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EN
The purpose of the article is to show the foreign exchange options problem among Polish companies in 2008 and 2009. During this period there was a surprising phenomenon: Polish exporters lost on the depreciation of the domestic currency. This situation was related to the fact that some companies used derivatives in the wrong way. Derivatives, which were used for hedging, were causing high losses. In the article particular attention is given to the design currency options which were causing losses for companies.
EN
In financial markets, speculation is justified by its contribution to liquidity, hedging, and, if rationally done, adjusting price to value. Derivatives are essential for turning speculation into an element that contributes to an efficient market. Property assets have the distinctive feature of being both residential and productive assets and investment assets. This paper studies how speculation may contribute positively to the real estate market and does so by looking at it from the triple perspective of property, primitive financial assets, and derivatives. To answer this, the authors try to identify which assets are needed to achieve this end and how they can help to guide speculation towards efficiency. On this basis, we examine the development of derivatives on real estate indexes and the perspectives of their future evolution, including their impact on the real market.
EN
The subject of this paper is legislation against war usury in the early interwar period. There is no wide analysis of this topic in existing legal literature. This article is multifaceted – it is based on administrative regulations as well as on penal rules. Regulation in the field of war usury consisted of several types of illegal acts and basic rules of a particular procedure which was supplementary to common penal procedures. For a more complete overview of the main problem the author presents sentences handed down in court decisions and opinions of legal scholars. During the rebirth of the Republic of Poland matters of speculation, defined as “war usury,” were one of the most controversial legal problems. Shortages of scarce goods were causing anxiety in Polish society. At the time uncontrolled trade in scarce goods could result in economic turmoil and serious social unrest. Regulations in both the decree of December 5, 1918 and in the Act of July 2, 1920 were clearly edited and thus caused few difficulties in interpretation. However, since there were three different criminal procedure systems in force in Poland at the beginning of the twenties, application of procedural regulations was frequently problematic. The most difficult problem of interpretation was directly connected to imprecision of legal terms, including the term “war usury.” Scientific analysis of the problem should lead to more accurate knowledge of the interwar Polish legal system and will be a contribution to comparative study in contemporary Polish regulations.
EN
The object of the article is analysis of the similarities and differences between the Great Depression of 1929 and the financial crisis of 2007. In the first part of the study the author presents the reasons, evolution and consequences of both crises. In the second part she discusses the similarities and differences between the two crises in order to show their evolution scheme. For this purpose the author uses Minsky’s theory of financial crises. The analysis shows that the causes of both crises are the same. In this context the main issue is incorrect monetary policy and excessive deregulation.
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the origin and development of the first speculative bubble that took place in the seventeenth century in Holland, called Tulipmania. On the basis of available literature it was possible to find out, that the main reason of that scandal was not the craze of the people, but lack of properly developed law, which at that time was not compatible with both capital markets development and the financial innovations.
EN
In socialist Poland, in the reality of centrally planned economy, average citizens experienced chronic deficits of basic commodities. Although the intensity of the problem varied, at no time could one say that the official market fully satisfied the demand for basic or luxurious goods sought by citizens. On the one hand, the market was steered manually, prices were set and kept on the same level for many years, and the volume of production and its cost was centrally planned, but on the other hand, salaries in national companies were raised, which resulted in unsatisfied demand for the goods that the official market lacked. How, then, did average citizens deal with these problems? How, by committing more or less serious financial crimes, did they become players in the black market game, the stake of which was satisfying their own needs? This article attempts at describing the situation in this specific market in various periods of socialist Poland. It also tries to demonstrate which products were the most desirable and most often sold in the black market. Most citizens of socialist Poland, knowing that their behavior is against the law, limited their participation in the black market to purchasing or selling the most urgently needed products.
PL
Spekulacyjne bańki cenowe na rynkach aktywów były przyczyną wielu kryzysów finansowych, łącznie z ostatnim globalnym kryzysem finansowo-ekonomicznym. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie roli czynników behawioralnych w tworzeniu bańki cenowej oraz instrumentów niezbędnych do zapobiegania i dezaktywacji. Autorzy analizują mechanizm powstawania baniek spekulacyjnych i ich pękania, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem czynników behawioralnych. Następnie przedstawiają dwa przykłady bańki spekulacyjnej na rynku mieszkaniowym (w Hiszpanii i w Polsce). W obydwu przypadkach bańka cenowa powstała i pękła pod silnym wpływem czynników spekulacyjnych. Badanie ankietowe przeprowadzone ostatnio wśród potencjalnych uczestników polskiego rynku nieruchomości wskazuje na ciągłe istnienie motywów spekulacyjnych kształtujących zachowania potencjalnych inwestorów, które mogą prowadzić do ponownego powstania bańki spekulacyjnej, niebezpiecznej dla wszystkich inwestorów. W ostatniej części artykułu autorzy przedstawiają dychotomiczny model dezaktywacji bańki cenowej, łączący ekonomiczne instrumenty polityki pieniężnej, fi skalnej i regulacyjnej z działaniami pozaekonomicznymi ukierunkowanymi na dezaktywację niepożądanych czynników behawioralnych.
