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EN
The paper presents meanings of the contemporary school education in the reflections of the secondary school students. The intent of the research was to pinpoint the high schools students’ values of education and to search for the cultural dimensions of neoliberalism and the principles which govern the reason of pupils. At first, the author explains those parts of the theory of neoliberal govenmentality which are crucial for intepretation of the interviews with pupils. The author of this study discovers that fundamental concepts of discourse of life after graduation are skilfulness of an individual and assertion of individuality. These concepts are used for explanation of achievement of individuality. The author concludes that pupils do not consider the university as a place assess own life and to gain profit from study. The life after graduation is considered a project of a path to individual happiness and the life choice of university studies is subordinated to this reason.
EN
Autor stara się wykazać, że w 1407 r. dominikanie we Wrocławiu podjęli próbę uruchomienia przy swoim konwencie studium generale. Miało zostać przeniesione z Krakowa, gdzie jego funkcjonowanie napotkało problemy kadrowe. Pomysł przeniesienia studium popierał zrazu prowincjał zakonu, a zwieńczeniem zabiegów miała być kapituła generalna we Wrocławiu. Wobec oporu braci z Krakowa plan nie został jednak zrealizowany. The author argues that in 1407 the Dominicans of Wrocław made an attempt at forming the studium generale in their monastery. It was to be moved from Cracow, where its functioning was endangered by lack of faculty members. The idea was initially supported by the provincial of the order and the decision was to be made at the meeting of the general chapter in Wrocław. However, as the brethren of Cracow opposed the project, the plan was not realised.
EN
This article discusses ekphrases of the poet, sculptor, stage designer, and art critic Stanisław Ledóchowski, which were published in 2013 in his volume of poetry Liście od Krakowa and in several bibliophile editions of his individual works. The discussion concerns poems dealing with three forms of art: architecture, sculpture, and painting. Poetic interpretations of works of art were placed in the context of the terms studium and punctum introduced by Roland Barthes to describe the method of finding meaning in art on two levels. The studium concerns generally available cultural context, while the punctum is an often-intimate encounter of the viewer with an artistic work, which not only reveals the specific aesthetic awareness of the poet but also his individual sensitivity.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor stara się wskazać na kontekst i źródła wiedzy prawniczej posiadanej przez św. Tomasza z Akwinu. Nie ulega wątpliwości, iż Tomasz nie studiował prawa, lecz jest równocześnie pewne, że w swoich pracach powoływał źródła prawa rzymskiego i kanonicznego. Jak się wydaje, nie należy tych przypadków traktować jednostkowo, lecz raczej widzieć je w szerszej perspektywie. W przekonaniu autora wiedza Akwinaty na temat prawa stanowiła naturalną konsekwencję trzech niezależnych okoliczności. Po pierwsze, okres życia św. Tomasza przypadał na tzw. „wiek prawa”. Po drugie, był on członkiem zakonu dominikańskiego, w duchowości którego zawsze podkreślano konieczność studiów, które miały pomóc braciom w lepszym głoszeniu Słowa Bożego. Wreszcie, z początkami istnienia Zakonu Kaznodziejskiego łączyć należy zjawisko dużej liczby powołań wykształconych prawników i kanonistów rekrutujących się przede wszystkim z Uniwersytetu Bolońskiego. Wydaje się, iż wstępując do zakonu dzielili się oni swoją wiedzą ze współbraćmi. Także i w tym nieformalnym procesie nauczania prawa można poszukiwać źródeł prawniczej wiedzy Akwinaty.
EN
In this article author is attempting to show the context and the sources of the legal knowledge acquired by Saint Thomas Aquinas. It is certain that Thomas had not studied law, but it is obvious as well that he used the sources of Roman and Canon law frequently in his own studies. The author believes that the Aquinas’s knowledge of law is natural consequence of three circumstance. First of all, Saint Thomas’s life occurred in the so-called “epoch of the law”. Secondly, he was a member of the Dominican Order which always emphasised the need of study which help the friars to preach more accurately Word of God. Finally, in the times of Thomas Aquinas many friars entered the Order as a professional lawyers and canonists who by no means shared their knowledge of law with brothers.
