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David Hume a jeho pojetí prostoru a času

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EN
It is generally agreed that the account of space and time in the Treatise of Human Nature does not belong to the best of Hume’s writings, although running against this general consensus is the opinion of V. F. Kruse. This article argues that Hume’s treatment of space and time, especially his argument against infinite divisibility, suffers from serious imperfections. It must be admitted, however, that Hume’s difficulties arise mostly from the consistent application of his doctrine of impressions and ideas. Perhaps Hume’s own dissatisfaction and his ambition to find favour with the public were the reasons why there is no corresponding part dealing with space and time in the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. But as the main principles have not been changed in this later work, Hume would not have come to substantially different conclusions if he had dealt with the same subject in detail in the Enquiry.
EN
The article is devoted to the problem of time and space as the essential factors of the world model created in The Master and Margarita, the famous novel written by Mikhail Bulgakov. As many critics has already noticed, there are three basic space dimensions in the considering work of prose – Jerusalem, Moscow and the mysterious world of Woland. As the matter of fact the core problem of research concerns the latter. The world from which Woland is coming is presented as a kind of inter-world between the other two, on the one hand, and as the objective Universe embracing them, creating in this way the unity of three dimensions, on the other hand. Moreover, in this piece of work, there has been made an attempt to recode the Woland’s world by analysing the motifs of it through the symbols and themes of gnosis.
EN
The article documents cases of grammatical, phonetic and lexical “irregularities” occurring in modern Russian. The conclusions are based on analysis of the National Corpus of the Russian Language and internet queries. The author pays special attention to phrases indicating time relations: “for some time” / “after what time”. It is noted that there is an “older” and “younger” standard for using collocations with the lexeme „time” and prepositions, and the change in the norm resulted from the transition from treating space-time as an abstract, uniform chronotope to the idea of time as a discrete quantity, i.e. certain fragmented, countable sections (century, year, month, day, hour, minute, second). Research has shown that discrete forms denoting time began to dominate from the mid-nineteenth century, which is related to the changes in the image of the world taking place at that time. The old ways of speaking about time, however, still appear in modern Russian. The article shows that other lexical and inflectional archaisms (e.g. short forms of adjectives) are also returning to modern speech. This can be considered a manifestation of social linguistic memory, which involves having the ability to recall and use old forms or meanings, according to norms that used to be applied in the past. The author proposes that this phenomenon be called “spontaneous recurrence of the norm”. It is claimed that such recurrence of the old norm may be caused either by speakers’ ignorance of the current norm or by their desire for a “retro” style that results from fashion or manners. It could also be a manifestation of “language refreshment” through the activation of speech memory, or retrieving former forms and old standards out of the “subconscious” of language users.
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