Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 18

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  subjectivism
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
There is mutual recursive feedback between the decision of a subject and the environment, where the action of making a decision is autonomously changing both the environment (as the result of this decision) and the creators themselves of this action. Every new decision is based on the past experiences of an individual, and by this on his developed cognitive system and axiological structure. While making a decision an individual refers to this axiological structure, which sometimes overweighs a rational evaluation of a given problematic situation. This particularly occurs when decisions concern a social sphere and when the consequences of our actions are entangled with another human being – the problem of subjective feelings and of a individual assigning meanings to particular elements in the process of this recognisable situation will depend on this interior internalised axiological structure. Therefore the imperfection of mathematical algorithms applied in the decision-making process results from the fact that a perception of a reality by human beings is always incomplete and subjective, because it is entangled in a man’s internalised unrepeatable system of cultural and individual values.
EN
My text is an attempt to apply Charles Taylor’s theory, dealing with the origins of the modern self, to Czech autobiographical literature originating in Romanticism. Taking a cue from Jean Starobinski and Philippe Lejeune’s concepts of modern autobiography, I analyse Karel Hynek Mácha’s personal diary from 1835 and try to find and emphasize its narrative and compositional aspects, which anticipate the poetics of modern poetic diaries.
3
88%
|
2009
|
vol. 12
|
issue 1
205-217
EN
According to the essential arguments of post-modernism (relativism and subjectivism in particular), which was popular in last decades, there is no point in dealing with moral philosophy. Post-modernists admit, however, that moral is worth discussing yet with a different approach then before. This new approach is totally opposed to the morality of the bygone decades and lacks a wide spectrum of values such as the objective truth, norms or principles and other generally accepted values. The new morality is supposed to compete effectively with the past morals because it is better. In order to prove that post-modernists characterize morality of the past as a set of norms and legal principles which rule the social life. This kind of ethics was bound to heteronymous obligation which determined human life and thus ruined human freedom and autonomy. Every deed which was at variance with the standards was regarded as an offence. In such circumstances people avoid making decisions and rejected responsibility. They felt comforted to obey regulations imposed by authorities. Post-modernists are unable to prove the superiority of their new approach since they have no rational or theoretical arguments. In this approach there is no unchanging human nature or fixed norms or values. Ethics is basically a question of sensitivity and imagination; it is depended on the instinct and impulse – therefore on something subjective, elusive and fastidious. There is no absolute certainty that human decisions and deeds are reasonable and good. If we pursue ethics in this particular way it will become senseless and will result in subjectivism, irrationalism, nihilism, relativism, etc. On the grounds of such ethics it would be possible to both praise and condemn the same deed.
EN
Philosophy is of historical and trans-cultural value, thus it is necessary and indispensable in the life of humans. The same applies on the field of educational upbringing. The article points to the relationships taking place in the personal development of man and philosophy. The matter is discussed in the light of objective philosophy (realistic) and subjective philosophy (postmodern). The latter claims that there are no objective, universal or rationally grounded theses. All is reduced to rational relativism and subjectivism. On these grounds the necessity of the personal development is non-existent; every deed or human behaviour is of the same value. Virtues and weaknesses are on the same level. Yet another approach to this vexed issue is presented by philosophy of realism, which claims the right and obligation of humans for development. This development presupposes natural and supernatural development. Human beings benefits from such development by reaching their individual perfection, achieving it by everyday work and according to their own inborn abilities. The struggle for self-development is a decisive factor. It can help the contemporary pedagogics see the need for forming humans themselves in the high-tech culture of today’s world. Taking into consideration the consequences of both the above mentioned philosophical trends, one should notice that the philosophy of realism - although it is thought to be old-fashioned and unpractical - cannot be discarded. This type of philosophy struggles for the real good of the man. Therefore, it should be taken into account when looking at human beings. One is not able to pursue a healthy human activity without sound philosophical principles.
