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EN
The aim of the study is to analyze the structures of temporal expressions used in Spanish and Polish which assume the syntactic function of circumstantial complement of time. Following Wilk-Racięska, we believe that any linguistic element, both lexical and grammatical, reflects the vision of the world shared by speakers of the same language. We propose, therefore, a contrastive study in which more or less complex structures will be presented, which will obligatorily include a noun accompanied by optional elements such as prepositions, articles, adjectives, casual markers and others. We want to demonstrate that the appearance of these linguistic elements is not accidental and can be explained by taking into account semantic, pragmatic and cognitive aspects specific to each of the languages studied.
PL
Carl von Weizsäcker analyzes the information concept in the framework of his own philosophy. He emphasizes, on the one hand, the irreversibility inherent in the time structure and, on the other hand, the dependence of information on temporal relations. In his view, information constitutes an abstract, albeit real, element of the world related to the form, structure, and order. Its quantitative and dynamical character assimilates it to matter and energy. Information does not exist outside material processes and human consciousness. Its dynamical aspect is strictly connected with communication, and evolutionary and entropic processes. In Weizsäcker's view, information becomes a philosophical concept. His approach hardly could be regarded as a full theory of time and information; it is rather an attempt at grasping their mutual dependencies and meaning.
PL
The paper deals with blends – compound words which are formed by blending of form and meaning of two (or more) words – in contemporary Croatian language. Due to their structural peculiarity and expressiveness, they have been very frequent in Croatian language of commercials and media during the last decade or so. On the basis of corpus collected from Croatian commercials, electronic publications and news portals from 2009 to 2016, the paper analyses the structure of blends, their meanings and their place in the lexical system of Croatian language.
EN
There are many ontologies of the world or of specific phenomena such as time, matter, space, and quantum mechanics1. However, ontologies of information are rather rare. One of the reasons behind this is that information is most frequently associated with communication and computing, and not with ‘the furniture of the world’. But what would be the nature of an ontology of information? For it to be of significant import it should be amenable to formalization in a logico-grammatical formalism. A candidate ontology satisfying such a requirement can be found in some of the ideas of K. Turek, presented in this paper. Turek outlines the ontology of information conceived of as a part of nature, and provides the ‘missing link’ to the Z axiomatic set theory, offering a proposal for developing a formal ontology of information both in its philosophical and logicogrammatical representations.
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Jilm v pomístních jménech na Moravě a ve Slezsku:

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EN
The item focuses on appearance of names of the elmtree in Moravan and Silesian anoikonyms. Next to the anoikonyms coming from the noun jilm (e.g. Jilmík, Jilmová), also the names coming from original Slavic names of this tree were recorded: vaz (e. g. Vazová) and břest (e. g. Břestek, Břístí). The anoikonyms coming from the noun břest seem to be typical for Moravia and Silesia (see the maps No. 1–3).
EN
The research purpose of the present article was identification of regional differences in population development, and some socioeconomic characteristics at the micro-regional level, wherein the latter are the catchment districts of the municipalities with extended powers (hereinafter referred to as SO ORP). The method applied was the comparison of the population development, education structure, and unemployment in SO ORP, and monitoring of their correlation dependence. The analysis results show that there is rather strong correlation between the migration attractiveness of the microregions, their population growth, and transformation success behind which the growing share of the university graduates in the population and relatively very low unemployment rate are standing. The micro-regions at SO ORP level assist in distinguishing continuous territories with either positive or negative population and socioeconomic development.
