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EN
At the beginning of the 20th century, the anti-Polish policy in Prussia was tightened, which led to protests in the Polish society, especially among Polish youth. As a result of removing the Polish language from schools, resistance action was taken by the pupils. In 1901–1904 and 1906–1907, school strikes were called throughout the Prussian partition. Such manifestations of the defenders of Polishness were described in the memoirs of Leokadia Boniewicz on the example of the province of West Prussia, specifically Chełmno Land. Her siblings and peers actively participated in school strikes. Her family showed a keen interest in the Polish matters and undertook a variety of activities to pass national consciousness on to later generations. The paper aims to present the specificity of education in her family in relation to the cultural and educational situation of Poles under the Prussian rule. Particular emphasis is given to patriotic education, i.e. developing national consciousness in the young generation. This practice was characteristic not only for Boniewicz’s family members, but also for the entire Polish community of Chełmno Land.
Perspektywy Kultury
|
2019
|
vol. 24
|
issue 1
23-38
PL
Cały zbiór opowiadań z roku 1918, a szczególnie ostatnie opowiada­nie My, polskie dzieci!, opisujące strajk szkolny w Kaliszu w 1905 r., jest początkiem wielkiej refleksji Dąbrowskiej na temat tego, czym ma być przyszła niepodległość w Polsce. Dlatego rok 1905 jest ważnym ele­mentem jej twórczości, a opis strajku szkolnego w Kaliszu istnieje aż w trzech wersjach. W momencie zaś, kiedy niepodległość polityczna staje się rzeczywistością, pisarka podejmuje żmudną pracę napisania wielkiej powieści Noce i dnie nie tylko w celu przedstawienia rodowo­du niepodległościowego z 1918 r., jak to zrobiła w zbiorze wydanym tego samego roku, ale też aby pogłębić społeczne pojęcie o niepodle­głości. Powieść ma przeobrazić czytelnika z biernego odbiorcy poli­tycznej niepodległości w świadomego i aktywnego uczestnika biorące­go udział w osobistej i społecznej niepodległości.
EN
The entire collection of 1918 stories, especially the last one, entitled My, polskie dzieci! [We, the Polish children!], describing the school strike in Kalisz of 1905, opens Maria Dąbrowska’s many years of reflection on what the future Polish independence should be like. Therefore, 1905 is an important moment in her work, and the description of the school strike in Kalisz exists in her output in three versions. When political independence became reality, the writer took the tedious work of writ­ing her great novel, Noce i dnie [Nights and Days] to describe not only the background of the 1918 independence, as she did in her collection published the same year, but also in order to better explore the concept of social independence. The novel is intended to transform the reader from a passive recipient of the political independence into a conscious and active participant of their personal and social independence.
EN
The school strike in the beginning of 1905, next the boycott of the Russian school was the reason for most of the Polish students to left male and female lower secondary schools in Płock and to moved to opened Polish schools. The classrooms started to fill up with Russian and Jewish youth. Before 1914 the number of Poles in state schools was gradually increasing.
PL
Strajk szkolny rozpoczęty w 1905 r., a następnie bojkot szkoły rosyjskiej spowodował, że większość uczniów Polaków odeszła z gimnazjów państwowych męskiego i żeńskiego w Płocku do utworzonych polskich szkół. Klasy zapełniła młodzież rosyjska oraz żydowska. Przed 1914 r. zwiększała się stopniowo liczba Polaków w szkołach państwowych.
EN
The article presents the biography of Tadeusz Młodkowski (b. 1887 in Warsaw – d. 1960 in Mrągowo), one of the school strikers of 1905. Młodkowski was an active participant in the boycott of the Russian school, since as a result he was expelled from the eighth grade of the 2nd Male High School (Gymnasium) in Warsaw. As a blacklisted individual, he missed the chance to finish high school in Warsaw. He emigrated to Kraków where he attended the Faculty of Philosophy of the Jagiellonian University as an unenrolled student. In 1907 he returned to Warsaw and took up work as a teacher. His later life shows that he found fulfilment in this profession regardless of the type of school and place he worked in. He was also respected for his other achievements as a soldier, scout and archivist. He received numerous awards and commendations for his life’s work.
EN
The author describes and analyzes the formation of the two mass political blocs in Polish environments – socialist and nationalist ones at the turn of the 20th century. Having been created as secret structures, both movements were primarily based on secular ideologies. Their main goal was the fight for independence. However, they began to differ in methods and means concerning its achievement over time. The socialists combined the struggle for independence with social revolution, not excluding even armed struggle; the nationalists on the contrary wanted to regain the independence by means of compromise, evolvement, not excluding national uprisings. In time, the amicable attitude of the nationalists was backed by the Polish Church, which was thereby fulfilling the recommendations and expectations of the Holy See.
PL
Autorka opisuje i analizuje kształtowanie się w środowiskach polskich przełomu XIX i XX wieku dwóch masowych bloków politycznych – socjalistycznego i nacjonalistycznego. Oba nurty powstawały jako struktury tajne, oba też w swych początkach stały na gruncie ideologii świeckich, a ich celem była walka o niepodległość. Z czasem zaczynały się różnić co do metod i środków osiągania założonego celu. Socjaliści walkę o niepodległość łączyli z rewolucją socjalną, nie wykluczali także walki zbrojnej; nacjonaliści do niepodległości chcieli dojść metodami ugodowymi, ewolucyjnymi, wykluczając kolejne powstania narodowe. Z czasem po stronie ugodowej postawy nacjonalistów opowiedział się polski Kościół hierarchiczny, który w ten sposób wypełniał również zalecenia i oczekiwania Stolicy Apostolskiej.
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