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ŚREDNIOWIECZNE DOMY NA GARNKACH W ŚWIETLE BADAŃ ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH W NIDZICY

100%

Mackiewicz H. D.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2005

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issue 4

77-84

EN

The expectations associated with the archaeological supervision initiated in September 1999 in the eastern row of houses in the Old Town of Nidzica concerned relics connected with old settlements and town development. Already the exploration of the first metres unearthed strata dating from the Hallstatt D/La Tene A period, associated with the settlement of the western Balt barrow culture and the Przeworsk culture. The significance of this discovery made it possible to change the very nature of the excavation from supervision to archaeological research. The five basic stratigraphic layers distinguished in the course of the investigations include: I level – contemporary and nineteenth-century surfaces, II level – late mediaeval and modern layers, III level – late mediaeval traces of half-timber buildings in the southern row of houses in the market square, IV level – mediaeval strata containing relics of pottery, V level – ancient. The most interesting element registered in the course of the excavations was the longitudinal insulation of the mediaeval buildings made of pots fashioned on a potter’s wheel. A stone pavement on a sand bed, certainly comprising the cellar floor, was found at a depth not exceeding 2 metres. A layer of vessels was discovered after the removal of the pavement. Compactly arranged and turned upside down, the empty pots, covered with clay, provided excellent insulation against dampness and, at the same time, created a stable sleeper for the whole building, as evidenced by the remnants of partition walls built directly on the “pot” insulation. The excavations registered more than 200 whole “insulation” vessels and almost the same number of their fragments. The dendrochronological examination of the wooden construction on the pavement above the insulation was performed by M. Krąpiec, who established the time span of the construction as 1372-1407. In view of the fact that the town’s locatio took place in 1381, we may narrow down the origin of the construction to the post-1381 and pre-1408 period. The described insulation remains unique on a Polish and European scale. The exposition of the findings posed a different problem. Thanks to an agreement between the Voivodeship Conservator of Historical Monuments for Varmia and Mazuria and the museum at Nidzica Castle as well as the assistance of the staff of the Voivodeship Office for the Protection of Historical Monuments in Olsztyn it was possible to recreate a small fragment of this example of mediaeval technology.

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W pogoni za oryginałem – palimpsest w malarstwie ściennym. Eksponowanie odkrywek

84%

Święcka E.

Architectus

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2018

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issue 4(56)

43-52

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problemy związane z należącym do procesu badań powierzchni architektonicznych odsłanianiem malowideł ściennych. Omówiono też sposób przygotowywania w przeszłości wtórnych powłok przed nanoszeniem kolejnych dekoracji oraz podstawowe zasady postępowania konserwatorskiego. Warstwy stratygraficzne malarstwa ściennego stanowią: murowane podłoże, tynki, pobiały i warstwy barwne. Nie zawsze zdejmowane są wszystkie wtórne nawarstwienia z całej powierzchni oryginalnej dekoracji, czasami wykonuje się jedynie niewielkie odkrywki. Zdejmowanie przemalowań jest prowadzone w ramach prac konserwatorskich, dlatego duża część rozstrzygnięć należy do specjalistów z tej dziedziny. W przeszłości konserwatorzy odsłaniali zwykle w całości zachowaną warstwę najstarszą; późniejsze były po prostu tracone. Dziś istnieje wiele metod konserwacji i sposobów ekspozycji, aby ocalić malowidła pochodzące z kilku okresów historycznych, stworzone na tej samej ścianie. Różne sposoby i formy ich ekspozycji pokazano w artykule na fotografiach. Należy podkreślić, że jednoczesna prezentacja malowideł pochodzących z kilku okresów to głównie kwestia estetyczna. Nie wolno też zapominać, że dekoracja malarska nie tylko jest dziełem sztuki, ale stanowi dokument losów historycznej budowli.

