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EN
Self-help housing has been proposed as a solution to provide qualitatively adequate and affordable housing not only nowadays, but also during the late state socialism in the 1970s and 1980s in the former Czechoslovakia. In this article, we focus on how the self-help housing provision was during that era linked with the responsibilisation of households, a technique of governance usually associated with neoliberal regimes. On the case of self-help housing construction in town Myjava, which was supported by local authorities and initiated by local company eager to attract workers, we show then eventually main burden for management and risks steaming from the construction was carried by the individuals and their (extended) families. Seemingly the ideological contradiction of this individualistic solution was resolved through rigorous standardization of construction projects, which enabled to maintain a self-help housing as one of the regime’s tools for solving the housing question. We argue that in this respect, in the shift of responsibility from the formal institutions to the individuals, the housing system displays continuity between the late socialist and capitalist regimes, thus contributing to emerging body of literature which problematise the strict dichotomy between the socialist and capitalist eras.
EN
This article compares Austria with three of its former state-socialist neighbouring countries: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. The authors are guided by the assumption that it is necessary to analyse changes in both the structure and the perception of inequality and that the two are interconnected. They assume that some general differences exist as a result of the legacy of state socialism in the three post-communist countries, but also that significant differences exist between those three countries themselves that stem from their different paths of development in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the first part of this article, differences in the societal-political aims of a Western country such as Austria and those of state-socialist countries are discussed. The authors argue that the state-socialist countries were able to contain income inequality but were less successful at limiting other aspects of inequality. Austria, on the other hand, was able to avoid the severe income inequalities of the capitalist system by introducing democratic-corporatist institutions and a strong welfare state. In the second part of the article the authors investigate the subjective perception of inequality based on the ISSP inequality surveys. The majority of the population in all four countries think that income differences are too large, but there are significant differences in how people perceive and evaluate the stratification structure: in Austria, individuals rank themselves significantly higher than do people in the other three countries and see their society as dominated by the middle classes. The opposite is true in Hungary, where most people think that they live in a society characterised by a small elite, and they see the mass of the people at the bottom.
EN
This paper addresses the following research question: what shaped the emergence of sociological research during the period of late socialism in Albania? The second aim of the paper is to reveal the causal mechanism by which a liberalised cultural policy brought about a shift. The traditional role of the socialist intelligentsia lessened in importance while the role of social scientists emerged. In the very final years of the state socialist regime, in 1989 to 1990, these latter were pitted against Party cadres and representatives in defending a limited yet free academic practice. In order to explain the intricate, early process of the emergence of sociology under state socialism in Albania, this paper utilises a layered theoretical framework that tries to capture the interaction between stages of regime development, the coexistence of various competing modes of legitimation, and the transformation of the heteronomous sector of cultural production into an emergent field of cultural production.
PL
In 1969 an interdisciplinary committee for long-term forecasting was created at the Polish Academy of Sciences. Together with the central planning authorities, statistical offices and every branch of government it constituted a system of prognostication which remained legally in place between 1971 and 1976. This article regards prognostication as an institutionalized experiment based on one of the key myths of modernity – that future events can be known and shaped. The genealogy of long-term forecasts in Poland dates back to pre-war experiences with state planning and transnational transfers of knowledge since 1956. After an outline of its pre-history, this article describes the construction and programmatic ideas of the prognostic system and asks how its functioning affected participants’ understandings of the future as a political category. Finally, this article makes the case that this state-run prognostication venture resulted in an amplitude of euphoria followed by frustration regarding future knowledge, which can be understood as an indirect but significant cultural symptom of the emerging political and economic crisis in the Polish People’s Republic beginning in 1976.
PL
This article is a contribution to the debate on the role and character of women’s organizations in Eastern Europe after 1945, including the role they played in the process of women’s emancipation. The purpose of the article is to offer insight into the relation between the communist party (that is the PPR and its successor – the PZPR) and the women’s movement in Poland in the years 1945–89 and to provide a new interpretation of the movement’s history under state socialism. I contend that women’s organizations should be viewed as part of the communist system and the roles they played should be understood in the context of the policies pursued by the communist states.