EN
Speculative price bubbles in the assets markets were at the roots of many financial crises, including the last global financial and economic crisis. The aim of paper is to show the role of behavioural factors in the creation of a price bubble and the instruments necessary for its avoiding and disactivation. The authors analyse the mechanism of the formation of speculative bubbles and their bursting, with special consideration of behavioural factors. Then they present two case studies of a price bubble in the housing market (Spain and Poland). In both cases, the price bubble was formed and broke down under the strong impact of speculative factors. A questionnaire recently conducted among the potential participants of the Polish immobility market indicates speculative motives underlying the behaviour of potential investors, which can lead to the creation of a new price bubble, dangerous to all investors. In the last part of the paper, the authors present a dychotomic model of disactivation of a price bubble, which combines the economic instruments of monetary, fiscal and regulatory policies with non-economic measures aimed at the disactivation of undesirable behavioural factors.
RU
Спекулятивные ценовые пузыри на рынках активов были причиной многих финансовых кризисов, включая последний глобальный финансово-экономический кризис. Целью статьи является представление роли поведенческих факторов в создании ценового пузыря и инструментов, необходимых для их предотвращения и дезактивации. Авторы анализируют механизм возникновения спекулятивных пузырей и их лопанья с особым учетом поведенческих факторов. Затем даются два примера спекулятивных пузырей на рынке жилья в Испании и в Польше. В обоих случаях ценовый пузырь появился и лопнул под сильным влиянием спекулятивных факторов. Анкетные исследования, проведенные в последнее время среди потенциальных участников польского рынка недвижимости, указывают на постоянное наличие спекулятивных мотивов, формирующих поведение потенциальных инвесторов, которые могут вести к новому возникновению спекулятивного пузыря, опасного для всех инвесторов. В последней части статьи авторы представляют дихотомическую модель дезактивации ценового пузыря, соединяющую экономические инструменты денежной фискальной и регуляционной политики с внеэкономическими мерами, нацеленными на дезактивацию нежелательных поведенческих факторов.
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Rádl, Fischer a Rieger k fyzikálním otázkám

75%
EN
Drawing on the views of three selected Czech philosophers – Rádl, Fischer and Rieger – on questions of physics and their possible philosophical reflection, the author conjectures how these thinkers, consistent with their original views, might respond to currently discussed contemporary questions. Specifically, at the time of the conference, it was the then current problem of neutrinos and of their speed, which apparently had been measured at more than the speed of light. At issue are primarily methodological postures, views concerning the proper range of philosophy on the basis of which we can, given appropriate speculation, derive a highly probable stance which the selected philosophers represented and, more generally, their probable approach to contemporary issues.
10
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Dynamizować „immanencję”

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EN
The work of Agata Bielik-Robson is now linked, according to her own declarations, with contemporary postsecular philosophy. This text, which critically confronting two excerpts from her books related with the problem of “immanency”, was primarily intended to show how deep her writings are rooted rather in classical speculative thinking. Such an approach, I hope, shows at the same time that the nineteenth-century dialectics, even if it is not fully accepted by modern authors, sometimes allows to describe problems of their thinking better.
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Późny kapitalizm i hazard

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PL
Relację pomiędzy późnym kapitalizmem a zjawiskiem hazardu cechuje szczególne sprzężenie zwrotne. Z jednej strony późny kapitalizm charakteryzuje się szeregiem atrybutów, które w istotny sposób przyczyniły się do dynamicznego rozwoju hazardu w XXI wieku. Wśród nich wskazać należy przede wszystkim na technologizację, globalizację i indywidualizację. Z drugiej natomiast strony wybrane aspekty późnego kapitalizmu sprawiają, że on sam coraz bardziej przypomina hazard. Centralne usytuowanie w jego ramach takich kategorii, jak dematerializacja, ryzyko oraz spekulacja sprawiają, że fenomen ten służyć może także jako egzemplifikacja (metafora) późnego kapitalizmu.