5
75%
PL
The text attempts to answer the question whether musicians need a philosophy of music. The answer to the question of what music contributes to philosophy - a question superordinate in relation to the investigations of the links between philosophy and music - can be formulated clearly, since we find it in the texts of the most prominent representatives of European philosophical thought, including Schopenhauer, whose ideas are discussed in the paper. These issues are also discussed in literature which explores philosophical issues, by such classics of the genre as Thomas Mann and Herman Hesse, whose profound descriptions bring us closer to an understanding of that which music does directly, by expressing spheres beyond words that cannot be expressed otherwise than through music. Karl Popper regards polyphony as the greatest discovery of European culture, and provides evidence of the closeness of science and philosophy. These three levels of approaching the relationship between philosophy and music lead to demonstrating the axiological essence of music, revealed by performers, who make it possible for music to exist to the full in its sonority, unveiling its metaphysical perfection to its listeners.
|
2015
|
vol. 28
|
issue 1
58-77
EN
In the following article I am going to present the detailed analysis of the concept of motivation in philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. It will be particularly important for me to present this concept in relation to the problem of identity of two aspects of human subject: cognitive and volitional. Moreover I will show that there are at least several important problems and obscurities connected with Shopenhauer’s standpoint even though his concept of action is unquestionably close to our “natural” and “common sense” beliefs.
|
2020
|
vol. 23
|
issue 2
21-38
EN
Over the years, the Austrian School of Economics has created the image of a thinker associated with ideas of liberalism. The views of members of this school are often considered controversial. However, the concept of freedom clearly displayed by the Austrians is very popular among economists. Carl Menger is said to be the founder and a leading member of the Austrian School of Economics, and his works are mostly devoted to methodology and economic theory. Nevertheless, you can also find his views on the sphere of economic liberalism and freedom. Almost 150 years after the publication of Menger’s main works, it emerged that he had created not only the timeless foundations of the theory and methodology of economics, but his theory of subjective value had become the bedrock which is used to this day in deliberations on economic liberalism. The economy pursued by Menger (based primarily on the ideas of subjectivism and individualism) continues to be an important and timeless foundation for the development of the doctrine of economic liberalism. This article is a review based on an analysis of the literature on the subject.
|
2017
|
vol. 6
|
issue 2
221-248
EN
John Locke’s natural law theory has frequently been conceived as a continuation of the Thomistic tradition and as sound basis for human rights as universally binding. This paper concludes that this is not the case. Unlike Aquinas’ metaphysical realism, Locke’s empiricism and nominalism make it impossible for us to know our human nature, our exclusively human goods, and telos—thereby undermining the sound foundations of the exceptionless moral precepts of natural law. Whereas Aquinas defines the good as that which is perfective and fulfilling of human nature, Locke identifies the good with pleasure, which leads to subjectivism. While both Aquinas and Locke argue that God is the origin and foundation of the binding force of natural law, Locke’s voluntarism is incompatible with the ruling nature of law. Consequently, unlike Aquinas, Locke’s theory lacks the metaphysical foundations for universal human rights.
EN
The subject of this article are origins of the subjectivist view of the economic activity of man, and pre-classic themes of political economy, which are the inspirations for Murray Newton Rothbard and his thought of anarcho-capitalism. These issues, being so rarely subject to scientific interest, are crucial point of reference for classical and neoclassical economics, and laissez-faire in general. Specific influence of natural law on the sphere of economic activity and human condition also implies abroader view of the role of state institutions in the thought of Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, the scholastics of the Salamanca, John Locke and Frederic Bastiat, who combined the above-mentioned laws of nature and tradition of classical economics with subjectivity, so important in Austrian School of Economics and in anarcho-capitalist thought of Murray Newton Rothbard.
EN
This paper discusses the use of Bayesian analysis in law. It introduces the key concepts of Bayesian analysis by giving some common examples of criminal cases. It focuses on the advantages of Bayesian analysis over some other probability interpretations (mainly the frequentist one). The last part of the text discusses the general notion of truth in legal proceedings and its possible interpretations within the probabilistic framework – given the Bayesian subjectivists-objectivists discussion.
EN
This article analyses The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge (1910) by Rainer Maria Rilke and A Moment of True Feeling (1975) by Peter Handke, aiming to demonstrate that the protagonists of the two works are trying to overcome existential problems through the subjectivist perception of reality. The article demonstrates how Rilke and Handke referred to subjectivity in their works listed above. The comparison of The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge and A Moment of True Feeling reveals Handke’s attitude to the concept proposed by Rilke.
EN
The article refers to two very clear and culturally permanent ethical concepts which remain in clear opposition towards each other. These are: traditional ethics and the ethics of authenticity paradigms. The first one, rooted in rationalistic ancient tradition (Aristotle) and Christian moral concept (Thomas Aquinas), defines the mode of existence of moral values as universal (objective), while the second, rooted in expressivist individualism, defines the mode of existence of moral values as individual (subjective). The article suggests stepping out of the dispute “either traditional ethics or ethics of authenticity” and proposes nonconsensual ethics based on the category of understanding. Nonconsensual ethics is the ethics of dialogue in social action as an universalisation of everyday life interactions in a subjective standard of valuation. This means that the person determines their subjectivity which is preceded by the reflection and the operations of their mind, and substantiates the stability of their subjective arguments via others.