EN
The article introduces a monothematic issue of Studia Ethnologica Pragensia by positing “kutilství” (a local variant of DIY) as a historically situated phenomenon and shows that despite a generally shared image of a late socialist, typically masculine handyman practice, “kutilství” has much deeper historical and cultural roots. The emergence of self-led manual activities as a response to the modernisation of society points to societal tensions that underpin “kutilství” (and DIY more broadly) since the beginning of the 20th century. The disciplination of independent production and consumption, which can be subsumed under the term “prosumption”, has played an important role in relation to the formation of both State and Market, especially the segment targeting DIYers. The authors elucidate how pondering “kutilství” and DIY in general can become a starting point for scholars to understand and challenge modernist dichotomies that are transcended in the practice of “kutilství” / DIY — dichotomies of work and leisure, market and non-market production as well as production and consumption, professionalization and amateurism, but also masculinity and femininity. The authors argue that situatedness of and hybridization enabled by “kutilství” should represent key axes of research of both “kutilství” and DIY and the theorization(s) derived from it.
EN
The article describes and analyses scientific and organizational activities of Otakar Nahodil at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University, within the wider context of Czech ethnography and folkloristics in the 1940-1960s. Based on the study of sources that have never been used for this theme to date and that originate in the management of the Faculty of Arts Charles University, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and various security forces, it was possible to trace the Nahodil´s way to the position of a probably most influential eminent authority in the ethnological science at that time, as well as his subsequent steep power fall. The study points to a lot of extraordinary problematic features of Nahodil´s research work and personality, which - within specific contexts of that period (ongoing marxization, or stalinization of scientific research and transformation in its themes, cleansing and settling of personal scores at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University, development of the study of extra-European territories under the monitoring of intelligent services etc.) - strongly influenced the direction of Czech ethnology at that time.
EN
The article discusses to what extent can historians use literary fiction as a historical source for their research on technocracy i state socialist Czechoslovakia. This case study focuses on the literary work of Czechoslovak economist and writer Stanislav Vácha. Since the 1950s to 1990s Vácha wrote numerous novels about socialist managers and economists. This article argues that Vácha's novels are unique historical sources providing valuable insights in the mentality of professional middle class in Czechoslovakia before 1989. While using Vácha's novels and similar materials as historical sources historians are able too expand our knowledge of social and cultural history of expert cultures in state socialist era.
EN
Based on the analysis of documents from the Czechoslovak and Yugoslav archive collections, the paper deals with the emigration of Czechoslovak citizens to the West through the territory of socialist Yugoslavia. Even though this phenomenon appeared already in the 1960s with the boom of Czechoslovak mass tourism on the Adriatic coast, our chronological focus lies on the 1970s and 1980s. During this period of so-called “normalisation”, the Yugoslav road became one of the most important paths of emigration to the Western countries. The paper argues that despite the efforts of Czechoslovak communist government to hinder the emigration, the urgent need to grant the raising consumption demands on the side of citizens, drove Husák’s leadership to gradually loosen the requirements for tourist trips to Yugoslavia. Thus, in the mid-1980 far more than half a million of Czechoslovaks were allowed to spend their vacations on the Yugoslav sea per year, even if thousands of them used this opportunity to flee to the West.
EN
This paper is about the use of social hierarchies as tools to control society in East European countries during the Communist era, and why those regimes were so stable. According to the theoretical perspective developed in this article the constructivist system instituted a socialist legal order as a means to pretend that the “rule of law” was still applicable. The resulting constructivist regimes were party-states, where all state hierarchies had parallel structures within the Communist Party hierarchy, and where the separation of powers was replaced with a “hierarchic balancing,” a special form of leadership that the Communist Party exerted over all institutions of state administration and the armed forces. The principle of democratic centralism helped to decrease the transaction costs of governance, and thus, achieve loyalty to the system by party members and non-members alike, and loyalty to the leadership within Communist Party.