EN
The thesis of this paper applies to the mediatization of politics process during American presidential campaign of 2008. It is entrenched in the theory of political communication. Because of the primary assumptions in the analysis below, political communication is considered mainly from perspective of the models of relations between the mass media and politics, which are treated as systems. It is justified because those relations influence the abovementioned systems and play the biggest role in affecting mass society and culture. In this thesis, the public is considered as having less influence on entire process of political communication. In order to clarify the subject of the research, the division into structural and functional mediatization was created. Structural mediatization, which is the main subject of the analysis, occurs when structures of the media and political systems come into dependence and subordination relation. Parts of the media system dominate over the analogical elements in the political system, internalizing media logic. Individual elements of the political world comply to the media logic and the media orders. Subjects of the political system implement political marketing methods to use the dominant role of the media in the process. Functional mediatization can be defined as a transfer of systemic relations at the smallest possible level – specific case in micro scale,when the medium controls a political actor. Here, the mediatization takes its most radical form. The medium on every stage of constructing the political reality can manipulate and deform a media political reality
EN
The paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of structures of collaboration and their underlying logic by combining theories on Governance and (Planning) Culture. By the introduction of an integrative approach, called the ‘The Culture-Based Governance Analysis’, aspects of both discourses are combined. Factors from the Governance discourse, providing analysis on the frameworks of collaboration, were integrated with factors from the Culture discourse, providing analysis of the underlying reasons for people collaborating or not. This novel approach provides a way to analyze and understand how existing collaborations have developed and the basis on which they operate. As a further step, it enables planners to use this knowledge for the establishment of future collaborations between already active as well as not yet involved actors, for example, in urban redevelopment processes.
EN
Multidimensional Scaling method makes it possible to show the configuration of multivariate objects in the space with less dimensions than the original one (usually on the plane) in such a way that a distance matrix calculated in lower dimension is the most similar to the distance matrix calculated in the original multivariate space. The application of this approach for the analysis of spatio-temporal structures is presented in the paper. Structures are described by shares, so no standardisation (or normalisation) is needed to eliminate the measurement units. Separate Multidimensional Scaling is performed for each time point. On the sequence of results we can follow the changes of object position. Those trajectories can be approximated by trend functions. The example considered in the paper deals with the employment structure in 28 European Union countries in 1999–2016. Structures are calculated on the basis of 10 aggregated sections of the economy.
PL
Skalowanie wielowymiarowe to metoda pozwalająca na przedstawienie obserwacji złożonych w przestrzeni o mniejszej liczbie wymiarów (zazwyczaj na płaszczyźnie) w taki sposób, aby macierz odległości liczonych na płaszczyźnie była jak najbardziej podobna do macierzy liczonej w przestrzeni oryginalnej. W pracy przedstawiono propozycję wykorzystania tego podejścia w analizie struktur przestrzenno-czasowych. Struktury są opisane udziałami, zatem nie jest konieczna procedura doprowadzania udziałów do porównywalności ze względu na jednostkę miary. Dla każdej jednostki czasu przeprowadzane jest osobne skalowanie wielowymiarowe. Ciąg wyników pozwala śledzić przemieszczanie się badanych obiektów względem innych w zbiorze. Te trajektorie można aproksymować funkcjami trendu. Rozważany przykład merytoryczny to analiza struktur zatrudnienia w 28 krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 1999–2016. Struktury te liczone są w podziale na 10 zagregowanych sekcji.
EN
The aim of the paper is to identify groups of European Union countries similar in terms of employment structures, applying the furthest neighbour agglomerative clustering procedure with dynamic approach.The employment data for UE countries is reported in 10 sections: agriculture, industry, construction, trade, information, finance and insurance, real estate, professional services, administration, culture. A research presented covers the period of 2008–2017. Distance matrices for the dissimilarity of employment structures in EU countries have been calculated separately for each year. Then, the furthest neighbour method has been applied (which is next to Ward method in group identification efficiency) with the critical agglomerative distance of 0.15. It means that two groups can be merged if the furthest distance between objects belonging to different groups is not bigger than 0.15. Cutting dendrograms in this way we found that the resulting groups of countries for consecutive years are rather similar. Luxemburg and Romania formed a single­‑object groups in every year. Three main groups have been identified within other EU countries. Dynamics of these groups content, and average structures is discussed.