EN

The article presents problems of revealing of mural paintings which is an integral part of architectural surfaces investigation. The paper also describes different kinds of preparatory layers used in the past as a support for new decorations and general rules of its conservation proceedings. The stratigraphic layers of mural painting are the following: the wall, plasters and renderings, strata of whitewash and polychromes. In some cases only limited parts of authentic paint are presented without removing of all layers added later on the whole decorated surface. Overpaintings are removed in conservation treatment, that is why the conservator is the one to make the most important decisions. In the past conservators used to reveal the oldest existing paint layer; overlapping layers were simply lost. Today there are many solutions and methods of conservation allowing to preserve and expose paintings created on the same wall in different historical periods. The photographs included in the article illustrate different systems and forms of presentation. It should be stressed that parallel presentation of paintings coming from several periods is mainly an aesthetical problem. One should also remember that painted decoration is not only a work of art but also a document of history of the building.

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BADANIA ARCHEOLOGICZNO-ARCHITEKTONICZNE KOŚCIOŁA PW. ŚWIĘTYCH APOSTOŁÓW PIOTRA I PAWŁA W KRZYWORZECE W POWIECIE WIELUŃSKIM

67%

Filipowicz P., Kajzer L., Lechowicz Z.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2007

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issue 4

23-43

EN

Research conducted in the church in Krzyworzeka was carried out by a team from the Institute of Archaeology at Lódz University and the Regional Centre for the Study and Documentation of Historical Monuments in Lódz. The purposes of the investigations were both cognitive and conservation-related. The outcome provided fundamental data concerning the monument in question. The original church was erected on a rather simple plan, with a nave on an orthogonal projection, 9,94x11,69 m, and a narrower, presbytery with the shape of a reverse rectangle, 5,86 x 6,70 m. To the north, the presbytery was adjoined by a sacristy with a length corresponding to the presbytery and a ground floor 2,86x5,54 m large. The thickness of the nave walls totals about 1,55 m, and that of the presbytery and sacristy – 1,30 m. The nave and the presbytery were covered with a wooden ceiling, and the sacristy - with a barrel roof. A freestanding brick bell tower, 5,93x6,15 m. was erected to the south of the church. The stones used for building the walls are easily available and different sized erratic boulders collected while clearing the fields after the locatio, as well as sandstone broken in the deposit, accessible in the nearby outcrops in the river valley of the Krzywa. Smaller stones stabilising the layers of the wall were placed between the larger erratic boulders. The tendency towards preserving the wall faces is conspicuous in the church and the bell tower. The stones were segregated by arranging them with the flat parts towards the face, while the visible parts feature traces of hewing the faces.The bell tower displays nests left begin by the scaffolding, spaced every 1,3 -1,4 m, horizontally and about 1,1-1,2 m. vertically. The archaeological dig registers traces of vertical wooden posts, probably the remnants of the scaffolding, standing 0,3 m from the face wall and 2,3 m from each other. There is no doubt about the connection of the examined monument and the reign of Duke Boleslaw the Pious, the ruler of the land of Ruda, while the direct overseer and constructor supervising the construction was scultetus Theodoric, who located the village. The origin of the church should, therefore, be situated within a current of colonization based on German law (second half of the thirteenth century), totally unexamined as regards its socio-ethnic aspects and insufficiently studied historically. Presumably the architectural spatial model of the church in Krzyworzeka was imported from the birthplace of Theodoric and the colonists brought over by him. There are no data relating to Theodoric's descent, but we are entitled to assume that he could have come to the ducal court and then the land of Ruda from Silesia. The time of the erection of the church and the bell tower can be described approximately, since the locatio act issued in 1264 mentions 15 years exempt of all obligations and services. Such a time span would have made it possible to gather a suitable amount of building material and to erect a church together with a freestanding bell tower. One may accept that the construction was completed about 1280.

4

Badania archeologiczne w 2018 roku obok Soboru Sofijskiego w Kijowie

67%

Bobrows'kyj T., Sawyc'kyj W., Strychar M.