Praktyka Teoretyczna
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2014
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vol. 13
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issue 3
135-170
EN
The paper discusses a case study based on Lodz as an industrial city and a biography of a female textile worker who worked in one of textile factories in Lodz between 1975 -1998. In order to analyse the case I have also used other materials – works of historians and sociological research carried out by Hanna Świda-Ziemba in late 1940′s in Lodz. I place the analysed biography in both chronological and social context in order to reconstruct a complete image of Lodz and the world of female textile workers. Lodz, as the industrial city which had not been damaged during World War two became – from the point of view of authorities – the place where main assumptions of the new political deal could come true. Conversely the analyses of empirical data disclose the paradoxes of the system related to the asymmetry between the powerful ideological definition of workers as a leading class and the reality of their lives represented in analysed material.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia swoiste studium przypadku: Łodzi jako miasta robotniczego oraz biografii włókniarki pracującej w jednej z łódzkich fabryk włókienniczych w latach 1975–1998. Korzystając również z innych materiałów – opracowań na temat historii społecznej Łodzi oraz badań socjologicznych Hanny Świdy-Ziemby, umieszczam analizowaną biografię w chronologicznym i społecznym kontekście tak, aby zrekonstruować możliwie kompletny obraz Łodzi jako niezniszczonego przez wojnę miasta przemysłowego, w którym (z punktu widzenia ówczesnych władz) mogły być z sukcesem realizowane założenia nowego systemu, co (z perspektywy analitycznej) doskonale ujawniło jego paradoksy.
EN
Between 1918 and 1989, Bratislava witnessed at least four major political upheavals, formed part of different states, and its entire social, political and economic order fundamentally changed several times, as well as the position of the city - from the centre of part of Czechoslovakia to the capital of the formally independent state. The main aim of this study is to analyse the development, planning and construction of Bratislava throughout this entire turbulent period, while pointing mainly to the continuities and connections that go beyond these political upheavals. The study focuses on a largely Slovak epistemic community of architects and urban planners inspired by modernism, who were active in Bratislava or influenced its development during the researched period. The first generational cohort of these urban experts was formed by people who, since the 1920s, had drawn inspiration mainly from the environment of the Prague Czech Technical University, where they had the opportunity to become acquainted with modernism in architecture. After the Second World War, some of these figures created an important expert and academic background, from which, in the local context, emerged another extremely influential generation of architects and designers, which had a fundamental influence over the development of the city in the 1960s and 1970s. While some of them remained active well into the 1990s, it is possible to observe as early as in the normalization period (and this is the focus of the final parts of this study) how the approach towards the urban environment they represented was being gradually challenged and was becoming less important. The author analyses the relationship between the urban experts of several generations, as well as between the urban experts and other important actors who influenced the development of Bratislava. He shows how these experts built their positions and secured the continuity of their own approaches to the construction, or more generally, to the development and operation of the city. He also outlines how the ways they exercised their influence changed over the course of several decades and what factors - on the political, institutional and discursive level - strengthened or weakened this expert community.
CS
Mezi lety 1918 a 1989 prošla Bratislava přinejmenším čtyřmi velkými politickými zvraty, byla součástí různých státních útvarů, několikrát se zásadně změnilo celé společenské, politické a ekonomické uspořádání i pozice města - od pouhého centra části Československa až po hlavní město formálně samostatného státu. Hlavním záměrem této studie je analyzovat rozvoj, plánování a budování Bratislavy po celé toto neklidné období a poukázat přitom zejména na kontinuity a souvislosti překračující zmíněné politické zvraty. Ústředním aktérem studie je (nejen slovenská) epistemická komunita modernou inspirovaných architektů a urbanistů, kteří ve sledovaném období v Bratislavě působili nebo na její rozvoj měli vliv. První generační kohortu těchto urbánních expertů tvořili lidé čerpající podněty od dvacátých let minulého století zejména z prostředí pražského Českého vysokého učení technického, kde měli příležitost se seznámit s architektonickou modernou. Některé z těchto osobností pak po druhé světové válce v Bratislavě vytvořily výrazné expertní i akademické zázemí, z něhož vyrostla v tamním kontextu další mimořádně vlivná generace architektů a projektantů, jež měla zásadní vliv na rozvoj města v šedesátých a sedmdesátých letech. Ač někteří z nich působili hluboko do devadesátých let, je možné již během normalizační éry (a to je předmětem závěrečných pasáží této studie) sledovat postupné zpochybnění a vytrácení onoho přístupu k urbánnímu prostředí, který reprezentovali. Autor analyzuje vzájemné vazby mezi urbánními experty několika generací navzájem i mezi nimi a dalšími významnými aktéry ovlivňujícími rozvoj Bratislavy. Ukazuje přitom, jakým způsobem budovali svou pozici a zajišťovali kontinuitu jim vlastních přístupů k výstavbě, či obecněji k budování a fungování města, ale také nastiňuje, nakolik se způsoby uplatňování jejich vlivu v průběhu několika desetiletí proměňovaly a co tuto expertní komunitu - v rovině politické, institucionální i diskurzivní - posilovalo, nebo naopak oslabovalo.
