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EN
This paper explores a variety of methodologies that offer ethnographic access to the kinds of “humanly organized sound” that typify urban acoustic spaces. The case studies draw from ongoing research on Sufi Muslim rituals in the Western Balkans (especially Kosovo), exploring ways in which sound articu lates difference in cities (urban heterophony) and in so doing mediates notions of place. Three methodologies are put forward here: first, documentary sound studies, an attempt to bring together the kinds of media­rich practices of visual anthropology, acknowledging that academic prose has inherent limits in its ability to represent; second, media archaeology, a critical reappraisal of media archives (whether intentionally designated as archives or not) as repositories for audio and other materials—both physical and virtual—which si multa neously reflect and shape the priorities of the archive and its discursive practices; and finally, aural flânerie, emphasizing passage through city spaces as a way of interrogating the boundaries and marginal spaces comprising the city. These ethnographic approaches offer a set of tools particularly suited to the socially enmeshed, collaborative realm of urban ethnomusicology, all the more so as technological developments raise questions about many of the basic premises of what constitutes fieldwork and ethnography in the past.
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Radio that Listens

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EN
The founding of Vancouver Co-operative Radio in the 1970s provided any interested citizen in this Canadian city with the opportunity to explore radio and its experimental, as well as creative potential. In this talk, I will trace how my personal experience of broadcasting Soundwalking— a weekly one-hour programme that took the listener into the soundscape of Vancouver and its surroundings — not only gave me valuable radio-making experience on many levels, but also changed my relationship to the city I lived in — a shift that happened for everyone with a radio programme at the station. Some insight will be given into the workings of Co-op Radio, its structure, decision-making processes, the notion of “participating listener”, and what it means to have the opportunity to “speak back” to the world through the medium of radio. Various creative/artistic possibilities for such radio making will be examined, e.g. “radical radio”, a concept coined by R. Murray Schafer, and in particular the idea of a radio listening through its microphones to the world: instead of merely broadcasting at us, we listen through it
EN
The aim of this article is to analyze Jerusalem’s soundscape as depicted in the works of the Israeli writer Amos Oz, employing the notion of a “soundscape” created by the Canadian musicologist R. Murray Schafer and developed within the interdisciplinary field of “sound studies”. Oz’s literary vision of Jerusalem refers mainly to the period of the riots and armed attacks in the 1940s, as well as to the later division of this city that lasted until 1967. The most distinctive and most often presented sounds, the so called soundmarks, in Oz’s prose create the specific character of Jerusalem and its identity as distinct from the rest of Israel. It is depicted as an outlying, gloomy and “distrustful” city that is overwhelmed with fear. The sounds of nature, such as reverberations of wind or voices of wild and domestic animals (howling of jackals, barking of dogs or caterwauling of cats) merge with the sounds belonging to the sphere of culture (clangour of bells, tunes of the piano), as well as with those of firings and explosions. Because of the lack of noise generated by cars, the soundscape of Jerusalem is typical of rustic spaces rather than of the spaces of other modern cities: all sounds, even the most low-keyed rustles and humming, are audible in its dominant silence.
EN
Kultur. Von den Cultural Studies bis zu den Visual Studies (Bielefeld 2012), a propaedeutic and synthetic book edited by Stephan Moebius, contains a chapter on sound studies, which was written by Holger Schulze. Arguing that no model of a homogeneous science of sound can be maintained, Schulze advocates studies that retain processuality, performativity, heterogeneity and hybridity of the cognitive process. Subsequently, when he was presenting the development of sound studies, he was able to take into account the experiences of the musical avant­garde, the development of theoretical research on sound, and various practical consequences and transformations of ethnomusicology. Schulze devoted the most attention to what it meant, means and will mean to study the world of sound, i.e. the world of sounds and the sounding world.
EN
On the basis of works devoted to the topic of sound studies and video games, the author presents ways of processing and using sounds in order to create virtual phonic spaces. He examines the means by which contemporary game developers influence immersivity, i.e., the process of immersing the gamer in virtual environments, as well as indicating the mutual influences of audial and visual spheres. Analysig the video game Grand Theft Auto IV from the perspective of the sound which accompanies the action, he compares in this respect three areas of the game’s Liberty City with their equivalents in New York on which the virtual city is modelled. The similarities and differences between the digital and virtual spaces are identified, and the reasons for them explained. This makes it possible to show how the use of the tools (explained earlier) employed by the developers of the game enable them to create a credible sounding virtual metropolis.