PL
Artykuł nawiązuje do dwóch bardzo wyrazistych i trwałych kulturowo koncepcji etycznych, pozostających względem siebie w wyraźnej opozycji. Są to: paradygmat etyki tradycyjnej i etyki autentyczności. Pierwszy, mający swe źródła w racjonalistycznej tradycji starożytnej (Arystoteles) i chrześcijańskiej koncepcji moralnej (Tomasz z Akwinu), określa sposób istnienia wartości jako uniwersalny (obiektywny), drugi natomiast, mający swe źródła w indywidualizmie ekspresywistycznym, określa sposób istnienia wartości jako indywidualny (subiektywny). W artykule sugeruje się wyjście poza spór: „albo etyka tradycyjna, albo etyka autentyczności” i proponuje dla praktyki wychowania etykę niekonsensualną opartą na kategorii rozumienia. Etyka niekonsensualna jest etyką dialogu w działaniu społecznym jako uniwersalizacja interakcji życia codziennego w podmiotowym standardzie waluacji. Oznacza to, że człowiek sam wyznacza swoją podmiotowość poprzedzoną refleksją i operacjami własnego rozumu i uzasadnia stabilność swoich podmiotowych racji za pośrednictwem drugiego człowieka.
PL
Artykuł – zbudowany z trzech sekwencji tematycznych – stanowi próbę wypracowania nowego wymiaru idei dobra wspólnego, możliwego do urzeczywistnienia w wymiarze praktycznym, szczególnie w perspektywie uszczuplających się zasobów naturalnych. Po pierwsze, autorka definiuje pojęcia takie jak: dobro, wspólnota, dobro wspólne, wskazując tendencje do dwubiegunowego myślenia o powyższych ideach: relatywistycznego i absolutystycznego. Drugim etapem rozważań jest analiza idei z perspektywy hermeneutyki. Autorka uzasadnia tytułową banalność dobra wspólnego, tkwiącą nie w samej idei, ale w sposobie myślenia o niej. Trzecia sekwencja tematyczna stanowi próbę wyjaśnienia nowego podejścia do zagadnienia dobra wspólnego, którego najważniejszym elementem jest jego podział na dobra formalne oraz materialne (definiowane odtąd na gruncie polityki nie zaś etyki).
EN
Article is an attempt for the creation a new way of thinking about the common good, which is possible to realize in practice (particularly in view of depleting natural resources). Firstly, author defines terms such as: the good, the community , the common good, indicating a tendency to bipolar thinking about these ideas: relativist and absolutist. The second part consist analysis of these ideas from the one perspective – hermeneutics. In this part „banality” is not a „name” for common good. It is a „name” for the way of thinking (bipolar). In the third thematic sequence, author explain the new way of thinking. From now we have formal and material good defined in political sphere rather than ethics.
EN
The article takes up the problem of understanding the religious education in the contemporary social and cultural context. It analyses the leading contemporary cultural attitudes, those of activism and autonomy in the perspective of building personal holiness of the believer, confronting them with the attitudes of submission to the will of God in a spirit of humility. The article addresses the issue of human subjectivity and its absolutist interpretation, in which freedom has no limits, which makes it difficult to adopt the Christian ideal of education, based on the active search for the will of God and obedience to it. The article also takes up the question of dogmas as a form of objectification of human religious experience, necessary for the proper development of religiosity and the way to holiness of life. The last issue discussed is a prayer as a tool for spiritual development and the obstacles and their consequences in the proper understanding and use of prayers, caused by mixing orders of spiritual and cultural myths.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problem rozumienia wychowania religijnego we współczesnym kontekście społeczno-kulturowym. Analizuje wiodące dla współczesnej kultury postawy aktywizmu i autonomii w perspektywie budowania osobistej świętości wierzącego, konfrontując je z postawami poddania się woli Bożej w duchu pokory. Ukazuje, w jaki sposób postawy te, połączone z subiektywizmem poznania, zaburzają rozwój religijny człowieka, stanowiąc przeszkodę w przyjmowaniu łaski Bożej. Artykuł podejmuje kwestię podmiotowości człowieka i jej absolutystyczną interpretację, w której wolność nie ma ograniczeń, co znacznie utrudnia przyjęcie chrześcijańskiego ideału wychowania, opartego na aktywnym poszukiwaniu woli Bożej i posłuszeństwie jej. Artykuł podejmuje też kwestię dogmatów jako formy obiektywizacji religijnego doświadczenia człowieka, koniecznej do prawidłowego rozwoju religijności i drodze ku świętości życia. Ostatnim, omawianym zagadnieniem jest modlitwa jako narzędzie rozwoju religijnego oraz przeszkody i ich skutki we właściwym rozumieniu i wykorzystaniu modlitwy, powstałe na skutek mieszania porządków duchowych i mitów kulturowych.
