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Creole languages are being formed as a result of language contact in multicultural and multilingual societies. Why is it that some circumstances are advantageous for their formation while others do not positively influence their formation? Which circumstances are crucial in order for a creole language to be formed? What does the entire process look like? Is the formation of a creole language a universal phenomenon or does it depend on the era and the place? Which creole languages are the most common in the world? Where do they come from? Do they have any characteristic features? These are the key questions that this paper attempts to answer.
EN
The text is an effort to present a change which took place at the turn of centuries in teaching Polish as a native language. It is, first of all, about a new sociolinguistic perspective in teaching Polish which appeared at schools. The author analyses four selected series of textbooks used for teaching Polish in a primary school. Special attention was paid to activity books, which are analysed with regard for presence of situational exercises that make students analyse communication situations and their typical language behaviours. They also make them create effective utterances adequate to a specific context. The conducted research shows that a communication perspective is not represented well in school textbooks. Activities focusing on development of communication competence are rare, they are scattered or separated from other language actions. Thus, they do not fit into a general textbook concept, and they often are only a decoration required by the core curriculum.
PL
The article formulates the need for studying the problem of hate speech, which is a form of discrimination, in sociolinguistics. The author describes the experience of studying discrimination in Western science (interdisciplinary approach) as well as aspects of formulating the notion in international and Ukrainian legislation. The paper also tracks the linguistic principles involved in examining the problem. The prospects for further research consist in the unifi cation of category content and the meanings of the terms discrimination, discourse discrimination and hate speech in sociolinguistics with the purpose of applying these categories as tools for analysing the language situation in Ukraine.
PL
Lower- and Upper-Sorbian of the protestant Upper Lusatia are extincting languages. Upper Sorbian in catholic Upper Lusatia is an endangered language. The Lusatians will eventually loose the fight for their national and linguistic survival because the majority of them care mainly for the material comfort and the national aims are of secondary importance. The author finds the Lusatians themselves responsible for the current linguistic situation in Lusatia.
EN
The article is between onomastics and sociolinguistics. The author shows the informal forms of names, which are used in Polish family of landed gentry in the beginning of XX century. The author carried out a word-formation analysis of a large collection of these forms, selected from three memory books. The article is an important contribution to the knowledge of the riches of the diminutives, which Poles in different epochs and environments have addressed themselves.
PL
Badanie tekstów przynależnych do odmiany retorycznej dawnej komunikacji politycznej wymaga nawiązywania do innych niż językoznawstwo dyscyplin nauki. Uprawianie omawianego w artykule obszaru badań pozwala na łączenie narzędzi wypracowanych w ramach językoznawstwa i nauk politycznych, dlatego ów obszar określa się też mianem lingwistyki politycznej (politolingwistyki). Pomocne jest również ujęcie socjolingwistyczne, czerpiące inspirację z nauk socjologicznych i traktujące teksty powstałe w ramach działalności politycznej jako świadectwo socjolektu szlachty. Czytelne zależności ujawniają się poza tym między specyfiką ustroju I Rzeczpospolitej i obowiązującym w niej systemem wartości a ideą przemawiania, która jest manifestacją wolności szlacheckiej. Zjawiska komunikacyjne w tym wypadku znajdują uzasadnienie w naukach historycznych. Ponadto rozwój badań korpusowych oraz przyrastający zasób zdygitalizowanych tekstów powstałych przed 1795 rokiem stwarza okazję do wykorzystywania narzędzi językoznawstwa statystycznego oraz stylometrii.
EN
Linguistics proves insufficient in researching texts that represent the rhetoric variety of former political communication. The study of the area discussed in the article requires a combination of scientific tools developed by linguistics and political sciences; therefore the area in question is referred to as political linguistics. A sociolinguistic approach is also helpful here as it draws on sociological sciences and treats the texts that result from political activity as an evidence of the sociolect of the nobility. Additionally, one may observe various links between the specific character of the political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the binding value system, and the idea of public speeches – a manifestation of the nobility’s freedom. The development of corpus research and the constantly growing digitalised repository of pre-1795 texts offer an opportunity to implement the tools of static linguistics and stylometry.
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