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PL
Rosyjska polonistyka historyczna xix wieku jako część rosyjskiej slawistyki Artykuł przedstawia krótki przegląd historii rosyjskiej polonistyki historycznej XIX wieku, która była częścią składową rosyjskiej slawistyki, lecz funkcjonowała na innych zasadach, odzwierciedlających dynamikę wzajemnych stosunków polsko-rosyjskich. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na wyjątkowe warunki powstawania i rozwoju rosyjskiej polonistyki historycznej, co pozwoliło na uszczegółowienie przyjętej wcześniej periodyzacji tej dyscypliny. W artykule zaznaczono, charakterystyczną dla dziewiętnastowiecznej Rosji, jednak dopiero niedawno znajdującą swoje miejsce we współczesnej historiografii myśl o współzależności miedzy „sprawą polską” i badaniami polonistycznymi. Autorka artykułu proponuje rozpatrywanie rosyjskiej polonistyki historycznej jako doświadczenia polsko-rosyjskiego dialogu XX wieku.
EN
This article presents a brief overview of the history of Russian historical Polonistics in the 19th century, which was an integral part of Russian Slavistics, but acted according to other laws which were subject to the dynamics of Russian-Polish relations. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the formation and development of Russian historical Polonistics, which made it possible to clarify its previously accepted periodisation. This article notes the interdependence between the Polish question and Polonistic studies, which is characteristic of Russia in the 19th century, but only recently reflected in modern historiography. The author of the article suggests considering Russian historical Polonistics as the experience of Russian-Polish dialogue in the context of the long 19th century.
EN
This article is an attempt at presenting the opinions of Stanisław Koźmian, a Krakowbased member of the Stańczycy political group, on the development of the Polish cause in 1914–1916. Koźmian was a supporter of the so-called Austrian-Polish solution which consisted in incorporating the Kingdom of Poland to Austria-Hungary and granting it more autonomy. However, he did not postulate that the monarchy should be restructured towards the Austria-Hungary-Poland trialism as he realised that Hungarians would oppose this suggestion. According to Koźmian, the Act of 5th November was a poor solution as it did not offer the Kingdom of Poland any guarantee of independence. It only created “written down” independence.
EN
The author analyses the international importance of the Act of 5th November from the point of view of the future of Poland in the post-WWI international deal. The declaration of two emperors represented an “important step towards Poland’s reconstruction” (as Szymon Askenazy, a Polish historian, observed). However, the declaration failed to ultimately internationalize the Polish cause and determined itself the existence of the Polish state. The document was a product of special circumstances resulting from the fact that Germany was running out of human resources indispensable to continue the war. It was also possible because of the abortive attempts at securing peace with Russia on the basis of a territorial status quo. The declaration represented Berlin’s grand-scale political move, connecting with the history of the German political thought with assumptions originated by Bismarck and general Waldersee and revolving around the idea of establishing a small Polish state when it is necessary in the course of a war with Russia. Despite the proclaimed establishment of the Polish state by the governments in Berlin and Vienna, the Western powers (France and Great Britain) were not able to force Russia to acknowledge Poland’s independence. They assigned the government in Petrograd the right to deal with the Polish cause at its discretion i.e. to delineate the Western border of the empire according to its will once the acts of war were over. The historian therefore concludes that it was not before the February Revolution in Russia when actual possibilities opened up for the Western powers to support the Polish cause. In their policies, they did not include willingness to make the world a better place by principles of international justice but rather, they intended to maintain Russia as an allied force in the anti-German coalition at all cost.
EN
The goal of the article is to present the attitude of the editors of “Dziennik Miński” towards the Polish cause; the daily was published in 1917-1918, after toppling the tsar in Russia. This was an extremely significant time because the newspaper (one of important places where Poles exchanged opinions in the Russian empire) presented issues of reconstructing the Polish state and its future political system.
EN
The Polish question was one of the main reasons of disputes between the Soviet Union and Western Powers, the United States and Great Britain, in the final phase of World War II. The problem of which government should exercise power in Poland had absorbed the attention of the Big Three since the Yalta Conference (4–11 February 1945) to the end of June 1945 and became one of the first signs of the collapse of the coalition of Western Powers and the Soviet Union. Throughout this time, British and American intelligence services played an unequal game with the Soviet security apparatus. Soviet intelligence successfully penetrated the US and UK diplomatic services. The decisive factor in Stalin’s success, however, was not intelligence, which came mainly from agents such as Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess and Kim Philby, but the fact that the territory of Poland was seized by the Red Army and the Communist government was established there, supported by the Soviet security apparatus. Great Britain and the United States had limited possibilities to influence the situation in Poland. This country, like the rest of Eastern Europe, was not in area of their strategic interests. Moreover, the Anglo-Saxon Powers made before 1945 a number of diplomatic mistakes that made it easier for the Soviet Union to include Poland in the Communist sphere of influence for over four decades.
PL
Sprawa polska była jedną z głównych przyczyn sporów w końcowej fazie II wojny światowej między ZSRR a Stanami Zjednoczonymi i Wielką Brytanią. Od konferencji jałtańskiej do końca czerwca 1945 r. skład rządu polskiego absorbował uwagę Wielkiej Trójki. Spory w tej kwestii były jedną z pierwszych oznak rozpadu koalicji mocarstw zachodnich i ZSRR. Przez cały ten czas toczyła się nierówna gra służb specjalnych ZSRR z brytyjskimi i amerykańskimi odpowiednikami. Wywiad radziecki skutecznie spenetrował służby dyplomatyczne USA i Wielkiej Brytanii. O sukcesie Stalina nie zdecydowały jednak informacje wywiadowcze przekazywane przede wszystkim przez Donalda Macleana, Guya Burgessa i Kima Philby’ego, lecz zajęcie terytorium Polski przez Armię Czerwoną i ustanowienie na nim komunistycznego rządu wspieranego przez radziecki aparat bezpieczeństwa. Wielka Brytania i Stany Zjednoczone miały ograniczone możliwości wpływania na sytuację w Polsce. Nie znajdowała się ona w strefie ich żywotnych interesów, podobnie jak reszta Europy Wschodniej. Mocarstwa anglosaskie popełniły jeszcze przed 1945 r. wiele błędów dyplomatycznych, które ułatwiły ZSRR włączenie Polski do swojej strefy wpływów na ponad cztery dekady.
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