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PL
Prawidłowe odżywianie jest decydującym czynnikiem wpływającym na wzrastanie oraz rozwój młodego organizmu, wywiera także zasadniczy wpływ na osiągane wyniki sportowe. Celem niniejszej pracy jest omówienie podstawowych zasad żywieniowych w treningu sportowym i zdrowotnym. Wielkość, skład i godziny przyjmowania posiłków mogą mieć ogromny wpływ na wyniki w sporcie. Dobre praktyki żywieniowe pozwalają zawodnikom ciężko trenować, szybko regenerować siły i lepiej adaptować się przy zmniejszonym ryzyku choroby i kontuzji. Sportowcy powinni stosować odpowiednie strategie żywieniowe przed i po występach, tak aby osiągać jak najlepsze wyniki. Zawodnicy powinni szczególnie zwrócić uwagę na ilość spożywanych w posiłkach: węglowodanów, białek, tłuszczy, witamin i składników mineralnych oraz ilość wypijanych płynów.
EN
Proper nutrition is a decisive factor of growth and development of a young organism. It has also a major impact on athletic performance. The aim of this paper is to discuss the basic principles of nutrition in sports training and health training. The size, composition and times of meals may have a huge impact on sports performance. Good dietary practices allow athletes to train hard, regenerate quickly, adapt better, while reducing the risk of illness and injury. Athletes should use appropriate nutritional strategies before and after their performances, so as to achieve the best results. They should pay special attention to the amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals in their food:, as well as the amount of consumed fluids.
XX
Effective health-oriented education in the area of sports and recreation events organization - is not a goal which is easy to achieve. The idea is certainly worthy of attention, since the benefits can be passed on to the organizer, sponsor and the entire society. The purpose of this paper is to present sports and recreation events as a means of promoting physical culture and health-oriented education. Motions, proposals, and preconditions (as described here) of effective educational intervention in the organization of events are based on 15-years-long secret (hidden) participatory observation of 141 different (in terms of their organizational specifics) street runs - both in Poland and in the neighbouring countries - Germany, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Sports and recreation events can become an effective instrument of education for a healthy lifestyle only if they are widely available (easily accessible), if they draw media attention, are popular, cyclical (recurring), have a specific program and atmosphere. The organizers of events in the area of physical recreation should not encourage competition but rather educate for regular participation in health-oriented training, while active participation in sports and recreation event might fit in the pre-planned health capacity control. For sports and recreation events to become a carrier of socially desirable values such as health or healthy lifestyle, promoters should intentionally put emphasis on these values and place them above commercial or marketing strategies of sponsors.
EN
This study aimed at describing the prosodic features as indicators of marking emotional tone in sports commentary (based on a case study). Selected acoustic parameters of emotional speech were examined (fundamental frequency (F0), intensity and duration of speech segments), as well as their audible correlates (pitch, loudness, and length), and other prosodic phenomena (speaking speed, focal accents, pauses).
XX
This study aims to research the opinions of students attending the School of Physical Education and Sports at Atatürk University and Marmara University with respect to the universities’ corporate image. The questionnaire which was developed by Örer (2006) with additions introduced by Kaya (2013) was used to acquire data about corporate image amongst universities. The SPSS 16 statistical packet program was used to evaluate the data. During the research, analysis of frequency was used to define demographical features, the t-test to define the difference between corporate images depending on universities and gender, one way analysis of variance (Anova) to define differing empathy levels depending on age, grades and departments, and the Tukey test was applied in order to establish which group causes the dissimilarity. The research indicates that there are meaningful dissimilarities in sub-dimension of service (p=,000) communication (p=,000), belonging (p=,012), satisfaction (p=,000) and management perspective (p=,000). On the other hand there is no meaningful dissimilarity in support sub-dimension (p=,168). (p<0,05).
EN
This review manifests an attempt towards the conceptual study of gender identity issues in competitive sports, foregrounding the genesis of policy matters in relation to transgender athletes. The study explores the motif of inter-relational dynamics between participation in sports of transgender athletes and medico-legal information related to transgender athletes, as the inclusion of transgender athletes is one of the latest and prominent equality challenges across the globe. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has taken up the issue with regard to participation of sex-reassigned transsexuals and it has resulted in a heated debate for which a changing notion of gender verification came out. The issue under consideration has multi-faceted dimensions of interpretations centering on a desire to ‘deconstruct’ the present structuration of acceptance of sex and gender terminology. The resultant aim is to create a world-view of equality, respect for the ‘other’, and competitive fairness. The latent attempt of the paper is to deconstruct the binary of inequality in the field of sports with a view to give vibrational impetus for attaining the ideals of equality in sports which constitutes the basis of "authentic living", to quote Jean Paul Sartre.