EN
Organizations differ in terms of the soundscapes they shape. The workplace soundscape, i.e., the sound environment of the employee, is not only an element of organizational culture, but above all, insufficiently recognized by organizational and management researchers, a tool for stimulating or inhibiting the activity of employees. In the light of the issues outlined in this way, the article deals with the characteristics of the soundscape in an open-plan office space, which is specific due to the potential number of various sound sources spreading in the work environment without clear acoustic barriers. The aim of the article is to discuss examples of the functioning of employees in a specific sound environment and to indicate the proposed research directions on the soundscape of the workplace in an open plan office. The article is theoretical and empirical. The research interview included an analysis of the literature on the soundscape of various workspaces, an analysis of the content obtained from employees' statements on social media about the sounds that accompany their work, and an analysis of interviews with employees of the real estate service department of one of Polish corporations about the soundscape of the office space they manage. The survey shows that the workplace soundscape is not the only a matter of the employees' sense of aesthetics. Studying the sounds of work can be both an impulse for in-depth research on the organizational climate and a starting point for creating workspace management programs.
EN
The idea of acoustic ecology emerged in the sixties of the twentieth century with the work of Raymond Murray Schafer and his school of soundscape studies. The starting point was the concern for the sound environment resulting from the sense of threat from progressive civilization changes and the increase of noise. In his project work, Schafer gave emphasis to education as well as to the development of ecological acoustic design. What was another important element of the program was the research activity aimed at, among others, documenting and analysing contemporary landscapes. The ecological importance of this research arises from increasing social awareness about the cultural value of the sound environment.
EN
Despite numerous publications on the soundscape of Wroclaw and the history of major music festivals like Jazz nad Odrą, not enough attention has been devoted to the local, independent activity of popular music artists. This article is a contribution to contemporary research into the popular music scene in Wroclaw. The author has carried out his own research in the summer and autumn of 2019, focusing on rock music and jazz. This is because, according to surveys, these types of music are most often indicated as specific to Wroclaw. The author’s goal is to indicate the reasons for the popularity of specific popular types of music and to determine the features specific to the popular music scene in Wroclaw. Into account is taken the history of the city and the repertoire of contemporary concerts as well as the reception of the events and the soundscape of places and the entire city. The author presents the methodology (sound walks, participant observation, surveys, interviews) using literature on the subject of popular music studies, soundscape studies and performance studies.
EN
The text presents a soudscape analysis of World War II. Here, the term soundscape is understood, after R. Murray Schafer, as acoustic sphere of a place and of its human community which becomes a part of intangible cultural heritage. The analysed soundscape involves wartime audio sphere of both sound senders and recipients. In order to reconstruct the aural world from the years 1939–1945, the article’s author uses autobiographic texts by such writers as Białoszewski, Głowiński, Ligocka, Nałkowska, and Waniek. Further, she later demonstrates the contemporary references to wartime soundscape, and reveals how they function to construct both historical memorials and political history.
EN
This article is concerned with the importance for urban studies of the role of the sonic environment in making the dwelling space familiar, developing a sense of belonging and building a community. We analyze three selected interviews with Wroclaw residents conducted within a project on the audiosphere and the soundscape of Wroclaw. The analysis attempts at determining what sounds our respondents described as specific for their place of residence, and what emotions, meanings and values were connected with this soundscape. Our study reveals an active role played by acoustic phenomena in the process of domesticating. R.M. Schafer’s conception of soundscape and B. Latour’s actor-network theory are the theoretical background for our analysis.
PL
Dźwięk powiązany z przestrzenią i czasem towarzyszy człowiekowi od zawsze. Odgłosy natury i cywilizacji, które towarzyszą codziennym obowiązkom, oraz muzyka, która może mieć moc łagodzenia obyczajów – to wrażenia słuchowe tak mocno związane z naszym życiem, iż przestają być zauważalne. Dźwięk kształtuje otoczenie, środowisko, a także nas samych. Turystyka trwale związana jest z dźwiękiem. Istnieje wiele rodzajów turystyki, która opiera się na dźwięku. Turystyka festiwalowa, religijna, obserwacja ptaków czy podróże po całym świecie w celu poznawania innych kultur, folkloru – to elementy, które kreuje, a także inspiruje, jako efekt wtórny dźwięk. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych wśród respondentów o wykształceniu muzycznym oraz wśród przyszłych touroperatorów. Podstawowym celem badań była próba ustalenia, czym dla ankietowanych jest dźwięk w aktywności turystycznej, a także jak kojarzony jest z turystyką oraz z produktem turystycznym. Realizacja badań pozwoliła na określenie dwóch perspektyw odniesienia – muzycznej oraz turystycznej. Owe badania były swoistą konfrontacją osób pojmujących dźwięk w turystyce w sposób stricte muzykologiczny z respondentami nastawionymi przede wszystkim na turystykę i rekreację.