PL
Denying free travel abroad and back to one’s homeland represented an integral part of the communist regime’s authoritarian control in socialist Czechoslovakia. In this context, people who were allowed to travel abroad were in a privileged position. Paper concentrates on the experiences of people who “stayed at home”: the partners and children of workers who were able to travel and work abroad. The analysis of interviews with seafarers’ wives show a strong reproduction of gender stereotypes in these families. This fact is questioned very little by both men and women, because in the seafarer’s profession provided these families with a specific sort of luxury and uniqueness, bringing them considerable benefits that distinguished these people from the majority of the population.
PL
Artykuł przybliża socjologiczne myślenie o przyszłości w warunkach realnego socjalizmu, analizując cztery futurologiczne propozycje teoretyczne, powstałe w Polsce w latach 70. Umieszczone są one w szerokim kontekście ówczesnych debat międzynarodowych, ograniczenia swobody (i wyobraźni) naukowej w monocentrycznym systemie decyzyjnym i oficjalnego dyskursu przywiązanego do marksistowskiej teorii postępu. Analiza tekstów futurologicznych Jana Szczepańskiego, Stefana Nowaka, Waldemara Rolbieckiego i Andrzeja Sicińskiego, powstałych w tak ograniczonych warunkach, ujawnia jednak ich oryginalne propozycje teoretyczne, pokazujące możliwe sposoby sensownego myślenia o przyszłości, redefiniujące pojmowanie historii, podejmujące problem indywidualnego i zbiorowego sprawstwa i granic jego przewidywalności. Tak odczytane, koncepcje te zyskują aktualność we współczesnych dyskusjach o antropocenie, w historycznych badaniach przyszłości czy w socjologii oczekiwań.
EN
This article draws attention to the role of sociological forecasting under state socialism. It analyses four conceptualizations of the future developed in the Polish People’s Republic in the 1970s. These ideas are contextualised by transnational discourses on futurology, the constraints of science under the monocentric system of decision-making and ideological discourse officially confined to the Marxist theory of progress. These boundaries limited past prognoses. However, reflections on their function, prospective techniques and future orientation – which are exposed in futurological texts by Jan Szczepański, Stefan Nowak, Waldemar Rolbiecki and Andrzej Siciński – reveal a rethinking of modern concepts of history and temporality pointing far beyond the historical state socialist regime towards current redefinitions of temporal orders by the anthropocene and emerging research agendas such as historical future research, and the sociology of expectations.
EN
The article focuses on conscripts' reflections of compulsory military service in the Czechoslovak and Czech army in 1968-2004, as experienced by different generations. I pay attention mainly to the narrative representation of certain aspects ofThe article focuses on conscripts' reflections of compulsory military service in the Czechoslovak and Czech army in 1968-2004, as experienced by different generations. I pay attention mainly to the narrative representation of certain aspects of the meaning of compulsory military service, namely the conscripts' preparedness for the defence of their country and actual deployment in combat. This is done through an analysis and interpretation of oral history interviews. On a practical level, I explore reflections of military exercises, the relation of contemporary witnesses to weapons and their potential use, evaluation of combat vehicles and effectiveness of combat alerts. In a theoretical perspective, the article is based on the cultural model of military history with an emphasis on confronting the discourse based on experience with the official model of compulsory military service, taking into account collectively shared ideas about the army. In general, what predominates in the recollections of actors is a rather negative image of the army as a more or less useless "total institution", which, up until the 1990s - undoubtedly mainly as a result of the August 1968 occupation - de facto had no social prestige. Due to an ambivalent experience with the duality of the disciplinary order, many contemporaries gradually concluded that the essence of "real" military service was not military training (the official order), but the individual way of coping with violent repression and with the violation of human dignity by more "senior" soldiers against "junior" ones.