Studia Lednickie

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2019

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vol. 18

283-303

EN

The necessity to conduct rescue archaeological research in the area of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev complex in autumn 2018 appeared due to ground subsidence, which appeared in spring at the distance of 27 meters to the west from the north–west corner of the cathedral — at the place where modern underground constructions 4–5 meters deep from the present ground surface are located. The main aim of the excavations was to examine the cultural layering, expose the damaged section of the underground, create documentation and consolidate it. Works were conducted by the employees of the “Sophia of Kiev” National Sanctuary (Timur Bobrovs’kij, Maksym Strykhar and Volodimir Savits’kij) and they included 20m2 excavation, which was explored up to 3 m deep below the current level of exploitation. Due to the archaeological research, it was possible to explain that the ground subsidence from 2018 was created in the fill of an earlier subsided area, filled with soil and sand in the period from 1980 till the beginning of the 21st century. During excavation works the fill of the subsided area was explored and the adjacent cultural layers were also studied. On the basis of the presented layout of cultural layers and the chronology of the archaeological monuments in connection with other historical sources, it was possible to present stages of the use of this area over the centuries. 1. Skeletal burial found on calc, in the south-east corner of excavation 2m deep from the present level of use, is dated to the early Iron Age. On the pelvis bones a bronze pin in the shape of the shepherd’s rod was preserved in situ. Therefore it is possible to link this object to the representatives of the Milograd culture (the mid-first millennium B.C.). 2. Several storage pits are connected with layers from the Old Russian Age. The historic material which was found in them mainly includes pieces of clay vessels from the 11th–12th c., as well as single pieces of plinfa bricks and cobalt glass, which probably come from St. Sophia’s Cathedral. Two finds come from the cultural layer from the 14th–15th c., which may be connected to the medieval archive of the Kiev metropolis: a leaden bulla from the 12th century with the image of a bust of St. George on one side and the so-called khachar with the initials of Jesus Christ on the other, as well as a semi-product of a leaden bulla, which by comparison to Novgorod analogies can be dated to the 14th–15th century. It seems that between the 11th and 14th century the research area, despite being located near the Cathedral, did not play any significant role, and probably it served storage functions. On the other hand, a relatively high number of “elite” finds from the period of the Middle Ages (bulla and a semi-product to create a bulla, pieces of the imported glassware etc.) suggest that in the Middle Ages in the immediate proximity of the researched area there could have been an important facility, possibly the metropolitan palace building complex from the 11th–14th century. 3. The remnants of a large overground wooden building from the first half of the 18th century were observed in the excavation. It probably had a timbered construction and was built from 15–20 cm wide logs. Pieces of ceramic and glass vessels as well as flakes of the glazed tiles from the end of the 17th–first half of the 18th century come from this fi ll. Their presence indicates that it was a residential building and an outbuilding. Two copper coins — John Casimir groats with “166*” and “1666” dates were explored in this place. This building could have been erected after the fire in 1697 as a monastic flat and probably functioned till the mid-18th century, when a masonry corpus with cells was built in Sophia’s monastery. 4. Later, judging from the observed stratigraphy, the researched area did not have the defined spatial organization and no meaningful objects were located there, which is probably connected with the functioning of a cloister garden in this place. Presently there is a special protective construction over the excavation. In 2019 research will be continued. It will help to specify the chronology of cultural layers, and determine the causes of the destructive processes and prevent further degradation of the underground construction.

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Arealogia, stratygrafia i ojkonimiczny krajobraz: punkty przecięcia

67%

Kupchynska Z.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio FF – Philologia

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2019

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vol. 37

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issue 2

EN

The purpose of the article is to reveal the interconnection of the three close linguistic concepts: arealogy, stratigraphy and the oikonymic landscape. The tasks, due to the purpose, were as follows: 1) to describe the theoretical background of arealogy, stratigraphy, and the oikonymic landscape; 2) to analyze oikonyms (place names) of the 15th century ending in *-j- to illustrate theoretical points. The reference base for the analysis is the diachronic oikonymic material of Ukraine. In the article, the empirical and descriptive methods have been used, which means referring to the little-known oikonymic reference material - the historical-comparative method of onyms analysis. The stratigraphic method involves quantitative characteristics, space localization of geographical names, determining the chronology of oikonyms. By means of the cartographic method the areal of oikonyms of the 15th century ending in *-j- has been studied. So, arealogy, stratigraphy and the oikonymic landscape are connected by one concept – space, i.e. spreading of some phenomenon (in our research these are names of the 15th century ending in *-j-) visualized on the map-chart, which records spreading of the phenomenon (the areal of oikonyms (place names) of the 15th century ending in *-j-) in diachrony (or at some chronological stage – the 15th century (stratigraphy) on the territory of Ukraine; partial landscape, as names ending in *-j- are only a small part of the general oikonymic landscape). It is the map chart that confirms the areal of oikonyms at one of the chronological stages of stratigraphy within territorial boundaries of the oikonymic landscapes (see the map chart).