EN
Sound connected with space and time has been accompanying a man since the beginning of mankind. Noises of nature and civilization which accompany our daily activities, and music which is said to have the power of making people more benevolent towards each other – are auditory impressions so strongly connected with our lives that they have become imperceptible. Sound shapes our surroundings and environment, and also ourselves. Tourism has been abidingly connected with sound. There are many types of tourism which are based on sound. Festival tourism, religious tourism, bird watching or traveling around the world in order to become familiar with different cultures and folklore – are all the elements which are created and also inspired by sound as secondary effect. Tourism product and sound are the elements which are very close to each other due to the fact that they create one inextricable symbiosis providing us with recreation, strength recovery, as well as aesthetic experiences. This paper presents the results of study conducted among the respondents with music education and prospective tour operators. The main objective of the research was the attempt to determine what sound in tourism activity is for the respondents, and how it is associated with tourism and with tourism product. Completion of the study made it possible to determine two reference perspectives – music and tourist. This research is also a specific confrontation of individuals understanding sound in tourism in a stricte musicological way, with the respondents who are primarily oriented towards tourism and recreation.
EN
Taking up the problem of climate change, Nicholas Mirzoef, in his book How to See the World, argued that we should make it less abstract and that we need a new mode of visual thinking, adequate to the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene can also be heard and the anthropogenic impacts can have an audible dimension as well. This article provides reasons for using sounds as a medium communicating the ongoing changes and lays out different kinds of sound representations of the anthropocene demonstrated by practitioners and theoreticians of acoustic ecology and sound artists (B. Krause, D. Dunn). Recordings of the environment and works by sound artists are given consideration with respect to their affective potential, their ability to influence us and our emotions, to shape a more responsible attitude to the environment that we inhabit together with the nonhuman agents.
EN
The main objective of the article is to present the soundscape study as long-range fora geography. It was necessary to use several methodological approaches. The humanistic approach, the most important among them, stresses the subjective meanings and values and the significance of individual experience in a particular place. Academic achievements in the field of acoustic ecology in Poland were presented. Finally, applications of soundscape studies were pointed out. Researches on soundscape are the example of crossing boundaries. Soundscape is a promising subject of research in geography and spatial planning.
PL
Celem badań, których wyniki przedstawiono w artykule było rozpoznanie roli krajobrazów dźwiękowych w studiach geograficznych. Nawiązano do podejścia humanistycznego (głównie fenomenologiczne), akcentującego potrzebę badania świata takiego, jaki jest postrzegany przez ludzi, czyli konkretów codziennego życia. Przedstawiono dorobek naukowy ekologii akustycznej w Polsce. Na koniec wskazano zastosowania studiów krajobrazu dźwiękowego. Badania krajobrazu dźwiękowego są przykładem przekraczania granic poznania w geografii. Jest to perspektywiczny kierunek badawczy w geografii i planowaniu przestrzennym. 
EN
The aim of this article is to pay attention to acoustic ecology in the context of pedagogy, which is ignored in Poland. Acoustic ecology is an interdisciplinary area, examining relations between music, its perception and acoustic environment. It is of interest to musicology, geography, cultural studies and architecture. Its aim is to develop consciousness of acoustic environment and to increase the sense of responsibility for shaping it. The author of this article presents the meaning and functioning of terms “acoustic ecology” and “soundscape”. Foreign and Polish scientific literature on the subject is analysed. Initiatives for acoustic ecology education in the world and in Poland are presented. Against this background, the demand for including acoustic ecology into general aesthetic and health education in Poland, is formulated.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na zagadnienie ekologii akustycznej w kontekście pedagogicznym, które jest w Polsce niemal całkowicie pomijane. Ekologia akustyczna to interdyscyplinarna dziedzina, badająca relacje między człowiekiem, dźwiękiem i sposobem jego odbioru a otoczeniem. Leży w polu zainteresowań muzykologów, geografów, kulturoznawców, architektów. Zajmuje się kształtowaniem świadomości otoczenia akustycznego oraz buduje poczucie odpowiedzialności za jego współkształtowanie. Autorka przedstawia znaczenie i funkcjonowanie terminów „ekologia akustyczna” oraz „pejzaż dźwiękowy”. Analizuje zagraniczną i polską literaturę naukową dotyczącą tego zagadnienia. Przedstawia inicjatywy dotyczące edukacji w zakresie ekologii akustycznej na świecie i w Polsce. Pozwala to sformułować postulat, iż zagadnienia z tego zakresu powinny zostać włączone do powszechnej edukacji estetycznej i zdrowotnej w Polsce.