CS
Studie se zaměřuje na aktérskou reflexi povinné vojenské služby v československé a české armádě v letech 1968 až 2004 v generační perspektivě. Hlavní pozornost je věnována narativní reprezentaci dílčího významového aspektu základní vojenské služby v podobě přípravy branců na obranu vlasti, respektive na skutečné nasazení v boji, a to prostřednictvím analýzy a interpretace orálněhistorických rozhovorů s bývalými vojáky základní služby. Funkční rovinu sleduje autor ve formě reflexe vojenských cvičení, vztahu pamětníků ke zbraním a jejich možnému použití, hodnocení bojové techniky a účinnosti bojových poplachů. Z teoretického hlediska text vychází z kulturálního modelu vojenských dějin, s důrazem na konfrontaci zkušenostního diskurzu s oficiálním modelem povinné vojenské služby a s přihlédnutím ke kolektivně sdíleným představám společnosti o armádě. Obecně lze konstatovat, že z perspektivy aktérů převažuje spíše negativní obraz armády jako víceméně zbytečné totální instituce, která až do devadesátých let minulého století – nepochybně zejména v důsledku srpnové okupace v roce 1968 – de facto neměla žádnou společenskou prestiž. V důsledku ambivalentní zkušenosti s dualitou disciplinačního řádu většina pamětníků postupně došla k přesvědčení, že podstatou „skutečné“ vojny není vojenský výcvik (jak se snažil proklamovat oficiální řád), ale především individuální způsob vypořádání s útlakem a ponižováním lidské důstojnosti z pozice „starších“ vojáků vůči „mladším“.
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EN
In the introductory essay to the thematic section “Citizen Complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia”, the authors present the theoretical background of this project as well as foreign research into complaints made to official institutions in communist dictatorships (especially in the German Democratic Republic and the Soviet Union). They draw on the concept of the “shifting boundaries of dictatorships” that has emerged in German historiography since the 1990s in an attempt to clarify the embeddedness of communist rule in the interactions and interrelationships between power structures and society in the GDR and how it played out primarily in the space of the everyday. As an authentic and largely preserved source, citizen complaints provide a number of valuable impulses for the analysis of the functioning of the communist system and the problems that resonated in society, despite their considerable degree of subjectivity. In doing so, they focus on the main interpretative frameworks for interpreting this type of source as inspired by foreign research. The first framework interprets complaints and suggestions as a specific, “top-down” directed way of resolving and dampening social conflicts, which in principle did not undermine the position of the ruling party, but on the contrary supported it. As soon as this method stopped meeting the expectations raised, however, it ceased to function as a “safety valve” and may have contributed to the destabilization of the system. Another scholarly approach views grievances more as a tool for advancing personal and group interests, in which space for negotiation opened up and in which the pragmatic use of ritualized language was applied. In this context, the authors conclude that the purposeful appropriation and use of ideological discourse had an ambivalent effect on the stability of communist rule and depended mainly on how rigidly or flexibly the official institutions were able to respond. The authors find the approach of analysing shifts in the content and style of grievances particularly productive, as it attempts to reconstruct changes in communist everyday life, values, attitudes and the collective mentality of actors. The last part of the text presents the terminology and methodology used by the authors in their research project Pohyblivé hranice diktatury ve světle stížností a anonymních dopisů československých občanů v letech 1948 až 1989 [The Shifting Boundaries of Dictatorship in the Light of Complaints and Anonymous Letters from Czechoslovak Citizens between 1948 and 1989] and introduces the articles in the thematic section.