EN
After initial observations concerning the necessity of axiological assessments (value judgements) in the work of any critic or musical journalist seriously treating his profession, we shall attempt to establish to what extent these judgements are to be found in Polish rock journalism (with necessary references to jazz or classical music criticism). As shall be seen, using the term „axiological assessment” in an academically serious manner is virtually impossible in this field – considering that, in their value judgements, the so called Polish rock critics generally assume either the perspective of „encyclopedic” objectivism that efficiently prevents any attempts at axiological classification, or the stance of naive subjectivism that implies the lack of any musicological competence whatsoever and results in writing about the purely emotional, if not physiological reactions of a journalist/critic to the music under dicussion rather than about the music itself. Separate attention shall be devoted to the critical „competence supposed” that is generally exemplified by formulating value judgements by the authors who lack the sufficient knowledge of the essence and/or possible contexts of the musical matter in question. In conclusion, we shall attempt to identify the basic conditions of axiological consciousness that any reliable journalist/critic should fulfill.
PL
Po wstępnych uwagach na temat niezbędności refleksji aksjologicznej w pracy krytyka poważnie traktującego swą profesję, podejmiemy tu próbę oceny, jak dalece owa refleksja jest obecna w rodzimej krytyce rockowej – z niezbędnymi odniesieniami do publicystyki poświęconej jazzowi, a nawet muzyce klasycznej. Jak się okaże, pojęcia owej refleksji w danym odniesieniu trudno używać w sposób poważny – zważywszy, że optyka, w jakiej tak zwani rodzimi krytycy postrzegają omawiane produkcje muzyczne, określona jest zasadniczo albo przez „encyklopedyczny” obiektywizm, skutecznie zapobiegający wszelkim próbom wartościującej hierarchizacji, albo przez naiwny subiektywizm, implikujący brak realnych kompetencji muzykoznawczych i wyrażający się w pisaniu nie tyle o muzyce, ile o ewokowanych przez nią reakcjach piszącego, rozumianych raczej w irracjonalny sposób uczuciowy czy wręcz fizjologiczny niż intelektualny – albo wreszcie przez kompetencję mniemaną, która znajduje wyraz w formułowaniu osądów, także wartościujących, na podstawie wiedzy w najlepszym razie niepełnej. W konkluzji spróbujemy przedstawić warunki minimum, jakie aksjologicznie świadomy publicysta powinien spełniać.
PL
Szkoła austriacka przeżywała okresy świetności oraz zastoju. Pierwsza fala ekonomistów austriackich, takich jak C. Menger, F. Wieser, E. Bőhm-Bawerk zdobyła tak duże uznanie, iż większość jej założeń zostało praktycznie wcielonych do głównego nurtu. Następne pokolenie, czyli F. von Hayek oraz L. von Mises, również cieszyło się dużym uznaniem wśród ekonomistów, jednak większość ich życia przypadła na okres, kiedy niesłychaną popularność zdobywały teorie J.M. Keynesa, wskazując łatwą drogę wyjścia z kryzysu lat 1929-1935, będącego rzekomo kryzysem gospodarki kapitalistycznej, tak propagowanej przez Hayeka czy Misesa. Szkoła austriacka odzyskała swą renomę w latach siedemdziesiątych dwudziestego wieku, kiedy najbardziej rozwinięte gospodarki świata zostały dotknięte przez największy kryzys gospodarczy od lat trzydziestych. Kryzys ten polegał na jednoczesnym występowaniu wysokiej inflacji oraz bezrobocia, tj. stagflacji. W teorii Keynesa zjawisko to nie miało wytłumaczenia. Również w latach siedemdziesiątych Nagrodą Nobla z ekonomii wyróżniony został Hayek, co spowodowało wzrost zainteresowania szkołą austriacką. W tym samym czasie ogromną pracę dla rozwoju i popularyzacji szkoły austriackiej wykonali działający na amerykańskich uniwersytetach naukowcy: I. M. Kirzner oraz M. Rothbard.