Bohemistyka
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2022
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issue 4
543-564
EN
In the years 1933–1934, Jaromír John, a prose writer associated primarily with the ”Lidové noviny”, published the novel Výbušný zlotvor (o muži, kterého pronásledovala auta). Much later, in 2007, the work of one of the leading Czech postmodernists, Jaroslav Rudiš, Potichu, appeared on the book market. Both texts, regardless of the differences in the narrative conventions that build their fictional order, share the anti-civilization character of the diagnoses and the tendency to undermine the approval of the modernization discourse. In both novels, among the defined shortcomings of the modern world, pollution of the environment with noise comes to the fore. Their heroes suffer from the so-called misophonia, that means hypersensitivity to sounds. Behind the apparent obviousness of the maladic narrative a devastating diagnosis of the rudimentary shortcomings of modern life is hidden. It is not the first time in the world literature that descriptions of disease symptoms turn out to be an effective instrument for recognizing the negative aspects of a psychosocial situation and designing treatment methods capable of healing it.
PL
W latach 1933–1934 Jaromír John, prozaik kojarzony przede wszystkim ze środowiskiem „Lidovych novin”, opublikował powieść Výbušný zlotvor (o muži, kterého pronásledovala auta). O wiele później, w roku 2007, na rynku księgarskim ukazało się dzieło jednego z czołowych czeskich postmodernistów, Jaroslava Rudiša, Potichu. Oba teksty, niezależne od odmienności budujących ich fabularny porządek konwencji narracyjnych, łączy antycywilizacyjny charakter stawianych diagnoz oraz tendencja do podważenia aprobatywnego nacechowania dyskursu modernizacyjnego. W obu powieściach też wśród definiowanych mankamentów współczesnego świata na plan pierwszy wysuwa się zanieczyszczenie środowiska hałasem. Ich bohaterowie cierpią bowiem na tzw. mizofonię, a zatem nadwrażliwość na dźwięki. Za pozorną oczywistością narracji maladycznej kryje się druzgocąca diagnoza rudymentarnych mankamentów współczesnego życia. Nie po raz pierwszy w literaturze światowej opisy objawów chorobowych okazują się tu efektywnym narzędziem rozpoznania negatywnych aspektów sytuacji psychospołecznej i zaprojektowania metod leczniczych zdolnych, by sytuację tę uzdrowić.
PL
Five (2003) Abbasa Kiarostamiego jest interpretowane w tym artykule w kontekstach medialnych, technologicznych i filozoficznych. Najpierw zostają przedstawione okoliczności powstania filmu, sens ewoluującego tytułu oraz różne wersje ekspozycyjne. W kolejnych pięciu częściach artykułu autor podejmuje następujące kwestie: inspiracje, jakie Kiarostami czerpał z twórczości Yasujirō Ozu, oraz utopijne marzenie o tworzeniu filmu bez autora (I); możliwości, jakie dała twórcy technologia cyfrowa (II); intencje stworzenia filmu bez historii (III); postantropocentryczna strategia wyrażająca się zwrotem ku przedmiotom (IV); pejzaż wizualny, który zostaje zastąpiony widzeniem na granicy widzialności (V). W zakończeniu artykułu autor interpretuje instalację Doors without Keys (2015) jako votum separatum wobec powszechnego dziś przekonania o dominacji ruchomych obrazów jako środków prezentowania rzeczywistości.
EN
Abbas Kiarostami’s Five (2003) is interpreted in this article in media, technological, and philosophical contexts. The author begins by presenting the circumstances of this production, the evolving title, and various display versions. In the subsequent five parts of the article, he addresses the following issues: the inspiration Kiarostami drew from the works of Yasujirō Ozu, the utopian dream of making a film ‘without an author’ (I); the possibilities offered by digital technology (II); Kiarostami’s intention to create a film ‘without history’ (III); a post-anthropocentric strategy expressed by a cinematic shift towards objects that replace the dominant tendency towards human subjects (IV); visual landscape replaced by seeing at the edge of visibility (V). At the end of the article, the installation Doors without Keys (2015) is interpreted as a votum separatum against the popular belief that moving images dominate as means of presenting reality.