PL
Inspiracją do napisania niniejszego tekstu stało się spotkanie z fotografiami Krzysztofa Millera, polskiego fotoreportera i książką 13 wojen i jedna. Prawdziwa historia reportera wojennego (2013) oraz jego pośmiertnie wydanym albumem Fotografie, które nie zmieniły świata (2017). Cenne okazały się także przemyślenia Rolanda Barthesa w książce Światło obrazu. Uwagi o fotografii (2008), w której analiza zdjęć oparta została na badaniu studium i punctum. Natomiast rozważania Susan Sontag zawarte w O fotografii (1977) i Widok cudzego cierpienia (2003), spisane na przestrzeni czasu, stanowiły istotną refleksję dotyczącą historii współczesnej i ewolucji fotografii. Stały się one podstawą do snucia osobistej refleksji, ale także umożliwiły wniknięcie w żywioł samej fotografii, by zapytać o jej ontologiczny status, filozoficzny akt stwarzania i interpretowania. Spisane spostrzeżenia stanowią rejestracją osobistego zbliżenia Autorki wobec fotografii, a także swoiste studium sceny i detalu. Wynikają one z przeświadczenia, że indywidualna lektura obrazu i tekstu to podstawa do zadawania pytań sobie, jako obserwatorowi, odbiorcy, interpretatorowi oraz współuczestnikowi kultury, tradycji i historii. Studium nie jest więc praktyczną szkołą czytania obrazu. Rozważania zawarte w artykule stanowią poszukiwania na temat sztuki interpretacji i roli interpretatora, która stanowi fundamentalne zagadnienie polonistycznych praktyk wobec spotkań z tekstami kultury.
Perspektywy Kultury
|
2019
|
vol. 27
|
issue 4
219-234
PL
Artykuł traktuje o sile fotografii. Omówiono cztery fotografie, na któ-rych przykładzie autor próbuje opisać sposoby patrzenia, analizowa-nia i interpretowania. Każdorazowo jest to subiektywna analiza oparta na indywidualnych kompetencjach wizualnych. Pojęcie punctum oka-zuje się ważne, ponieważ pozwala przyjrzeć się temu, co wizual-ne. Ostatecznie odpowiedź na pytanie, czy w analizie panujemy nad obrazem, czy obraz nad nami, jest każdorazowo rozpatrywana przy indywidualnym odbiorze konkretnego zdjęcia.
EN
The article asks about the power of photography. Four photographs are referred to. The author tries to describe ways of looking, analyzing and interpreting each of them. Every time, it is a subjective analysis based on individual visual competences. The concept of punctum turns out to be important, as it allows a closer look at the visual. Ultimately, the answer to the question whether in the analysis of an image we take possession of it, or is it the other way around, is solved at the level of individual reception of a particular photo.
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Fotografie a paměť v díle Milady Součkové

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EN
A characteristic feature of Milada Součková’s works consists in her references to her own and her family’s memories. She often combines the memories and returns to the past with ekphrastic descriptions of the photographs. This is her way to set in order (in words and pictures) the occurrences that have already happened. The photographs become sources that enliven the memory images. They activate memory and connect memories into chains of mnemonic associations. The present article explores the references in Milada Součková’s poetry and prose texts to the photographs.
EN
Drawing on the considerations of Karlheinz Stierle, who claims that one of the key tasks in thinking about literature is to oppose the technical totality of modernity and its repressive mechanisms with the substantiality of the slow and the already past, this study aims — in the reading of Franz Kafka, for example, by German thinker, literary theorist and critic Walter Benjamin, and that of Karel Čapek by Czech literary historian and critic Jiří Opelík — to present a form of thinking about literature and its studies that would belong in some ways to the ‘slow reading culture’. At a time when the predominant view of the status of the discipline has grown skeptical, when one has come to doubt the meaning of literature, it is useful to return to the sources and principal questions that comprise our basic attitude towards literature and its study. The question of the current state of thought about literature is reflected here by the prism of slowness and the culture of slow reading, together with a study of literature that opens our way to something we might have otherwise abandoned in the ‘rhythm of constantly renewed acceleration’. The first part of the study, dedicated to Benjamin’s reading of Kafka, focuses on several motifs, grouped around the idea of study and the idea of the image. He develops his interpretation of Kafka’s short stories, The New Advocate, and his reading of the photographic portrait of little Kafka, by reflecting on Benjamin’s tendency to introduce the subject in a circular manner, and through a method of interpretation that gradually approaches, interrupts and postpones, the methodological equivalent to slow reading, revolves around the conviction that the center of the thinking about literature is the understanding of literary works, his open movement, which can never reach a culminating understanding. The second part of the study, devoted to Opelík’s reading of Karel Čapek, deals with the philological footprint and philological impulse in the literary-historical works of Jiří Opelík: at the epicenter of literary research he inserts the poetic word, which like the history of his stratification is also a model of the historicity of understanding and the experience of time slowing down. Slowness, in the context of Opelík’s Čapek, receives numerous synonyms, some immediately implied (continuity and stability), others emerging from his Čapek reading spontaneously (service), and still others seeming to suggest themselves: loyalty. Loyalty to the author, a service rendered not only to him but also to the readers, to ongoing research, to the constancy of the contemporary reader’s interest. Opelíkʼs methods remain an element of confidentiality in relation to the studied work, which is both first and last instance of understanding, confidentiality based on the slow experience of reading.
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