PL

Celem artykułu jest ujawnienie powiązania trzech bliskich pojęć językowych: arealogii, stratygrafii i krajobrazu ojkonimicznego. Zadania, ze względu na ich cel, były następujące: 1) opisać teoretyczne podstawy arealogii, stratygrafii i krajobrazu ojkonimicznego; 2) dokonać analizy ojkonimów (nazw miejscowych) z XV wieku kończących się na *-j- w celu zilustrowania punktów teoretycznych. Podstawą analizy był diachroniczny materiał ojkonimiczny Ukrainy. W artykule wykorzystano metody empiryczne i opisowe, co oznaczało odwołanie się do mało znanego ojkonimicznego materiału odniesienia – zastosowano historyczną metodę porównawczą analizy rzeczowników właściwych. Metoda stratygraficzna objęła charakterystykę ilościową, lokalizację przestrzenną nazw geograficznych oraz określenie chronologii ojkonimów. Za pomocą metody kartograficznej zbadano grupę ojkonimów z XV wieku kończących się na *-j-. Tak więc arealogia, stratygrafia i pejzaż ojkonimiczny połączone są jedną koncepcją – przestrzenią, tj. rozprzestrzenianie się jakiegoś zjawiska (w naszych badaniach są to nazwy z XV w. kończące się na *-j-) jest wizualizowane na mapie topologicznej, która rejestruje rozprzestrzenianie się zjawiska (areał ojkonimów (nazw miejscowych) z XV wieku kończących się na *-j-) w diachronii (lub na pewnym etapie chronologicznym – XV wiek (stratygrafia) na terytorium Ukrainy; krajobraz częściowy, gdyż nazwy kończące się na *-j- to tylko niewielka część ogólnego krajobrazu ojkonimicznego). To właśnie mapa topologiczna potwierdza obszar ojkonimów (nazw miejscowych) na jednym z chronologicznych etapów stratygrafii w granicach terytorialnych krajobrazów ojkonimicznych (patrz mapa topologiczna).

UK

SUMMARYOycomymic landscape is a complex linguistic-historical multicomponent system which we can analyze via stratigraphic method. It is based on the study of oyconymic phenomenon or process in chronological sequence. Geographical names are specific linguistic units which, in addition to lingual and temporal, have territorial parameters. Areas, identified as a result of mapping, become special onomastic text. Arealogy, stratigraphy and oyconymic landscape are connected by one concept – space, and chart respectively, which provides the visualization of the spreading of phenomenon (area) in diachrony (stratigraphy) on the determined territory (landscape).

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2 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio FF – Philologia

1 Architectus

1 Studia Lednickie

1 Bobrows'kyj T.

1 Filipowicz P.

1 Kajzer L.

1 Kupchynska Z.

1 Lechowicz Z.

1 Mackiewicz H. D.

1 Sawyc'kyj W.

1 Strychar M.

1 Święcka E.

2 2019

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ŚREDNIOWIECZNE DOMY NA GARNKACH W ŚWIETLE BADAŃ ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH W NIDZICY

W pogoni za oryginałem – palimpsest w malarstwie ściennym. Eksponowanie odkrywek

BADANIA ARCHEOLOGICZNO-ARCHITEKTONICZNE KOŚCIOŁA PW. ŚWIĘTYCH APOSTOŁÓW PIOTRA I PAWŁA W KRZYWORZECE W POWIECIE WIELUŃSKIM

Badania archeologiczne w 2018 roku obok Soboru Sofijskiego w Kijowie

Arealogia, stratygrafia i ojkonimiczny krajobraz: punkty przecięcia