainly to the micro-level group, whereas contextual factors are of minor importance.
5
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Nierówności społeczno-ekonomiczne w umieralności mieszkańców Polski w wieku produkcyjnym z powodu ogółu przyczyn w roku 2002 i 2011

58%
Pikala M., Maniecka-Bryła I.
Medycyna Pracy
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2017
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vol. 68
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issue 6
771-778
EN
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of education, marital status, employment status and place of residence on mortality in the working age population of Poland in 2002 and 2011. Material and Methods All deaths of Poland’s inhabitants aged 25–64, in 2002 (N = 97 004) and 2011 (N = 104 598) were analyzed. For individual socio-economic groups standardized mortality rates (SDR) per 100 000 and rate ratio (RR) were calculated. Results In the group of economically inactive men SDR decreased from 2244.3 in 2002 to 1781.9 in 2011, while in the group of economically active population increased from 253.8 to 298.9 (RR drop from 8.8 to 6). In the group of economically inactive women SDR decreased from 579.5 to 495.2, and among the economically active women population it increased from 78.8 to 90.9 (RR drop from 7.4 to 5.4). In the group of men with higher education SDR decreased from 285.7 to 246, while among men with primary education it increased from 1141 to 1183 (RR increase from 4 to 4.8). In the group of women with higher education SDR decreased from 127.2 to 115.6 and among women with primary education it increased from 375.8 to 423.1 (RR increase from 3 to 3.7). In the group of divorced/separated SDR also increased – from 1521.4 to 1729.8 among men and from 365.5 to 410.8 among women. Conclusions Future prevention and educational programs should be addressed primarily to the population economically inactive, with primary education and those divorced/separated. Med Pr 2017;68(6):771–778
PL
Wstęp Celem pracy była ocena zależności między wykształceniem, stanem cywilnym, statusem zatrudnienia i miejscem zamieszkania a umieralnością mieszkańców Polski w wieku produkcyjnym w latach 2002 i 2011. Materiał i metody Analizą objęto zgony mieszkańców Polski w wieku 25–64 lat w 2002 r. (N = 97 004) i 2011 r. (N = 104 598). Dla poszczególnych grup społeczno- -ekonomicznych obliczono standaryzowane współczynniki umieralności (SDR) na 100 000 mieszkańców i wskaźniki nierówności (rate ratio – RR). Wyniki W grupie mężczyzn biernych zawodowo SDR zmniejszył się z 2244,3 w 2002 r. do 1781,9 w 2011 r., natomiast wśród aktywnych zawodowo wzrósł z 253,8 do 298,9 (spadek RR z 8,8 do 6). W grupie kobiet biernych zawodowo SDR zmniejszył się z 579,5 do 495,2, natomiast wśród aktywnych zawodowo zwiększył się z 78,8 do 90,9 (spadek RR z 7,4 do 5,4). W grupie mężczyzn z wykształceniem wyższym SDR zmniejszył się z 285,7 do 246, a w grupie z wykształceniem podstawowym wzrósł z 1141 do 1183 (wzrost RR z 4 do 4,8). W grupie kobiet z wykształceniem wyższym SDR zmniejszył się z 127,2 do 115,6, a w grupie z wykształceniem podstawowym zwiększył się z 375,8 do 423,1 (wzrost RR z 3 do 3,7). W grupie rozwiedzionych/ /separowanych również wzrosły SDR – z 1521,4 do 1729,8 wśród mężczyzn i z 365,5 do 410,8 wśród kobiet. Wnioski Przyszłe programy profilaktyczne i edukacyjne w zakresie ochrony zdrowia należy adresować przede wszystkim do osób biernych zawodowo, z wykształceniem podstawowym oraz rozwiedzionych lub żyjących w separacji. Med. Pr. 2017;68(6):771–778
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