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EN
We can observe a complex and partly contradictory transformation of authority, until now centred in the state. The dispersion of authority both vertically to supranational and subnational institutions and horizontally to non-state actors has challenged the structure and capacity of national governments. This transformation of authority is multi-dimensional and multiscalar process. A major change also is taking place in the organization of political power. This transformation has often been labeled as a shift from ‘government’ to ‘governance’. We observe a world where new institutional forms of mixed public and private governance are emerging.
EN
In the novels of Joanna Bator we can find the aesthetics of kitsch, which remains closely associated with the creation of the portrayed reality. The author does not limit herself to just making a note of it, but she takes into account contradictions that underlie it – desire for beauty and tastelessness, changeability and stability. There are irony and satire behind those images, but we find no sarcasm. Where only the aesthetic kitsch (mostly in the sweet version) is accentuated, the vision of post-war Poland is devoid of any signs of grotesque. Joanna Bator notices the shallowness of such aesthetics, but, at the same time, she is aware of its association with people’s dreams. The situation is different in the case of political, national or religious kitsch, which is treated with greater respect, where behind the aesthetic there are convolutions of people’s thinking and axiology. Therefore, kitsch may be the result of innocent fantasising about happiness, but also an expression of aggression and ideologization, which inevitably lead to conflict.
EN
The aim of the article is to draw attention to the essence and values of learning and teaching children outside the school’s walls and to the pedagogy of the place, which refers to an alternative vision of the practice of outdoor education in an open space. The current theory and practice of education outside are influenced by cultural traditions and psychological theories of personal and social development. Taking into account the educational needs of contemporary young people struggling with serious social and ecological problems in a dynamically changing world, there is a need to re-invoke the idea of outdoor education and the idea of places that are the main dimension and problem of our being in the world.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na istotę oraz wartości uczenia się i nauczania dzieci poza murami szkoły oraz na pedagogikę miejsca, która odnosi się do alternatywnej wizji praktyki kształcenia na zewnątrz, w otwartej przestrzeni. Na obecną teorię i praktykę edukacji na zewnątrz wpływ mają kulturowe tradycje oraz psychologiczne teorie rozwoju osobistego i społecznego. Biorąc pod uwagę potrzeby edukacyjne współczesnych młodych ludzi, zmagających się z poważnymi problemami społecznymi i ekologicznymi w dynamicznie zmieniającym się świecie, zachodzi potrzeba ponownego przywołania idei edukacji na zewnątrz oraz idei miejsc, które stanowią główny wymiar i problem naszego bycia w świecie.
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