EN
The relationship between late capitalism and gambling appears to be a multidimensional connection. On the one hand, late capitalism provides a number of features which support the dynamic development of gambling in the 21st century. The crucial elements are technologisation, globalisation and individualisation. On the other hand, gambling is a metaphor for late capitalism. The basic categories of late capitalism, like dematerialisation, risk or speculation, make it strikingly similar to gambling. They use the same resources, logic and rules. In effect, the analysis of gambling is a useful tool to explore the wider social reality.
EN
Jewish philosophy as a specific theoretical reflection of the Jewish historical and existential situation never separated from the religious experience of the Jewish people. Philosophy in general, originally a mode of thinking foreign to Judaism, due to the Diaspora existence became an issue that Judaism had to struggle and come to terms with. In this sense, Judaism never contributed anything radically original to the development of philosophical thought, its main achievement in this field being the application of philosophy to a traditional religious world view. Since the Enlightenment there have been attempts among philosophers of Jewish origin to emancipate themselves from their religious heritage and to think in a “purely” philosophical way, but the crisis of the rational and scientific ideal with its tragic connotations for the Jews proved to be a dead end for them. In modern Jewish philosophical thinking we can distinguish two convergent lines: On the one hand there are initially “universal” philosophers whom external pressure forced to return to their own religious tradition, on the other hand there are exceptional Talmudic and Hasidic figures that try to overcome the particularism of their own tradition and give it more universal meaning. A representative of the first kind is Hermann Cohen, while representatives of the second kind are Joseph Dov Soloveitchik and Abraham Joshua Heschel. The works of all those (and other) Jewish philosophers bring clear evidence that philosophical speculation can not rest on rational grounds alone, but it has to seek support in the religious texts of their own Jewish tradition.
PL
Celem artykułu jest rozważenie kwestii, czy wobec aktualnego unormowania kodeksu cywilnego kategoria interesu ubezpieczeniowego może być stosowana również w odniesieniu do ubezpieczeń osobowych. W tym zakresie rozważania dotyczą pytania o dopuszczalność ukształtowania takiego stosunku ubezpieczenia, w którym ubezpieczający lub uposażony nie posiadają żadnego interesu w życiu osoby ubezpieczonej. W ramach artykułu autor dokonuje również analizy problematyki przenoszenia praw z umowy ubezpieczenia osobowego na podmioty niewykazujące żadnego związku z ubezpieczonym, w tym problematyki spotykanych również w Polsce praktyk wiatykalnych.
EN
The present article aims at cosidering the issue whether the category of insurable interest can be also applied to personal insurance under current civil code regulations. In this respect, the question is examined of the admissibility of establishing such an insurance relationship in which the insurance policyholder or the beneficiary do not have any interest in the life of the insured person. Furthermore, the author analyses the transfer of rights under the personal insurance contract to the entities totally unrelated to the insured person, including the viatical practices adopted in Poland, as well.
EN
The article describes the best ways of investing. As far as capital markets are concerned, the basic financial instruments represent various degrees of risk. The investor has to decide which investment is proper for him, and in order to earn money one has to know about them. The investor has to know what risk he may and wants to run, in order to reach his investment’s aims. It should be remembered that the market is only an arena for possibilities, and not for guarantees.
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse the issue of the influence of war on anti-usury legislation in the first years of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1921). The four years of World War I resulted in a major economic crisis and long-lasting shortages of numerous commodities, including raw resources and life necessities. This situation was a serious threat for the reborn Polish state therefore forced Polish legislator to react. As soon as on 5th December 1918 a decree on war usury was issued. Regulation in the field of war usury consisted of several types of illicit acts and basic rules of a particular procedure which was supplementary to common penal procedures. The main aim of the anti-usury legislation was to mitigate the negative consequences of shortages of goods caused by war. The economic impact on legislation was even more distinct in the Bill on combating war usury of the 2nd July 1920 which was the main anti-usury legislation in the interwar period as it remained in force until 1938
PL
Głównym celem niniejszego artkułu jest analiza problematyki wpływu wojny na regulacje antylichwiarskie w pierwszych latach II Rzeczypospolitej (1918–1921). Cztery lata I wojny światowej skutkowały znaczącym kryzysem ekonomicznym oraz długotrwałym niedoborem licznych dóbr, w tym surowców oraz artykułów pierwszej potrzeby. Ta sytuacja stanowiła poważne zagrożenie dla odrodzonego państwa polskiego, co zmusiło polskiego prawodawcę do reakcji. Już 5 grudnia 1918 r. został wydany dekret o lichwie wojennej. Regulacje składały się z kilku typów czynów zabronionych i przepisów szczególnych w dziedzinie postępowania karnego. Głównym celem przepisów antylichwiarskich było złagodzenie negatywnych następstw braku dóbr spowodowanego wojną. Wpływ gospodarki na prawodawstwo był jeszcze bardziej widoczny w ustawie z dnia 2 lipca 1920 r. o zwalczaniu lichwy wojennej, która była najważniejszym aktem w dziedzinie przeciwdziałania lichwie w II RP, jako że obowiązywała do 1938 r.