PL
Celem pracy jest identyfikacja grup krajów Unii Europejskiej podobnych co do struktury zatrudnienia w ujęciu dynamicznym, z wykorzystaniem metody aglomeracyjnej najdalszego sąsiedztwa.W ocenie wykorzystano informacje o zatrudnieniu w krajach Unii Europejskiej, dokumentowane m.in. w podziale na 10 sekcji: rolnictwo, przemysł, budownictwo, handel, informacja, finanse i ubezpieczenia, nieruchomości, usługi profesjonalne, sfera budżetowa, kultura. Analizowane są podobieństwa struktur zatrudnienia w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2008–2017. Dla każdego roku osobno wyznaczono macierz odległości (niepodobieństwa) struktur zatrudnienia pomiędzy krajami UE. Wykorzystując tę macierz, zastosowano taksonomiczną metodę aglomeracyjną najdalszego sąsiedztwa, która po metodzie Warda jest drugą co do skuteczności metodą odkrywania grup podobnych w zbiorach analizowanych obiektów. Wybór metody zdeterminowany był wykorzystaną miarą odległości, jak również jej elastycznością – na podstawie analizy porównawczej uzyskanych dendrogramów – poziomu cięcia dendrogramu. W pracy, po obserwacji otrzymanych drzew klasyfikacyjnych, przyjęto odległość krytyczną jako 0,15. Oznacza to, że dwie grupy obiektów mogą być połączone, jeżeli najdłuższa odległość pomiędzy obiektami należącymi do różnych podgrup nie przekracza 0,15. Przy cięciu dendrogramu na poziomie 0,15 otrzymano dla każdego roku podział krajów UE na grupy zbliżone co do struktury zatrudnienia. Okazało się, że Luksemburg oraz Rumunia we wszystkich latach stanowiły osobne, jednoelementowe grupy. Dla pozostałych krajów wyróżniono trzy zasadnicze grupy.Poddano analizie zmiany składu grup w czasie oraz dynamikę średnich struktur dla grup.
EN
The Polish Red Cross workers in the years 1945–1947 provided support to state authorities and local government with regard to caring of people and achieving the state goals related to takeover, development, and Polonization of the territory. Lack of personnel and finance, difficult political and social situation posed particular challenge, required composure and devotion. Not all the workers were able to endure hard working conditions, fast pace of life, and the sense of threat at that time. Those who took up hard labour and weren’t scared of difficulties played a positive role in the life of the inhabitants of Western Pomerania.
PL
Pracownicy Polskiego Czerwonego Krzyża w latach 1945-1947 byli wsparciem dla władz państwowych i administracji lokalnej w opiece nad ludnością i realizacji celów państwa w zakresie przejęcia, zagospodarowania, spolonizowania terenu. Brak kadry, finansów, trudna sytuacja polityczna i społeczna stawiała przed nimi szczególne wyzwania, wymagała opanowania i poświecenia. Nie wszyscy wytrzymywali warunki pracy, tempo życia i poczucie zagrożenia w tamtym czasie. Ci którzy podjęli trud pracy i nie przelękli się trudności odegrali pozytywną rolę w życiu mieszkańców Pomorza Zachodniego.
EN
The article is a review of the literature on the key advantages and disadvantages of matrix organizational structures. After providing a brief introduction into the discipline, it identifies and discusses eight major characteristics of matrix organizations. In the reviewed publications, three characteristics are considered primarily as advantages of matrix structures, one as a disadvantage, whereas the four remaining arouse controversies as to their beneficial or negative nature. The controversial characteristics are indicated as a field for further investigation.
PL
ograniczeń koncepcji macierzowych struktur organizacyjnych. Po krótkim wprowadzeniu do dziedziny zidentyfikowano w nim i omówiono osiem kluczowych cech organizacji macierzowych. Przeprowadzona analiza publikacji wykazała, że trzy ze wspomnianych cech są przeważnie postrzegane jako zalety organizacji macierzowych, jedna jako ich ograniczenie, zaś pozostałe cztery budzą kontrowersje wśród teoretyków co do ich pozytywnego bądź negatywnego charakteru. Owe kontrowersyjne cechy wskazano jako proponowany obszar do dalszych badań.
