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EN
As the sociology of scientific knowledge has revealed, research fields may frequently maintain or legitimize hypotheses independently or in the absence of experimental data or other empirical evidence constituting conclusive scientific proof in accordance with declared methodological standards. This essay aims to show certain of the mechanisms and social factors that allow scientific discourse to function as a self-referential system, i.e., in an autonomous manner in regards to the border conditions of empirical experience, as described by W. Quine. I particularly concentrate here on how the organization of scientific work in selected disciplines can result in the local findings of individual laboratories being quickly transformed into unrevisable facts (black boxes). The phenomenon of the self-reference of scientific discourse is well illustrated by the case of the debate on the cause of AIDS. This discourse was so configured that by referring to one another and by theoretical imputation researchers caused the hypothesis on the causal relation between HIV and AIDS to begin to be accepted as an indisputable fact, even though the corroborating evidence had not appeared in the meantime.
EN
This paper discusses the concept of Technology Assessment (TA) and its rationale in light of complex relations between technology, market and democracy. The author points out their limitations: market proliferates discoveries and inventions but distorts mechanism of cultural limitations of the process of scientific innovation; democracy is in deep accord with scientific meritocracy, individualism and creativity, but on the other hand it slowly loses its control grip over science; technology is predominantly responsible for positive public representation of science, but it is guilty of most terrifying and problematic inventions. In conclusion, the author argues that only taking into account the complex hybrid of science, technology, market and democracy may provide understanding and control over technological innovations.
PL
Socjologia nie zdominowała społecznych studiów nad nauką (SSN), które rozwijają się w znacznej mierze autonomicznie i niezależnie od socjologicznych inspiracji. Artykuł stanowi próbę nakreślenia głównych przyczyn tego stanu rzeczy. Prócz czynników historycznych oraz instytucjonalnych identyfikuje trzy główne przyczyny związane z teoretycznymi rozstrzygnięciami SSN: (1) pominięcie spuścizny Mertonowskiej socjologii nauki; (2) nieufność względem wyjaśnień w kategoriach interesów oraz (3) krytykę socjologii dokonaną w ramach teorii actor-network. Ta ostatnia przedstawiona jest jako w znacznej mierze nieuzasadniona oraz ograniczająca potencjał poznawczy i praktyczny socjologii.
EN
Sociology has not dominated social studies of science (SSN). The latter develops itself largely autonomously and independently of sociology. The article sketches possible reasons of that situation. Apart from historical and institutional causes it points out three main reasons of theoretical nature. (1) The relative absence of the Mertonian tradition within SSN; (2) a general distrust within SSN towards the explanation based on interests, and (3) actor-network theory’s critique of sociological tradition. It is claimed that the critique is misguided and underestimates both the cognitive and practical potential of sociology.
EN
The COVID-19 pandemic of 2019-2022 has already received numerous analyses undertaken from various perspectives, including medical, economic and social. In our study, we tried to look at the pandemic phenomenon as a scientific controversy. We compared the argumentative structures of two discourses: (1) the constructivist sociology of scientific knowledge, formulated in the late 20th century, and (2) the pandemiosceptic discourse, formulated since 2019 by the scientific and medical communities, questioning both the pandemic itself and the legitimacy of the countermeasures taken. We found that the pandemiosceptic discourse makes use, in some part, of the arguments by which constructivist studies of science and technology have challenged the objectivist view of science.
PL
Pandemia COVID-19 z lat 2019-2022 doczekała się już licznych analiz podejmowanych z różnych perspektyw, m.in. medycznej, ekonomicznej czy społecznej. W naszym badaniu staraliśmy się spojrzeć na zjawisko pandemii jak na kontrowersję naukową. Porównaliśmy struktury argumentacyjne dwóch dyskursów: (1) sformułowanej w końcu XX wieku konstruktywistycznej socjologii wiedzy naukowej oraz (2) dyskursu pandemiosceptycznego, formułowanego od 2019 roku przez środowiska naukowe i medyczne, kwestionujące zarówno samą pandemię, jak i zasadność podejmowanych środków zaradczych. Stwierdziliśmy, że dyskurs pandemiosceptyczny w jakiejś części korzysta z argumentacji, za pomocą której konstruktywistyczne studia nad nauką i technologią podważały obiektywistyczny sposób postrzegania nauki.
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