CS
V úvodní studii tematického bloku věnovaného fenoménu občanských stížností v komunistickém Československu autoři přibližují teoretická východiska tohoto projektu a seznamují se zahraničním výzkumem stížností k oficiálním institucím v komunistických diktaturách (zejména v Německé demokratické republice a Sovětském svazu). Opírají se o koncept „pohyblivých hranic diktatury“, který vznikal od devadesátých let v německé historiografii ve snaze objasnit zakotvenost komunistického panství v NDR ve vzájemných interakcích a koincidencích mocenských struktur a společnosti, odehrávajících se především v prostoru každodennosti. Stížnosti občanů představují jako autentický a masivně dochovaný pramen, jenž i přes značnou míru subjektivity poskytuje řadu cenných podnětů pro analýzu fungování komunistického systému a problémů, jež rezonovaly v tamní společnosti. Soustředí se přitom na hlavní výkladové rámce pro interpretaci tohoto typu pramene, jak je přineslo zahraniční bádání. První z nich interpretuje stížnosti a podněty jako specifický, „shora“ režírovaný způsob řešení a tlumení sociálních konfliktů, který nenarušoval panství vládnoucí strany, ale naopak je podporoval. Pokud však tento způsob dlouhodobě nenaplňoval vzbuzená očekávání, přestával fungovat jako „pojistný ventil“ a mohl přispívat naopak k destabilizaci systému. Další badatelský přístup pohlíží na stížnosti spíše jako na nástroj prosazování osobních a skupinových zájmů, v němž se otevíral prostor pro vyjednávání a uplatňovalo se pragmatické užívání ritualizovaného jazyka. V té souvislosti autoři konstatují, že účelové osvojování a využívání ideologického diskurzu mělo na stabilitu komunistického panství ambivalentní účinek a záleželo hlavně na tom, nakolik rigidně, či pružně dokázaly reagovat oficiální instituce. Za produktivní pokládají autoři zvláště přístup, který se analýzou posunů v obsahu a stylu stížností snaží rekonstruovat proměny komunistické každodennosti, hodnot, postojů a kolektivní mentality aktérů. V poslední části textu je představen aktuální, komplexně pojatý výzkumný projekt „Pohyblivé hranice diktatury ve světle stížností a anonymních dopisů československých občanů v letech 1948 až 1989“, používaná terminologie a metodologie, jakož i následující články, které z projektu vzešly.
EN
Every time the Czech nationhood has appeared to be threatened, stage (re) interpretations of national history have been produced with renewed urgency. This was the case after the Munich Agreement of 1938 and the following Nazi occupation, and again after the Warsaw Pact invasion in 1968. In this article, I engage with the ways motives and themes used to raise national awareness in these times of crisis were naturalized, or neutralized, to serve the cultural politics of state socialism in the decades that followed, and especially the period of “normalization” in the 1970s and 1980s. I focus on two contemporary operas on historical themes that were produced at the Prague National Theatre in relation to its centenary celebrations: Zuzana Vojířová by Jiří Pauer (NT 1959 and 1981) and Mistr Jeroným by Ivo Jirásek (NT 1984). They both help demonstrate the paradoxical demand for grand themes from national history on the one hand, and absence of concrete meaning on the other. I argue that Zuzana Vojířová ultimately served the political needs of “normalization” much better than Mistr Jeroným. Pauer’s “folk opera” used traditional dramaturgy and conventionalized musical means and capitalized on the popularity of its subject matter during World War II. With its romanticized depiction of the past and generic form of nationalism, it could be consumed as a politically neutral and “timeless” product of high culture. Mistr Jeroným proved much more controversial, due to its ambiguous depiction of the eponymous Hussite hero as well as its modernist music. The libretto was written by the blacklisted poet Karel Šiktanc, a fact that remained well hidden at the time. Like Zuzana Vojířová, Mistr Jeroným was discursively framed through references to World War II, which worked to suppress the more recent historical parallels the opera could evoke (e.g., to the self-immolation of the Czech student Jan Palach in protest of the 1968 invasion). While the opera thus carried a certain subversive potential, I suggest that it was so obscured as to effectively become unreadable to contemporary audiences.