PL
Krajobraz w filmie oddawany jest nie tylko w obrazie, ale i w dźwięku. Autor ukazał jego kreację na przykładzie dziesięciu filmów science fiction, zrealizowanych na przestrzeni blisko 70 lat, pokazujących pozaziemskie planety. W opisie ich fonosfery wykorzystał teorię pejzażu dźwiękowego R. Murraya Schafera oraz analizę audio-wizualną Michela Chiona. W pionierskich filmach z przełomu lat 50. i 60. użycie eksperymentalnych efektów elektroakustycznych zamazuje rozróżnienie między dźwiękiem a muzyką i jest jednym z elementów wywołujących wrażenie niesamowitości. W środkowej części artykułu autor porównał adaptacje dwóch kanonicznych utworów gatunku – Solaris Stanisława Lema i Diuny Franka Herberta – które wprowadzają kontrastujące planety. Zestawienie to pokazało, jak żywioły przekładają się na dźwięki i jaką funkcję owe dźwięki mogą pełnić. W ostatnim rozdziale zostały opisane dwa seriale będące najnowszymi odsłonami fantastycznych sag: Star Trek i Gwiezdnych wojen. W pierwszym powraca wątek żyjącej planety, a w drugim toniki dźwiękowej opartej na materiale.
EN
In cinema, the landscape is reflected not only in the image, but in the sound as well. The article discusses the creation of the latter based on ten science-fiction films, dating from a period of nearly 70 years, that show extraterrestrial planets. Their soundscapes are described in terms of R. Murray Schafer’s theory and Michel Chion’s audio-visual analysis. In pioneering titles from the late 1950s and early 1960s, the use of experimental electro-acoustic effects blurs the distinction between sound and music, creating an impression of the uncanny. In the middle part of the article, adaptations of two canonical texts of the genre are compared – Stanisław Lem’s Solaris and Frank Herbert’s Dune – which introduce contrasting planets. Thanks to the juxtaposition, it turns out how their elements translate into sounds and what function these sounds can take. The last section describes two series that are the latest spin-offs of the fantastic sagas: Star Trek and Star Wars. In the first, the motif of a living planet returns, and in the second, the material-based keynote sound.
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2019
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vol. 10
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issue 2
176-182
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza dźwięku w nagraniach historii mówionej w trzech aspektach. W pierwszej i drugiej części przyjrzymy się temu, co wpływa na jakość nagrań audio, o co osoba nagrywająca może zadbać, aby nagranie miało jak najlepszą jakość, a co wymyka się naszej kontroli. Poruszone zostaną tu kwestie techniczne dotyczące sprzętu oraz kontroli dźwięku podczas nagrania. W trzeciej części opracowania przyjrzymy się temu, co tworzy tzw. krajobraz dźwiękowy nagrania i jakie możliwości interpretacyjne on przed nami otwiera.
EN
The work aim is to describe and reflect on the sound in the oral history recording in three aspects. First, we discuss what affects the quality of audio recordings, and what we can take care of to ensure to get best quality. It will also be discussed what escapes our control. The technical issues regarding equipment and sound control during the recording will be discussed here. In the third part of the work, we will look at what creates the so-called ‘soundscape’ of the recording and what interpretation possibilities it opens for us.
EN
A balance between what we see and what we hear is necessary in all the spaces where people live. In a city, there are a number of sounds that are perceived by most inhabitants as disturbing. It is therefore necessary to mask these sounds, and this type of intervention in the soundscape creates acoustically alternative urban spaces. The evaluation of the applied solutions changing the soundscape should be reviewed. The previously used tranquillity indices for assessing the visual and acoustic soundscapes have their limitations. They do not take into account the perception of space at night or the sound structure regardless of the time of day. This paper starts a discussion on how the tranquillity factor should evolve so that it can be used to evaluate the progressively changing urban spaces.
PL
Zachowanie równowagi pomiędzy tym, co widzimy, i tym, co słyszymy jest konieczne w każdej z przestrzeni w jakiej funkcjonuje człowiek. Wskaźniki pozwalające na ocenę krajobrazów wizualnego i akustycznego mają swoje ograniczenia. Nie uwzględniają odbioru przestrzeni nocą i nie uwzględniają struktury dźwięku niezależnie od pory dnia. W artykule rozpoczęto dyskusję na temat tego jak powinien ewaluować wskaźnik spokoju, aby możliwe było jego wykorzystanie do oceny alternatywnych przestrzeni miejskich.
EN
The article deals with sound images in the poetics of Olga Grushin’s novel The Dream Life of Sukhanov. The author analyses the role of sound in creating time and space images, types and functions of sound, as well as studies the phenomenon of silence as a universal. Sounds act as mediators between the hero’s past and present, as markers of time and space shifts, and key events of the plot. All these sound functions are connected with the main aim of the writer — to form and shape the spiritual biography of a creative person whose life covers the 1930–1980s.
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