EN
The innovative behavior of individuals in the workplace is the foundation of any high-performance organization, and thus a study on the factors that motivate or enable individuals’ innovative behavior is critical (Scott, & Bruce, 1994). Therefore, the aim of this research was to find the relationship between organizational culture and innovative work behavior (IWB) in tourism enterprises that market sports services. Considering the fact that IWB is crucial for tourism enterprises, exploring the factors that influence IWB could be beneficial. Correlation analysis revealed that IWB was found to be significantly correlating with cooperativeness (r=0.442, p<0.05), innovativeness (r=0.510, p<0.05), consistency (r=0.522, p<0.05), and effectiveness (r=0.554, p<0.05). Additionally, stepwise regression analysis, which was conducted to discover whether organizational culture predicts IWB, showed a significant model: F(2-131)=33.775, p<0.05. The model explained 33% of the variance in IWB (Adjusted R2=0.33). In general, our findings suggest that there is a relationship between organizational culture and IWB and that organizational culture significantly predicts IWB. As IWB is crucial for the enhanced performance and success of any organization, organizational culture should be organized in order to encourage employees in terms of IWB.
EN
The aim of this study is to explore the effect of parental attitudes of students at the Faculty of Sports Sciences on their leadership behaviors. For data collection, two instruments were used in the current study to explore the leadership behaviors of students and their parental attitudes. These were: ‘The Leadership Behavior Scale’ which was developed by Hemphill and Coons [8] and adapted into Turkish by Önal [10] and ‘The Parental Attitude Scale’ which was developed by Kuzgun and Eldeklioğlu [9]. These questionnaires were administered to a total of 590 students consisting of 376 male and 214 female students. For data analysis, the SPSS statistical packet program was used for frequency analysis, and independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA and Tukey test were run to find out the source of the difference among different groups of participants. In addition, correlation analysis was performed to reveal the relationship between the students’ leadership behaviors and parental attitudes. The findings of the study showed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between parental attitudes and leadership behaviors of the participants. Based on this finding, it was revealed that the more the parental attitudes of the participants increased, the more the students’ leadership behaviors increased.
EN
The Internet gave to different media unlimited possibilities of transmission of information. It responds quickly to any contemporary changes, offers a space for open discussion and facilitates exchange of ideas or opinions. The image of a world provided by electronic newspapers has an unparalleled dynamic, and its language is one of the most significant factors. In this context the sport, as one of the key issues in Portuguese media discourse serves as a basis for a linguistic analysis with various interpretations.
EN
The purpose of this study was to examine the benefits of physical exercise among secondary school students. Participants in the study were 251 students (120 boys and 131 girls) attending three public secondary schools in the Hlanganani rural area of South Africa. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data. Results of this study indicated that students exercised to be with their friends, to be physically attractive and compete with others. The findings of this study have practical implications for promoting participation in physical activity among students in rural schools. In an effort to promote physical activity participation, schools should be provided with quality sports infrastructure and funding so that they can implement school sport programmes. Finally, the teaching of physical education should be emphasised in schools as it is the cornerstone for children’s involvement in physical activity.
EN
Despite their long history in the United States, relatively little scholarly attention has been paid to Asian Americans and their lived experience in sports. The purpose of this study was to give voices to Asian American men by focusing on their experiences in sports. In particular, this study examined the experiences of East Asian and Southeast Asian American male college students who were often perceived as “foreign” and “pejoratively feminine” racialized minority yet participated in sports that were associated with dominant masculinity in the U.S. The setting of the study was as a predominately White institution located in Upstate New York where Asian Americans make up about one percent of the total student population. Qualitative research method was employed for the study. Six Asian American male students were recruited through snowball and purposeful sampling methods. In-depth interviews were conducted to reveal the rich stories of these Asian American men. The research showed that the stories of Asian American male college students were much nuanced and complicated. Specifically, this study revealed that Asian American men were constantly otherized as “forever foreigners” who did not have a legitimate citizenship in the United States. Also, Asian Americans faced unique ideas about their manhood that either highlighted emasculated and feminized masculinity or hyper-masculinity. In dealing with these situations, Asian American men employed unique cultural strategies to challenge and resist racial stereotypes through sports.