PL
Pod koniec lat siedemdziesiątych XX wieku rządy państw europejskich zostały zmuszone do zmiany tradycyjnych sposobów rządzenia w odpowiedzi na takie tendencje jak wzrost konkurencji międzynarodowej oraz pogłębianie integracji gospodarczej i walutowej w ramach Unii Europejskiej. Strategiczna adaptacja do nowej rzeczywistości doprowadziła do ograniczenia roli państwa pozytywnego, interwencjonistycznego i jednocześnie do wzrostu roli państwa regulacyjnego: tworzenie regulacji zastępuje nakładanie podatków oraz wydatkowanie uzyskiwanych tą drogą środków. W pierwszej części artykułu zidentyfikowano trzy zbiory strategii prowadzących do rozwoju państwa regulacyjnego jako regulatora zewnętrznego lub rynkowego oraz jako regulatora zdecentralizowanej administracji. W drugiej części poddano analizie istotne zmiany strukturalne wywołane zmianami strategii regulacyjnych. Dziedzictwo instytucjonalne i intelektualne państwa interwencjonistycznego stanowi główną przeszkodę na drodze do szybkiego dostosowania struktur rządzenia do nowych strategii. Nie wolno lekceważyć trudności związanych z procesem przechodzenia od państwa pozytywnego do państwa regulacyjnego, należy jednak uświadomić sobie, że konkurencja międzynarodowa toczy się nie tylko wśród producentów dóbr i usług, lecz także, i to w coraz większym stopniu, między systemami regulacyjnymi. Konkurencja regulacyjna nagradza systemy, w których innowacje instytucjonalne nie pozostają zbyt daleko w tyle za nowymi decyzjami o charakterze strategicznym.
EN
Since the late 1970s European governments have been forced to change their traditional modes of governance in response to such trends as increasing international competition and deepening economic and monetary integration within the European Union. Strategic adaptation to the new realities has resulted in a reduced role for the positive, interventionist state and a corresponding increase in the role of the regulatory state: rule making is replacing taxing and spending. The paper’s first part identifies three sets of strategies leading to the growth of the regulatory state as external or market regulator, and as internal regulator of decentralised administration. The second part examines major structural changes induced by changes in regulatory strategies. The institutional and intellectual legacy of the interventionist state is a major impediment to the speedy adjustment of governance structures to new strategies. It would be unwise to underestimate the difficulties of the transition from the positive to the regulatory state, but it is important to realise that international competition takes place not only among producers of goods and services but also, increasingly, among regulatory regimes. Regulatory competition will reward regimes in which institutional innovations do not lag far behind the new strategic choices.
EN
This article reconstructs and interprets the evolution of the Minoan myth’s reception in literature, fine arts, and urban development during the twentieth century. The author’s understanding of this evolution is based on three assumptions: a) myth is a polysemantic symbol of metaphysical and historical origins and function; b) myth reflects the relationship of the cognitive vs. creative mechanisms of human activity; and c) as symbolic, myth’s form must be treated as an image as much as it is a (discursive) narrative. As a motif in literature and the arts, the Minoan myth in particular has displayed all three of these aspects by allowing first its heroic narrative and, more recently, its formal structure (i.e., the tragic maze of moral and intellectual values) and visual setting (i.e., the actual labyrinth) to serve as porte-paroles of ongoing social and civilisational transformations: aestheticisation, deconstruction of cognitive and political hierarchies, technicisation, and intensive urbanisation. The displacement of the narrative and of the figure of the Minotaur is interpreted from the perspectives of psychoanalysis and post-structuralism.
PL
Należy zaaprobować pogląd wyrażony przez Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, że oczywiste jest, że działka siedliskowa jest czym innym niż działka budowlana. Działka uznana bowiem za siedliskową jest gruntem rolnym, na której istnieje możliwość zabudowy związanej z prowadzeniem gospodarstwa rolnego.
EN
“It should be approved”, this is the view of the Supreme Administrative Court confirming that it was obvious that land for homesteading differed from construction land. It is because land for homesteading was agricultural land on which buildings may be constructed that are related to a farm.
EN
On Complex Adverbial Forms from a Contrasting Point of View In this article, adverbials and their complex forms are discussed. Against the background of the semantic and formal classification of adverbials, an answer to the question is given by which forms the individual types of adverbials are represented at all and which forms can be replaced by which other forms, taking into account the specifics of each transformation. These questions are viewed from a contrasting point of view, highlighting commonalities and differences between German, English and Polish.
