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PL
The study attempts an analysis of the relationship between the concepts of state and nation sovereignty. The thesis has been proposed that state sovereignty could be regarded as a derivation of nation sovereignty. While attempting to approve of the proposed thesis, the authors describe the relationship between both institutions by referring to their origins. In the light of concepts of sovereignty, the relationship between state and international law is presented from a philosophical perspective. Approving the proposed thesis, the authors conclude that regardless of whether state sovereignty derives from nation sovereignty or not, the two concepts refer to different backgrounds which can be seen both in their origins and contemporary realities.
EN
Irregular immigration is a phenomenon with a substantial impact for the majority of the countries. The paper analyses whether there is an adequate human rights framework for protection of irregular immigrants or whether the irregular status exempts the migrants from the protection of international human rights law. If this is the case, then the human rights universality has failed. The paper takes into consideration the developments in the International and EU Law, as well as in the jurisprudence of the international tribunals regarding protection of irregular immigrants. It is divided into three main sections. The first section informs briefly on the dynamics of irregular immigrants; the second section analyses the legislation on irregular immigration from the perspective of the state sovereignty, the third section analyses the human rights law and the protection it affords to irregular immigrants, pursuant to the interpretation of International tribunals.
EN
Globalization has given opportunities to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to emerge on the world stage as one of the central players in the processes of promotion and protection of human rights around the world. The emergence of new actors in the human rights field raises questions not only about their impact on the protection of human rights, but also their impact on the state, which for a long time has had a monopoly on deciding how to treat its citizens. The article aims to analyze the role of human rights NGOs from the perspective of state sovereignty versus/and human rights, and provide answers to the following questions: what is the input of NGOs in protecting human rights? Do their activities lead to real improvements in human rights practices within a state? What is their impact on state sovereignty? How do the activities of NGOs influence the state's authority and legitimacy? Analysis has shown that the impact of human rights NGOs on state sovereignty and human rights protection depends on many factors, such as the country's level of development, political regime, the size of human rights NGOs, etc. This leads to the tentative conclusion that human rights NGOs may be both human rights defenders and state sovereignty destroyers.
EN
Humanitarian intervention, as an action of international actors towards states, is an act under which the idea of state sovereignty and the requirements of a universally applicable human rights come into ambiguous relationships. The article presents the analysis of the idea of sovereignty in the context of humanitarian intervention and human rights as its moral reason. It turns out that the analysis of these relationships brings the opportunity to redefine the concepts of sovereignty and human rights. There is shown the re-identification of roles of these ideas, which can be made by analysis of these relationships.
PL
Interwencja humanitarna jako działania podmiotów międzynarodowych wobec państw to akt, wobec którego idea suwerenności państw i wymogi powszechnie obowiązujących praw człowieka wchodzą w niejednoznaczne relacje. W artykule przedstawiono analizę idei suwerenności w kontekście interwencji humanitarnej i praw człowieka jako jej moralnego uzasadnienia. Okazuje się, że analiza tych relacji przynosi możliwość przedefiniowania pojęcia suwerenności i praw człowieka. Ukazane zostaje ponowne określenie ról tych idei, które mogą być przeprowadzone w oparciu o analizy tych związków.
EN
In The Law of Peoples – published in Poland for the first time twenty years ago – John Rawls extended his theory of justice to the field of international relations. The philosopher developed the concept of the law of peoples, or the political concept of justice that applies to the norms and principles of international law and practice. As part of his concept, Rawls proposed a vision of human rights as rights that define the limits of state sovereignty. In the article, in addition to a synthetic overview of Rawls’s concept of human rights, I present selected critical arguments, formulated by John Tasioulas, Charles Beitz, James Nickel, Allen Buchanan, Martha Nussbaum, and Thomas Pogge. In the second part of the text, I discuss an attempt to defend Rawls’s views, proposed by David Reidy and Samuel Freeman. In conclusion, I summarize both lines of argument, presenting my own position.
PL
W Prawie ludów – wydanym w Polsce po raz pierwszy 20 lat temu – John Rawls dokonał rozszerzenia swojej teorii sprawiedliwości na grunt stosunków międzynarodowych. Filozof rozwinął koncept prawa ludów, czyli politycznej koncepcji sprawiedliwości, która ma zastosowanie do norm i zasad międzynarodowego prawa i praktyki. W ramach swojej koncepcji J. Rawls zaproponował wizję praw człowieka jako uprawnień, które wyznaczają granice suwerenności państw. W artykule, obok syntetycznego omówienia autorskiej koncepcji praw człowieka J. Rawlsa, przedstawiam jej wybraną krytykę, sformułowaną przez Johna Tasioulasa, Charlesa Beitza, Jamesa Nickela, Allana Buchanana, Marthę Nussbaum oraz Thomasa Poggego. W drugiej części artykułu prezentuję próbę obrony stanowiska Johna Ralwsa, którą zaproponowali David Reidy oraz Samuel Freeman. W zakończeniu dokonuję podsumowania obu linii argumentacyjnych, przedstawiając własne stanowisko.
EN
The paper deals with analysis of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters and its various institutes, subjects and basic principles. It defines the relationship between international and national law, and internal and external sovereignty of the state. It refers to the difference between international criminal law and internationalized criminal law. It states that the objectives to pursue international legal assistance in criminal matters, are the same as those of criminal law at all.
SK
Príspevok sa zaoberá analýzou medzinárodnej justičnej spolupráce v trestných veciach a jej rôznymi inštitútmi, subjektami a základnými zásadami a princípmi. Definuje vzťah medzi medzinárodným a vnútroštátnym právom a vnútornou a vonkajšou zvrchovanosťou štátu. Poukazuje na rozdiel medzi medzinárodným trestným právom a zmedzinárodneným trestným právom. Uvádza, že ciele sledované prostredníctvom medzinárodnej právnej pomoci v trestných veciach sú v podstate rovnaké ako ciele trestného práva vôbec.
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