EN
Sport is often considered a masculine area of social life, and few sports are more commonly associated with traditional norms of masculinity than ice hockey. Ice hockey is played with a great level of intensity and body contact. This is true for both men and women’s hockey. However, men’s ice hockey in particular has been subjected to criticism for its excessive violence. Sport has also been analyzed as an arena where boys and men learn masculine values, relations, and rituals, and is often linked to orthodox masculinity in particular. Tolerance for gender diversity and diverse forms of masculinity has generally increased during the last 30 years. However, orthodox masculinity seems to maintain a dominate position in sports, particularly in hyper-masculine sports such as ice hockey. In this article, narratives of masculinity and violence in professional ice hockey are a central focus. Through a narrative analysis of the biographies of two former National Hockey League (NHL) players, Bob Probert and Derek Boogaard, this article explores how narratives of masculinity and violence among hockey players have been described and how these narratives tell stories of the interplay between masculinity and violence in modern sport. The analysis illustrates how the narratives of the lives and careers of these athletes provide insight into the many personal risks and implications athletes in highly masculine sporting environments face. The analysis also illustrates how the common acceptance (and sometimes encouragement) of player violence and ‘violence against the self’ in ice hockey has led to many broken bodies, lives, and careers among professional male athletes.
EN
This paper will illustrate the meaning and importance of human resource management (HRM), human resource planning, and strategic human resource management, which are critically important for an organization’s effectiveness and must be effectively managed (Doherty, 1998). This study used the literature review method to acquire its final results. The relevant HRM literature review was done according to the purpose of the study. It used the purposive random sample method for selecting relevant literature. This study shows the current economic environment in the sports industry; the second part of the study critically analyzes the value of the strategic management of employees for the effective and efficient operation of sports organizations. It also critically evaluates human resource planning and other pertinent issues in terms of legislation, recruitment, selection, training, induction, and reward management from different international examples in sports management. Over the past few decades, increasing competition, globalization, and continuous changes in the market and in technology have emphasized the need to rethink the management of the organization and of human resources for the sake of overcoming significant challenges (Taylor et al., 2006). Therefore, managers should use strategic human resource management to overcome significant issues and to form well-planned strategies so that the organization may succeed.
13
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Globalna ekumena popnacjonalizmu

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EN
Global ecumene of pop nationalismThe aim of the article is to examine the contemporary phenomenon of pop nationalism, understood as a special form of ethno-nationalist emotions and attitudes which are clearly visible in the realm of sports competition. The author points to paradoxes hiding behind the globalization, professionalization and market orientation of this domain. The so-called hegemonic disciplines of sports (such as football, hockey, basket ball) are now – despite the cosmopolitan orientation of sports competition – the main source of national identification, seen as unique “wars of nations in a time of peace.” The more global sport is made, the more national identity is emphasized as an indispensable component of the logic of such a competition. In the essay, the author aims to reconstruct ways of creating a similar global ecumene of pop nationalism, as well as to analyze various specific situations and symbolic forms in which people create their own national identities, for example those that accompanied the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship (commonly referred to as Euro 2012), hosted for the first time by Poland and Ukraine.
EN
Social exclusion is not only associated with the lack of material resources and the inability to participate in the consumer society, but also includes insufficient and unequal participation in social, economic, political and cultural life, as a result of limited access to resources, goods and institutions, leading to the deprivation of social and cultural needs. Social exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon. This term also refers to a situation in which a member of socjety cannot normally participate in civic activities, satisfy their needs, interests or participate in activities, such as recreation, sport and tourism. The aim of the article is to analyse activities organised by social assistance centres in Poland in the field of sport, recreation and tourism for the benefit of socially excluded persons. The study confirmed that such actions can significantly contribute to the inclusion of such persons in the normal course of social life and give them a sense of belonging.
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EN
The paper addresses racism as a key contemporary challenge to safety at football matches in Europe. The hypothesis is that racism does occur in the sports environment. To prepare the paper, press excerpts and scholarly publications on racism were used. To interpret the material, comparative method was used, so as to present the environments that harm safety in sports. The goal was to demonstrate the role of education in fighting discrimination in contemporary European football and the need to care for security culture in football. It is because football stadiums become arenas for expressing political and ideological views, as well as for racist at-tacks. The author points at the role of mass media and public entities in shaping social atti-tudes concerning racism in sports. He also indicates shortcomings in the law and in the activi-ties of the institutions overseeing sportspeople’s and sports activists’ safety. The conclusion is that the upbringing of society as regards tolerance and respect must become a priority in fighting racism in sports. Further research should focus on the education of children and ado-lescents and on introducing costly and effective sanctions for the individuals and entities that violate the rule of respecting one’s sports competitor.