EN
The remnants of the Romanesque church of St. Cross were uncovered during the archaeological excavations carried out in the years 1960-1961 and in year 1966. They are located in the north-western part of the present-day Adam Mickiewicz Park in Wieliczka, in the area of the medieval village, called Gorzec, located west of the town. The temple served as a  hospital church, designed for the poorest inhabitants of “Wielicza Sól” (the original name of Wieliczka). Based on the negatives of the foundations it was found that it was a single nave building with the apse from the east, classified in the group of many Polish churches often constructed in the twelfth and thirteen centuries. Outside Poland, the church in Wieliczka can be compared closest to the twelfth and thirteenth-century single nave churches in the Czech Republic, in present-day Slovakia and in Hungary. The described above architectural type in the mentioned countries in Central and Eastern Europe evolved from the central building – a  rotunda, functioning a  fortified town, magnate, graveyard and parish churches. There is a possibility that the church of St. Cross was erected by the building workshop employed in the construction of the Church of St. Mary Magdalene and St. Nicholas in Dziekanowice, near Wieliczka, which has also a single nave and is similarly dated. Unfortunately, due to lack of resources, this question remains unclear and similarly the questions about the architectural detail, sculptural decoration or polychrome the used in the temple from Wieliczka.
EN
This article attempts to explain the social phenomena and processes occurring in the public security system in creation and development of dispositional groups. Based on Foucault’s analytical concept it will indicate justifications for the separation of ‟disposable” institutional structures aimed at protecting socially valued resources and goods. The analysis of the security system’s roles are looked at from the perspective of sociology of dispositional groups.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia zjawisk i procesów społecznych zachodzą- cych w systemie bezpieczeństwa publicznego państwa w zakresie tworzenia się i rozwoju grup dyspozycyjnych. W ramach analitycznych koncepcji Michela Foucaulta wskazane zostały istotne uzasadnienia dla wyodrębnienia „dyspozycyjnych” struktur instytucjonalnych ukierunkowanych na ochronę cenionych społecznie zasobów i dóbr. Analiza ról pełnionych przez podmioty systemu bezpieczeństwa państwa osadzona została w nurcie badawczym socjologii grup dyspozycyjnych.
EN
The mission of the Church that has been created by Christ not only needs the leadership of a hierarchical structure but also the group of lay believers who act as active supporters and helpers in the proper and effective functioning of the institution. Prudent and thoughtful engagement of the laity in the apostolic endeavours and responsibilities have been appreciated by the pope Pius XI, who established a society called Catholic Action. This organization has undertaken various apostolic and priestly activities in many countries throughout Europe, including Poland, as it was building a unified nation after gaining national independence in the beginning of the twentieth century. This time in history has created extraordinary opportunities for the laity as Catholic Action was opening its structures and setting goals. In retrospective, such activity can be perceived the providential tool that has played an important role in the development of the Catholic Church in Poland. Examining the level of participation and engagement of the Catholic Action in the matters of the Church before the Second World War, one may boldly say that it was a very well developed association gathering an enormous number a of lay believers. It had a pivotal role in assessing the social, cultural political and economical needs in practically every community and responding to those needs in an active way. The development of the Catholic Action was phenomenal between the years of 1918 -1939. In the first ten years of its existence, it was predominantly popular among the elites of the catholic intelligentsia, burgesses, but also peasantry. In 1939, there were 750,000 members in this organization, which ranks it among the most influential in the social arena of Poland at that time.
EN
The sources to and literature on the history of the Soviet repression apparatus are scarce and incomplete or inaccessible. However, this period of the epoch was of a great significance for the model of the state, its organs and life of millions of its citizens. Of particular interest are the ethnic composition of the Soviet apparatus of repression and participation of Jews in it as well as a “people’s” legend according to which it was Jews who created the Bolshevik state. It is impossible to conduct serious research into the subject, while reflections and hypotheses presented in the article should be regarded only as possible or probable.
PL
Źródła i literatura przedmiotu dotyczące historii sowieckiego aparatu represji są niewielkie i w dużej części zdekompletowane lub nieudostępniane. Tymczasem ten segment epoki miał olbrzymie znaczenie dla modelu państwa, pracy jego organów i życia milionów obywateli. Szczególnie interesujące są skład narodowościowy sowieckiego aparatu bezpieczeństwa i udział w nim Żydów oraz „ludowa” legenda głosząca, że to oni stworzyli państwo bolszewickie. Przy obecnym stanie źródeł poważnych badań nie można przeprowadzić, zaś w niniejszym tekście rozważania i hipotezy należy traktować jedynie za możliwe lub prawdopodobne.
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