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EN
The article focuses on the referential function of science fiction and its relations to speculative anthropology and anthropological fiction. The methodological context for this analysis consists of Andrzej Stoff’s concept of literary images in science-fiction novels, Fredric Jameson’s archaeology of the future, and Roman Jakobson’s theory of the referential function of language. The texts analyzed herein are two novels: by Stanisław Lem (Solaris) and Peter Watts (Blindsight). These works are analyzed as procedurals — novels emphasizing sequences of scientific (anthropological) procedures and discussing cultural categories such as “otherness,” “race,” and “anthropocentrism.”
EN
Works of speculative fiction are among the most often chosen cultural texts. Article indicates several possible reasons of their popularity, such as breaking stereotypes and thinking patterns, inspirations for new solutions, tales of traditional values, chances to immerse in the world of imagination. Dressing an attractive “costume” and speaking an understandable “language”, speculative fiction tells about matters important to the audience. It helps not only to “get away” from reality, but also to reconcile to it and to shape it.
EN
The paper is a critical essay concerning literary work of British speculative fiction writer, China Miéville, its relationships with cultural phenomenon of the New Weird, and its left-wing political and subversive potential.
PL
Artykuł jest krytyką pojęcia subkultury. W części pierwszej, poświęconej zagadnieniom teoretycznym, autor wychodzi od wymienienia zagrożeń intelektualnych wynikających ze stosowania terminu „subkultura”, a następnie proponuje wprowadzenie w jego miejsce teorii społecznych światów. Jednocześnie omawia naturę badanej społeczność i to, w jaki sposób wpisuje się ona w stosowany przez niego aparat teoretyczny. Drugą połowę artykułu autor przeznacza na analizę internetowych wypowiedzi fanów na temat ich fandomu. Tekst kończy stwierdzenie, że teoria społecznych światów lepiej odpowiada na potrzeby badawcze niż termin subkultura oraz wyraża nadzieję, że może przyczynić się do głębszego poznania rzeczywistości społecznej
EN
This paper constitutes a critical approach to the concept of subculture. In the first part, which is devoted to theoretical issues, the author lists the intellectual threats arising from the use of the term ‘subculture’ and suggests introducing ‘the theory of social worlds’ instead. At the same time, he discusses the nature of the studied community and how it fits in his theoretical apparatus. The second part of this paper is devoted to the analysis of online discussions conducted by fans about their fandom. The conclusion of this paper is that ‘the theory of social worlds’ is more adequate in this particular context than the term ‘subculture’ and it may contribute to a broader understanding of the social reality
EN
The paper investigates the contemporary Russian historical military novel, which is seen as a highly popular speculative fiction genre of the 2010s. The author focuses on defining the boundaries of the local genre “Time Travelers to World War II”. The popularity of the genre seems to stem from increasing interest to the topic of World War II in the Russian public conscience of XXI century and a call for rethinking Russian and Soviet history and “correcting” historical errors. The author defines ideological and artistic boundaries of the genre, which is considered to have been formed as a merge of military speculative fiction, alternate history and the “time traveler” adventurous plot. Analysis of the evolution of the speculative fiction genres in the Russian literature of XIX-XXI centuries revealed the essential eclecticism and internal inconsistencies of the “Time Traveler to World War II” plot. Three main trends in the development of the local genre were identified. The heroic adventure trend focuses on depicting successful actions of a well-equipped and trained time traveler. The alternative history trend represents possibilities of changing the course of the war through a single person’s efforts. The war history trend aims at providing, as far as possible, an objective description of the war.
Rocznik Lubuski
|
2016
|
vol. 42
|
issue 2
115-132
EN
In the article the author discusses the mechanisms of the improvement of the human body that were present in the culture in the past ages. The starting points of the discussion are the ancient myths, where the figures of the heroes and hybrids appeared. They were ascribed with the important cultural functions. This situation indicates that the drive toward the improvement of human condition in its somatic dimension has existed in the culture since its beginnings. In the article, as the first ones, the mechanisms improving the body in the archaic cultures were presented, and only later the author makes the way for the analogical phenomena present in the contemporary cultures. While elaborating the modern literature, the author juxtaposes the texts that belong to speculative scifi and to the mythopoietic fantasy with the theoretical and futurological works that concern the problems of posthumanism and transhumanism. In this kind of perspective the theoretico-speculative aspects of posthumanism were described, then their literary realizations were presented, and finally the cultural consequences followed.
PL
Autor omawia w niniejszym artykule mechanizmy polepszania ludzkiego ciała obecne w kulturze na przestrzeni wieków. Punktem wyjścia się mity świata starożytnego, w których pojawiały się figury herosów oraz hybryd, którym przypisywano ważne funkcje kulturowe. Wskazuje to wyraźnie fakt, że pragnienie udoskonalenia ludzkiej kondycji w jej wymiarze somatycznym istniało w kulturze już u zarania dziejów. Po prezentacji mechanizmów ulepszających ciało w kulturach archaicznych zaprezentowane zostały analogiczne zjawiska obecne w czasach kultury nowożytnej. Przy omawianiu literatury najnowszej Autor zestawił ze sobą teksty SF spekulacyjnej oraz mythopoeicznej fantasy z pracami teoretycznymi i futurologicznymi dotyczącymi zagadnień posthumanizmu i transhumanizmu. W tak zarysowanej perspektywie omówione zostały najpierw aspekty teoretyczno-spekulacyjne posthumanizmu, następnie ich realizacje literackie a na samym końcu konsekwencje kulturowe
EN
The aim of the article is to read Krzysztof’s Piskorski novel Czterdzieści i cztery as a part of steampunk. In order to do so, we will trace the elements of this subgenre in the work and the method of implementation of its basic assumptions. In addition, the text aims at showing references to the romantic tradition that take place at various levels of the novel. Both planes are finally brought together. The whole makes it possible to see a combination of steampunk with the romantic tradition from both perspectives and to explore why this melange has brought the writer such reading success. Another relevant aspect of the research is embedding the work in the contexts of: fantasy literature, Maria Janion's romantic paradigm theory and popular culture.