EN
The article is a brief comparative work, whose subject are two different spec­ulative myths. The first is the myth of English theologian Alan Watts; the second – the Jewish philosopher Hans Jonas. Both myths refer to the issues of theodicy. This article attempts to present the main thesis of both myths. Furthermore, it shows the specific role of a myth in the context of issues of theodicy.
PL
Artykuł stanowi krótką pracę porównawczą, przedmiotem której są dwa różne spekulatywne mity. Pierwszy z nich, to mit  angielskiego teologa Allana Wattsa; drugi -   żydowskiego filozofa Hansa Jonasa. Oba mity dotyczą zagadnienia teodycei. Artykuł stara się przedstawić główne tezy obu wspomnianych mitów. Ukazuje ponadto szczególną rolę mitu, w kontekście zagadnienia teodycei.
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse the issue of regulations against speculation and usury in the first years of the Second Polish Republic (1918-1920). The long period of World War I resulted in a major economic shock and long-lasting condition of shortages of commodities, including the necessities of life. This situation had a terrific impact on politics and forced the Polish legislator to react. As soon as 5 December 1918 a Decree on war usury was issued. The regulation in the field of war usury identified several types of illicit acts and contained basic rules of a particular procedure which was supplementary to the common penal procedures. Due to a low level of legislation, the regulation was defective and incoherent with the system of the law. Since the previous regulation was still in force, a dissonance between law on the books and law in action occurred. Furthermore, due to provisions contained in the Decree it was not possible to eliminate the discrepancy thanks to common rules of interpretation of legal texts such as lex posterior derogat legi priori.
EN
The article investigates the scope of and the rationale for the use of derivatives by companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The analysis applies to companies active in industries other than the financial sector and is based on data contained in these companies’ financial reports for the 2007-2010 period. The evaluation focuses on the type of derivatives used, their market value and how often they are mentioned in the companies’ financial reports. On the basis of the information gathered, the author determined the number of companies using derivatives as well as the popularity of these instruments. Ożga also examined the structure of risks hedged with the use of derivatives. He compared the results against data for selected developed and developing countries. The study showed that only a small percentage of companies hedge their exposure to market risk, the author says. Moreover, the study invalidated the hypothesis that a growing number of Polish companies use derivatives, which may indicate that companies incorrectly identify risk, do not know how to manage it, or do not understand the essence of hedging. The author also undertakes to evaluate risk management in Warsaw Stock Exchange-listed companies. To this end, he makes a distinction between hedging and speculation. The results of the analysis show that at least half the companies surveyed used derivatives for hedging purposes, Ożga concludes.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie skali oraz przesłanek wykorzystania instrumentów pochodnych przez przedsiębiorstwa niefinansowe notowane na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Podstawą analizy były dane zawarte w sprawozdaniach finansowych spółek giełdowych za lata 2007-2010. Ocenie poddano fakt wykorzystywania derywatów, ich rodzaj, wartość rynkową oraz cykliczność ich prezentacji w sprawozdaniach okresowych. Na podstawie zgromadzonych informacji określono liczbę jednostek wykorzystujących instrumenty pochodne, skalę ich stosowania oraz strukturę zabezpieczanych za ich pomocą ryzyk. Uzyskane wyniki zostały porównane z danymi pochodzącymi z wybranych krajów rozwiniętych i rozwijających się. Potwierdzono w ten sposób niski odsetek przedsiębiorstw, które zabezpieczają swoją ekspozycję na ryzyko rynkowe. Ponadto odrzucona została hipoteza o rosnącej skali wykorzystania instrumentów pochodnych, co może świadczyć o nieprawidłowej identyfikacji ryzyka w polskich spółkach, braku umiejętności zarządzania nim lub też o braku zrozumienia istoty hedgingu przez zarządzających. W artykule podjęta została także próba oceny zarządzania ryzykiem w polskich przedsiębiorstwach notowanych na GPW. W tym celu zdefiniowano dwa kryteria odróżniające hedging od spekulacji. Rezultaty analizy prowadzą do wniosku, że co najmniej połowa badanych podmiotów używała instrumentów pochodnych w celach zabezpieczających.
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