PL
The article shows the role of physical education in the Piarist priests’ gymnasium in Rakowice near Kraków in 1909-39, a period when sport entered the school curriculum on a permanent basis. In the Interwar period, the order was able to open more schools in Lida, Szczuczyn Nowogródzki, and Lubieszów. The school in Rakowice was modern and comfortable and enjoyed a growing reputation among wealthy Polish society. The Rakowice school took great care of the physical development of young people. The article uses source materials describing the physical education of this institution. In this school, sport was considered to be an important educational factor, and the monks also saw it as an element of improving health, hygiene and finally, civic education. Polish society and the Polish state needed educated and healthy youth. However, it should be noted that this school was an elite, paid school, attended by children from wealthy families who were more aware of the importance of sport. This also contributed to the fact that the gymnasium had great facilities for practising sports, which many excellent secondary schools of that period could envy.
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie uwarunkowań rozwoju i prezentacja osiągnięć w zakresie działalności rekreacyjnej i sportowej pracowników więziennictwa polskiego w okresie międzywojennym. Odzyskanie przez Polskę niepodległości w 1918 r. zmobilizowało reprezentantów wielu grup zawodowych (policjantów, wojskowych, personel więzienny) do podjęcia inicjatywy utworzenia zrzeszeń branżowych. Ich głównym zadaniem była wszechstronna pomoc, opieka lekarska oraz troska o zachowanie zdrowia poprzez organizowanie działalności w zakresie rekreacji i sportu. Przedstawiciele więziennictwa już w styczniu 1919 r. powołali Związek Dozorców i Pracowników Więziennych, przemianowany wkrótce na Związek Pracowników Więziennych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Dostrzegając znaczenie aktywności fizycznej dla prawidłowego rozwoju organizmu oraz konieczność regeneracji sił po wyczerpującej pracy, Związek wystąpił z projektem budowy domów uzdrowiskowych, tworzenia stanic wodnych, powołania klubów sportowych oraz organizowania rywalizacji sportowej. Początkowo działalność w tym zakresie rozwijała się powoli, ale z czasem objęła coraz więcej oddziałów Związku, działających w zakładach karnych na terenie całego kraju. Do końca lat 30. XX w. stan infrastruktury uzdrowiskowej, rekreacyjnej i sportowej osiągnął zadowalający poziom, a zasady współzawodnictwa sportowego zostały ustalone.
EN
The aim of the article is to discuss conditions for the development and a presentation of achievements in the field of recreational and sports activity of Prison Officers Poland in the interwar period. When Poland regained independence in 1918, it mobilized many representatives of professional groups (the police, the military, the prison staff) to take the initiative of creating trade associations. Their main task was comprehensive help, medical care and concern for the preservation of health by organizing activities in the field of recreation and sports. In January 1919, representatives of the penitentiaries established the Prison Guards and Officers Association renamed soon the Prison Officers Association of the Republic of Poland. Recognizing the importance of physical activity for the proper development of the organism and the need to recover after exhausting work, the Association came up with a project of building health and medical resorts and creating boathouses, as well as establishing sports clubs and organizing sports competition. Initially, the activities in this field developed slowly but gradually the action involved more and more branches of the Association in prisons throughout the country. By the end of the 30s of the twentieth century, the state of health spa infrastructure, recreation and sports had reached a satisfactory level and the rules of sporting competition had been established.
EN
This text deals with the contruction of national identity through sports discourse in media, with the main attention paid to the "failed" performance of Slovak sportsmen at the Olympic Games in London 2012. As Slovaks didn´t repeat their previous medal achievements in London 2012, therefore the media ironically labeled their performance as the "Bronze Age". This study presents the findings of a discourse analysis, which was applied to the sport commentaries published in Slovak press after the London 2012 Olympics. The method of analysis is based on the approach of Norman Fairclough, and therefore social identities, relations and systems of knowledge are distinguished within the studied articles.
EN
Research aim: Playgrounds were historically designed only for children, today we can observe new concept of recreation sites, aimed for all ages. Traditional playground was furniture with kids’ equipment, while universal playgrounds have also facilities for adults. These facilities enable families to play together. Research methods: Research project ds-300 AWF was a continuation of the ds-114 AWF – the MNiSW grant. Using the field survey with participant observations, structured and semi-structured interviews methods, factors determining the ‘inclusive urban playground’ for three generations were identified. Research results: To achieve the open access to the universally designed, inclusive playgrounds for all ages, basic components should be included: physical accessibility, age and developmental appropriateness, physical, social and sensory-stimulating components. Conclusions: Results show that exciting, engaging and challenging sport and recreation housing green areas are important to encourage physical activities for all age and enhance social, mental and physical skills of the three generations.