CS
Vždy, když se zdálo, že je česká státnost ohrožena, vznikaly s novou naléhavostí scénické (re)interpretace národních dějin. Tak tomu bylo po Mnichovské dohodě v roce 1938 a následné nacistické okupaci a znovu po invazi vojsk Varšavské smlouvy v roce 1968. V této studii se zabývám způsoby, jakými byla témata používaná ke zvýšení národního uvědomění v dobách krize naturalizována nebo neutralizována, aby sloužila kulturní politice státního socialismu v následujících desetiletích, a zejména v období „normalizace“ v 70. a 80. letech 20. století. Zaměřuji se na dvě soudobé opery s historickou tematikou, které byly uvedeny v pražském Národním divadle v souvislosti s oslavami jeho stého výročí: Zuzanu Vojířovou Jiřího Pauera (ND 1959 a 1981) a Mistra Jeronýma Ivo Jiráska (ND 1984). Obě pomáhají ukázat paradoxní poptávku po velkých tématech z národní historie na straně jedné a absenci konkrétního významu na straně druhé. Docházím k závěru, že Zuzana Vojířová sloužila politickým potřebám „normalizace“ mnohem lépe než Mistr Jeroným. Pauerova „lidová opera“ s tradiční dramaturgií a konvencionalizovanými hudebními prostředky těžila z popularity svého námětu za druhé světové války. Díky romantizujícímu zobrazení minulosti a generické formě nacionalismu mohla být konzumována jako politicky neutrální a „nadčasový“ produkt vysoké kultury. Mistr Jeroným se ukázal jako mnohem kontroverznější, kvůli nejednoznačnému ztvárnění titulního husitského hrdiny i modernistické hudbě. Libreto napsal zakázaný básník Karel Šiktanc, jeho autorství však zůstalo dobře utajeno. Stejně jako Zuzana Vojířová byl Mistr Jeroným diskurzivně rámován odkazy na druhou světovou válku, patrně s cílem potlačit novější historické paralely, které opera mohla evokovat (např. sebeupálení Jana Palacha na protest proti invazi z roku 1968). Ačkoli tak opera nesla určitý subverzivní potenciál, byl nakonec natolik zastřen, že se stal pro soudobé publikum fakticky nečitelným.
EN
In this discussion paper, presented at the Sixteenth Congress of the Slovak Historical Society (Slovenská historická spoločnosť) on 6 September 2022 in Banská Bystrica, Denisa Nečasová reflects on contemporary Czech historiography, especially contemporary history. She focuses on those trends that she considers problematic or negative. The first of these is the persistent positivist approach of many works that avoid historical interpretation and let the facts "speak for themselves". Paradoxically, however, implicit interpretations of the past sneak in, most often in the form of nationalist and anti-communist stereotypes. Politicization and ideologization, as the second negative trend in Czech contemporary history, are applied, as Nečasová argues, especially to the communist period and burden the dispute between the proponents of the theory of totalitarianism and historical revisionism, which in recent years has been litigated in the Czech academic as well as public sphere. As a third unfortunate trend, the author points to the methodological disregard of gender structures and gendered aspects of society in most historical research. This is related to the disproportionately low representation of Czech women historians in the field, and especially in its leading positions.
CS
V tomto diskusním příspěvku, předneseném na 16. sjezdu Slovenské historické společnosti dne 6. září 2022 v Banské Bystrici, se autorka zamýšlí nad současnou českou historiografií, zvláště soudobých dějin. Zaměřuje se přitom na ty její trendy, které pokládá za problematické či negativní. První z nich spatřuje v přetrvávajícím pozitivistickém přístupu řady prací, které se vyhýbají historické interpretaci a nechávají mluvit fakta takzvaně samy za sebe. Paradoxně se pak do nich ovšem vkrádají implicitní interpretace minulosti, nejčastěji v podobě nacionalistických a antikomunistických stereotypů. Politizace a ideologizace jako druhý negativní trend českých soudobých dějin se pak uplatňují zvláště ve vztahu k období komunismu a zatěžují spor mezi zastánci teorie totalitarismu a historického revizionismu, který se vede v posledních letech v České republice značně vypjatě i ve veřejném prostoru. Jako třetí neblahý trend identifikuje autorka metodologické ignorování genderové struktury a aspektů společnosti ve většině historických výzkumů. S tím souvisí disproporčně nízké zastoupení českých historiček v oboru, a zejména v jeho vedoucích pozicích.