EN
The Austrian school of economics experienced both its heyday and stagnation. The first wave of Austrian economists, such as C. Menger, F. von Wieser, E. von Böhm-Bawerk was so widely recognized that most of its assumptions were practically incorporated into the mainstream. The next generation, that is F. von Hayek and L. von Mises, also enjoyed universal recognition among economists, however, most of their lifetimes fell on the period when J. M. Keynes’ theories became immensely popular, as they showed an easy way to overcome the crisis of 1929-1935 that was allegedly a crisis of the capitalist economy, the economy so much promoted by Hayek or Mises. The Austrian school regained its renown in the 1970s, when the world’s most developed economies were affected by the greatest economic crisis since the 1930s. The crisis consisted in simultaneous occurrence of a high inflation and unemployment, that is stagflation. In Keynes’ theory this phenomenon was not explained. It was also in the 1970s that Hayek was awarded the Nobel prize, which aroused interest in the Austrian school. At the same time I. M. Kirzner and M. Rothbard who worked in American universities did great work to develop and promote the Austrian school.
|
2016
|
vol. 33
|
issue 3
187-196
EN
This article analyses The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge (1910) by Rainer Maria Rilke and A Moment of True Feeling (1975) by Peter Handke, aiming to demonstrate that the protagonists of the two works are trying to overcome existential problems through the subjectivist perception of reality. The article demonstrates how Rilke and Handke referred to subjectivity in their works listed above. The comparison of The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge and A Moment of True Feeling reveals Handke’s attitude to the concept proposed by Rilke.
Porównania
|
2020
|
vol. 26
|
issue 1
17-37
EN
The inspiration for the paper was the metaphor that Dougles Hofstadter applies to translation. He defines the task of the translator – with particular reference to translation of literary texts – as that of the builder of a bridge that spans the canyon, joining its two sides: the original and the translation. An initial rickety foot-bridge, it gradually turns into a sturdy construction with the translator’s repeated attempts at discovering ever-deepening layers of meaning. Inevitably subjective, the building process requires the translator’s concentration upon individual dimensions of the translated text. These dimensions, or aspects, come strikingly close to what is defined as dimensions of imagery in Ronald Langacker’s model of grammar and natural language. In a wider perspective, the convergence is an argument for transdisciplinarity as a valid approach to translation studies. The translator is led by his own competence, imagination and the feeling of empathy, but at the same time they are constrained by “a short leash”: restrictions imposed by languages, cultures and the peculiarities of individual context. To illustrate the point, the author discusses a text (taken from her own translator’s dossier) in which multiple, and sometimes conflicting, identities of the protagonist require particular attention to lexical and stylistic minutiae. It is such details that constitute the leash, at the same time enabling the translator to construct the bridge.
PL
Punktem wyjścia artykułu jest tytułowa metafora, której Douglas Hofstadter używa, mówiąc o przekładzie. Hofstadter opisuje zadanie stojące przed tłumaczem, zwłaszcza w przypadku tekstu literackiego, jako dzieło budowniczego mostu, spinającego dwa brzegi kanionu oddzielającego oryginał od przekładu. Konstrukcja, która jest z początku jedynie chwiejną kładką, stopniowo zmienia się w solidny most, w miarę jak tłumacz odkrywa coraz głębsze warstwy znaczeń. Ten proces, nieuchronnie subiektywny, wymaga skupienia uwagi na rozmaitych aspektach przekładanego tekstu. Są one uderzająco podobne do wymiarów obrazowania w modelu gramatyki i języka naturalnego stworzonym przez Ronalda Langackera. W szerszej perspektywie ta zbieżność stanowi argument przemawiający za transdyscyplinarnym podejściem do problematyki przekładu. Pracą tłumacza kierują jego kompetencja, wyobraźnia i empatia, ale jednocześnie podlegają one restrykcjom tytułowej „krótkiej smyczy”: ograniczeniom stwarzanym przez język, ale także przez wymogi określonego kontekstu. Jako ilustrację, autorka przytacza przykłady zaczerpnięte z własnego warsztatu tłumacza. Jest to tekst, w którym różne, a czasem wzajemnie sprzeczne, tożsamości bohaterki wymagają od tłumacza szczególnej uważności wobec leksykalnych i stylistycznych detali. To one tworzą smycz, jednocześnie umożliwiając tłumaczowi budowanie mostu.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.