PL
Cel badań: Tereny rekreacji na osiedlach mieszkaniowych powstawały przede wszystkim dla dzieci i młodzieży, obecnie pożądane są nowe funkcje tych miejsc, kierowane do wszystkich grup wiekowych. Celem badań było rozeznanie, jakie wyposażenie jest pożądane na uniwersalnych placach zabaw, przeznaczonych dla trzech generacji: dzieci, rodziców i dziadków. Metodologia badań: Projekt statutowy ds.-300 AWF – grant MNiSW. Na terenach sportu i rekreacji osiedlowej w Warszawie i gminach sąsiednich zbadano, jak są urządzone, kto z nich korzysta i jakie są opinie i oczekiwania użytkowników. Wykorzystując dorobek badań, zidentyfikowano czynniki określające „integracyjny plac zabaw” przeznaczony dla trzech generacji. Brano pod uwagę także atrakcyjność urządzeń, poziom bezpieczeństwa i korelację z płcią, wiekiem, stymulacją fizyczną i psychiczną. Wyniki badań: Aby zapewnić dostępność placów zabaw dla wszystkich grup wiekowych, należy przestrzegać podstawowych zasad: dostępności fizycznej, wieku i adekwatności rozwojowej, elementów stymulujących fizycznie, społecznie i sensorycznie. Wnioski: Wykazano, że dogodna lokalizacja, atrakcyjne, stymulujące rozwój psychofizyczny wyposażenie osiedlowych terenów rekreacji są ważne, aby zachęcać do codziennej aktywności fizycznej w każdym wieku, pomóc wzmacniać i doskonalić umiejętności społeczne, umysłowe i fizyczne trzech pokoleń.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest prezentacja stanu obecnego oraz uwarunkowań dalszego rozwoju jeździectwa w regionie Mazowsza, potencjałów i najistotniejszych barier uczestnictwa, a także możliwości znoszenia ograniczeń oraz działań na rzecz upowszechnienia sportu i rekreacji jeździeckiej. Jest to jeden z wątków tematycznych wieloletnich i wieloetapowych badań prze-prowadzonych w wybranych ośrodkach jeździeckich w Warszawie i gminach sąsiednich (w latach 2008–2019). Badania teoretyczne i terenowe (empiryczne) na temat oferty ośrodków jeździeckich w warunkach miejskich (Warszawa) i podmiejskich (gminy sąsiednie) były podjęte w ramach wieloletnich i wieloetapowych projektów statutowych ds.-144, ds.-300 oraz ds.-316, realizowanych na Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Piłsudskiego w Warszawie, finansowa-nych przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego. Dorobkiem wątku tematycznego badań na temat sportowej i rekreacyjnej jazdy konnej była rozprawa doktorska autorstwa dr Natalii Łukasik ‘Społeczne i kulturowe uwarunkowania rozwoju jeździectwa w Warszawie i gminach sąsiednich’ (promotor prof. Anna Pawlikowska-Piechotka), obroniona na Wydziale Wy-chowania Fizycznego AWF w Warszawie. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje zarys założeń badań, uzyskane rezultaty na podstawie analizy uporządkowanego materiału badań oraz wysunięte syntetyczne wnioski końcowe.
EN
The aim of this paper is the presentation of present state and conditions for the future development of equestrianism in the Mazovia Region (Poland). Considered are potentials and the most important barriers, as well as the possibilities of lifting restrictions and objectives for the dissemination of sport and recreational equestrian. This is one of the thematic threads of research conducted by authors in the selected equestrian clubs in Warsaw and neighbouring communes (in 2008–2019). Theoretical and field (empirical) research on the present offer of equestrian clubs in urban (Warsaw) and suburban (neighbouring) communes was undertaken as part of the long-term and multi-staged statutory projects ds-144, ds-300, ds-316 financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and carried out at the Joseph Pilsudski Academy of Physical Education. Some of the outcomes focused on the sports and recreational horse riding were subjects of the doctoral dissertation, successfully presented by Dr Natalia Łukasik: “Social and cultural conditions for the development of equestrianism in Warsaw and neighbouring communes” (supervisor: Anna Pawlikowska-Piechotka). This article presents an outline of research assumptions, results based on the analysis of the research material and advanced synthetic conclusions.
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