PL
Zamiarem artykułu jest próba odczytania powieści Czterdzieści i cztery Krzysztofa Piskorskiego poprzez przyjrzenie się jej funkcjonowaniu w ramach steampunku. W tym celu prześledzone zostały występujące w utworze elementy tego podgatunku oraz sposób realizacji jego podstawowych założeń. Ponadto tekst skupia się na ukazaniu odwołań do tradycji romantycznej, jakie dokonują się na różnych poziomach powieści. Obie z wymienionych płaszczyzn zostają do siebie odniesione. Pozwala to ujrzeć obecne w Czterdzieści i cztery połączenie steampunku z tradycją romantyczną z obu perspektyw, a także zgłębić, dlaczego melanż ten przyniósł pisarzowi taki sukces czytelniczy. Istotne dla badań jest osadzenie utworu w kontekstach: literatury fantastycznej, teorii paradygmatu romantycznego Marii Janion oraz kultury popularnej.
EN
The purpose of this article is first to discuss the most well-known French theories of fantastic literature, and second, to describe their reception in Poland. The origins of the French fantastic as a controversial trans-generic genre are presented. Furthermore, the article examines the restrictive attempts to define the genre in the 1950s–1970s in France (by Castex, Caillois, Vax, Todorov), as well as the subsequent efforts of critics (Andrevon) to redefine the genre and return to the widest trans-generic perception of the fantastic. Then, it illustrates various attempts to interpret French theories in Poland (using the example of Lem’s and Niziołek’s works). The conclusion emphasizes that it is possible for these two simultaneous critical discourses, originating from the Polish and Romance tradition, respectively, and defining the fantastic in very different ways (the wider versus the restrictive approach), to reach a consensus in Poland, thanks to recent attempts to reform the theory of the fantastic in France.
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie, w pierwszej jego części, najbardziej znanych francuskich teorii literatury fantastycznej, w części drugiej zaś pokazanie ich recepcji w Polsce. Przedstawiono zatem początki fantastyki francuskiej jako kontrowersyjnego gatunku transgenologicznego. Zaprezentowano następnie restrykcyjne próby definicji gatunku od lat pięćdziesiątych do siedemdziesiątych XX wieku we Francji (Castexa, Caillois, Vaxa, Todorova), a także późniejsze wysiłki krytyków (Andrevona) zmierzające do redefinicji gatunku i powrotu do jak najszerszego, transgenologicznego postrzegania fantastyki. Potem zilustrowano różnorodne próby interpretacji francuskich teorii w Polsce (na przykładzie prac Lema i Niziołek). W konkluzji podkreślono, że istnieje możliwość, by te dwa symultaniczne dyskursy krytyczne w Polsce, wywodzące się odpowiednio z tradycji polonistycznej i romanistycznej, definiujące fantastykę w sposób bardzo różny (ujęcie rozszerzone versus restrykcyjne), osiągnęły jednak konsensus dzięki ostatnim próbom reformy teorii fantastyki we Francji.
EN
The year of the fall of the Berlin Wall is an important turning point in the history of the 20th century Europe. It symbolises the erosion of the communist system, which in Poland had began thirteen years earlier – with breaking the omnipotence of censorship by the independent self-publishing. When in 1989 the Opposition came to power, they changed both the economic and political system, which in turn changed the whole Polish culture – the book market, publishers’ position, function of the magazines, and even writers’ status. The readers’ first reaction was a sudden increase of interest in the emigrant, gulag, and underground literature, however, not even a decade passed, when that interest started fading. Then came the second wave: popular literature (romances, crime stories, thrillers, speculative fiction). Also, there were changes in the literary life: the dominant role of the capital city during the Polish People’s Republic had been undermined by local initiatives (including art zines, publishing houses in the provinces), “the headquarters’” position was nevertheless maintained by the state television and the authority of the Nike Literary Award, which had been created in 1996. Poetry was dominated by “the old poets” (Cz. Miłosz, T. Różewicz, Z. Herbert, W. Szymborska), who, despite nearing the ends of their lives, were in an exceptionally good literary shape. They were accompanied by the authors of The New Wave, with whom the poets of “BruLion” group soon waged war. In prose, the writers born around 1960, who are well-known today in Europe (e.g. O. Tokarczuk), gained a strong position. The world recognition was also won over by the masters of the Polish reportage (e.g. R. Kapuściński, H. Krall) and their pupils (W. Tochman, W. Jagielski, M. Szczygieł).
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