EN
Focusing on key political actors and state institutions, this article aims to map the changing and often ambivalent political attitudes of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia (Socialistična republika Slovenija) within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the later the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) towards its socialist legacy. By institutionalizing remembrance and promoting specific historical narratives, the state not only articulated its views on the past, but also expressed its understanding of the present moment and its hopes for the future. The main channels of communication between the state and the public, which are investigated in this contribution, are state holidays and state celebrations. Here, the highest state institutions appeared as main organizers and scriptwriters. Through these events, leading politicians valued, assessed, and (re)interpreted significant historical events in the name of the state. The temporal framework of the article covers two crucial periods. First, the late socialist period between 1980 (the death of Josip Broz Tito) and 1989 (the beginning of the end of Yugoslavia). Second, the period of Slovene transition between 1989 and early 2008, when the Study Centre for National Reconciliation (Študijski center za narodno spravo) began its operation and Slovenia joined the institutional international trend of anticommunism. During late socialism, constant economic, political, and social crises forced the state to re-evaluate and reconsider its socialist legacy and its form. After the end of state socialism between 1989 and 1991 in Slovenia, (anti-)socialist attitudes became one of the most important political markers by which the new state defined itself. For both periods, socialism was thus one of the central themes of memory politics, albeit in different ways.
CS
Článek se zaměřuje na klíčové politické aktéry a státní instituce Socialistické republiky Slovinsko (Socialistična republika Slovenija) v rámci federativní Jugoslávie a pozdější Republiky Slovinsko (Republika Slovenija) a na jejich měnící se a často ambivalentní postoje ve vztahu k vlastnímu socialistickému dědictví. Institucionalizací paměti a podporou specifických historických narativů slovinské politické vedení artikulovalo nejen své hodnocení minulosti, ale také chápání přítomnosti a utváření nadějí do budoucna. Autorka v článku zkoumá státní svátky a státní oslavy jako hlavní komunikační kanály mezi státem a veřejností. Nejvyšší státní instituce vystupovaly jako jejich hlavní scenáristé a organizátoři, čelní slovinští politici prostřednictvím těchto akcí (a ve jménu státu) oceňovali, hodnotili a (re)interpretovali významné historické události. Časový rámec článku zahrnuje dvě období: pozdní socialistickou éru mezi lety 1980 a 1989 (od Titovy smrti do počátku rozpadu Jugoslávie) a etapu slovinské transformace v letech 1989 až 2008, během níž začalo fungovat Studijní centrum pro národní usmíření (Študijski center za narodno spravo) a slovinská politika se ve vztahu k minulosti připojila k širšímu mezinárodnímu trendu institucionalizovaného antikomunismu. Autorka dochází k závěru, že neustálé ekonomické, politické a sociální krize pozdního socialismu nutily politické vedení slovinské svazové republiky opakovaně přehodnocovat a reinterpretovat socialistické dědictví a že po převratných změnách v letech 1989 až 1991 se antisocialistické postoje ve Slovinsku staly jedním z nejdůležitějších politických znaků, jimiž se nový stát vymezoval. V obou obdobích tak byl socialismus klíčovým tématem politiky paměti, i když pokaždé jinak.
EN
The Czechoslovak participation at the Osaka World’s Fair in Japan, in 1970, resonated weakly at home, mainly for political reasons. With the onset of normalization, the target clientele of Czechoslovak haute cuisine changed and efforts to bring it closer to the most modern Western trends were attenuated significantly. Instead, comfortable conservatism prevailed, which matched with the atmosphere of Brezhnevism and its affinity for traditionalist luxury.
CS
Namísto toho se podle autora prosazoval pohodlný konzervativismus, který dobře ladil k atmosféře brežněvismu s jeho zálibou v tradicionalistickém přepychu.
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