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PL
The study presents the results of research concerning interregional diversification of creation of gross value added per capita in Poland. In this dimension of economic processes, the fact indi-cated in the subject literature that the process of development in the regional order consistent with a polarization model leads to growing disparities is more and more often verified. The basis for the conclusion constitutes an observation of changes in a value of Gini coefficient calculated for inter-voivodeship distribution of gross value added per capita in 2000–2011. Data necessary for the analysis were taken from Local Data Bank of Central Statistical Office. Because of dominance of the service sector in modern economies, apart from the analysis of crea-tion of total gross value added, the attention in the study was paid to differences between service branch-es. They are identified as sections G-T of Polish Classification of Activities PKD2007. The research identifies the sections where scale of interregional differences is the biggest and simultaneously a thesis that the biggest interregional inequalities concern the most modern branches connected with develop-ment of a knowledge based economy is verified. The achieved results confirm the initial assumptions. Processes of interregional divergence are observed not only for total gross value added, but also concerning value creation in most of the service branches. Moreover, the spheres of the biggest intervoivodeship inequalities in distribution of production appear to be modern branches: ICT and finances. Professional, scientific and tech-nical services also represent such characteristics. However, minimalization of interregional dis-parities is mainly connected with functioning of a sphere of public services.
PL
Celem artykułu było przedstawienie i omówienie poglądów szkół ekonomicznych na zagadnienie spadku cen w gospodarce. Ekonomiści znacząco różną się co do przyczyn i skutków deflacji. Przez większość przedstawicieli głównego nurtu oceniana jest ona negatywnie. Wskazują, że wynika ze spadku popytu globalnego. Ograniczenie wydatków prowadzi do pogorszenia sytuacji ekonomicznej przedsiębiorstw, a w konsekwencji do kryzysu gospodarczego. Natomiast szkoła austriacka twierdzi, że spadek cen dóbr konsumpcyjnych jest normalną, pozytywną tendencją charakteryzującą rozwój gospodarczy. Wynika ze wzrostu produktywności czynników wytwórczych, który jest skutkiem postępu technicznego i inwestycji.
EN
The aim of this article was to present and discuss the views of schools of economic thought on the issue of decline in prices in the economy. Economists differ considerably as to the causes and effects of deflation. By most representatives of the mainstream economics deflation is considered to be bad. They point out that it results from a decrease in aggregate demand. Reducing spending leads to the deterioration of economic situation of enterprises and consequently to the economic crisis. According to the Austrian school, by contrast, a decline in consumer prices is a normal, positive tendency characterizing economic development. Deflation results from an increase in productivity of production factors due to technological progress and investments.
PL
Dylematy zmian strukturalnych w przemyśle, jakie dokonują się w gospodarce wschodzącej pod wpływem kształtującego się systemu instytucjonalnego, są wdzięcznym obiektem badań. Istnieją tu bowiem duże możliwości projektowania różnych rozwiązań, inaczej niż w gospodarce rozwiniętej, która pozostaje w gorsecie historycznych uwarunkowań. Przedmiotem opracowania jest porównawcza analiza trzech opcji, które stanowią różne kombinacje systemu instytucjonalnego oraz polityk: stabilizacyjnej i przemysłowej, przez co odmiennie wpływają na zmiany strukturalne i rozwój. O ile pierwsza (zwana konsensem waszyngtońskim) ma charakter krótkookresowy, o tyle kolejne hipotetyczne opcje mają charakter strategiczny. Eksponowana negatywna ocena opcji krótkookresowej nie oznacza jednak, że opcje strategiczne są wolne od wad. Analiza pozostaje w nurcie ekonomii normatywnej i dotyczy gospodarki wschodzącej na różnych etapach jej rozwoju.
EN
Dilemma of structural changes in the industry occurring under institutional system in the emerging economy is extensively discussed in economic publications. In this case there is still room for projecting various solutions, as opposed to the fully developed (mature) economy that suffers from historical determinants and institutional limits. The paper contributes to the above-mentioned debate. It reviews three consecutive options concerning a combination between institutional system on the one hand and stabilization as well as industrial policies on the other hand, thus influencing structural changes and development in several ways. As the first option called the Washington Consensus is of short-run character, the remaining hypothetical options are subject to long-run approach. In the paper one can find a clear thesis: the short-run option seems doubtful nevertheless the long-run options are not deprived of shortcomings. The analysis has been carried out on the basis of normative economics, dealing with the emerging economy at various development stages.
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