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Human Affairs
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2008
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vol. 18
|
issue 2
183-196
EN
The issues of good and successful ageing are the subject of scientific research. Successful ageing is the attempt to achieve a state of inner satisfaction and happiness in spite of the negative effects associated with old age: loss, external and internal destabilization, etc. Successful development in old age has many forms. It can generally be defined as an attempt to achieve the greatest profit with the smallest loss. The problem is establishing the universal criteria of successful ageing. It is possible to restrict the study to the observation of individual factors which are either objective or subjective, long-term or short-term, specific or universal or static versus dynamic. The problem is creating a theory that will explain all the processes and consequences of old age-none of the theories has so far succeeded in doing this. Life satisfaction as a subjective criterion of successful ageing has been most emphasized in two contradictory theories: activity theory and disengagement theory. Other theories are: growth theories, cognitive theories, dynamic theories, SOC model, cultural anthropological theories, the interaction model of longevity, etc.
EN
Purpose: This paper attempts to examine the concept of successful ageing (SA) from the perspectives of older adults. Methods: Data were gathered from 224 persons. The research used a categorized interview and a test as methods of data collection. In order to select the types of subjective definitions of SA, the method of cluster analysis was applied. Results: 5 types of definitions were distinguished: 1) Around 40% of older adults consider the biomedical model to be in line with their idea of good old age, but they also add new components that they consider more important. These are: Living in an environment of loving persons (Type 1 definitions), and Religiousness, Generativity, Relationships with others based on love (Type 4). 2) About 40% of the respondents’ present one-dimensional definitions, with one of the following factors: Family (Type 2), and Religiousness (Type 3). 3) Lack of a precise definition is more often demonstrated in people with low life satisfaction who have been experiencing difficult life situations in recent times. Conclusions: Understanding of SA depends on life satisfaction and the context related to the life situation. Three key words are essential for the definitions: family, activity, religion.
PL
Problematyka pomyślnego starzenia się jest bardzo istotna w obszarze niezależnego i samodzielnego funkcjonowania osób starszych w społeczeństwie. Wiąże się ona bowiem z problematyką dobrego przystosowania do starości, w którym dominują aspekty promujące autonomię i niezależność tej grupy wiekowej. W wielu przypadkach jest to związane z aktywizacją seniorów, która ma ogromne znaczenie w ich życiu. Spośród wielu form aktywności aktywność edukacyjna najsilniej stymuluje uruchamianie zdolności adaptacyjnych, a także wpływa na jakość życia w okresie starzenia się jednostki. Fundamentalny cel edukacji seniorów to umożliwianie optymalnego starzenia się, opartego głównie na możliwie maksymalnie samodzielnym i niezależnym funkcjonowaniu, a także na podejmowaniu aktywnych form uczestnictwa w życiu społecznym. Podejmowanie aktywności edukacyjnej przez osoby starsze, choć nie stanowi idealnego i optymalnego rozwiązania w obszarze problematyki pomyślnego starzenia się, to jest jednak stosunkowo atrakcyjną propozycją w aspekcie jakości życia w starości, zwłaszcza dla osób pragnących kontynuować aktywność edukacyjną lub podejmować ją jako nowy obszar aktywności. Potrzeby osób starszych bowiem są różnorodne i nie zawsze wpisują się w teorię aktywności. Warto więc dokonać poszerzonej refleksji nad rodzajem i zakresem działań w zakresie uaktywniania seniorów, z jednoczesnym poszanowaniem decyzji osób świadomie i dobrowolnie wybierających wycofanie społeczne, aby w konsekwencji nie prowadziło to do ich wykluczenia.
EN
The issue of successful ageing is very significant in terms of independent and unassisted functioning of the senior citizens in the society, since it is related to the problem of a good adaptation to the old age, where aspects promoting the autonomy and independence of that age group dominate. In many cases it is related to the activation of the senior citizens, which is of a great importance in the life of that age group. Out of many forms of activity, the educational activity mostly simulates the adaptation skills, as well as affects the quality of life throughout the ageing period of an individual. The fundamental objective of education in old age is to facilitate optimal ageing, mostly based on possibly maximal unassisted and independent functioning, as well as taking up active forms of participation in social life. Taking up the educational activity by the senior citizens, although it is not an ideal and optimal solution for successful ageing, is still a relatively attractive proposal in terms of the quality of life at old age, especially for those who wish to continue their educational activity or wish to take it up as a new area of activity. The needs of the OAPs vary indeed and do not always coincide with the activity theory. With that in mind, it is worth an extended reflection on the kind and scope of actions to activate the OAPs, at the same time respecting the decision of the people who make an informed and voluntary decision to choose the social withdrawal not to make it lead to their exclusion.
EN
The aim of the paper is to distinguish and analyse, presented in gerontological literature, types (variants) of shaping one’s own educational environment by seniors. The subject of interest are results of research and theoretical analysis in which the authors described the ways of shaping educational environment used by elderly people that would lead to a harmony between oneself and the outside world. Forty articles have been analysed. There have been three types of own shaping educational environment in the period of late adulthood distinguished: 1. A type oriented at community., 2. A type oriented at spirituality, 3. A type oriented at one’s own well-being. The above types correspond to the three different ways of understanding the notion of successful ageing.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wyodrębnienie i przeanalizowanie przedstawianych w literaturze gerontologicznej typów (odmian) kształtowania własnego środowiska edukacyjnego przez seniorów. Przedmiotem zainteresowania są opublikowane wyniki badań i analiz teoretycznych, w których autorzy opisywali stosowane przez osoby starsze sposoby takiego projektowania własnego środowiska edukacyjnego, które miały służyć osiągnięciu harmonii z sobą i światem zewnętrznym. Przeanalizowano 40 artykułów. Wyróżniono trzy typy samodzielnego kształtowania środowiska edukacyjnego w okresie późnej dorosłości: 1. Typ ukierunkowany na wspólnotowość, 2. Typ ukierunkowany na duchowość, 3. Typ ukierunkowany na dobro własne. Opisane typy odpowiadają trzem różnym sposobom rozumienia pojęcia pomyślne starzenie się.
PL
W literaturze gerontologicznej coraz częściej pojawiają się w ostatnich latach stanowiska krytyczne wobec podejścia badawczego wykorzystującego koncepcję pomyślnego starzenia się. W artykule zaprezentowano niektóre poglądy badaczy dotyczące tego tematu. Przedstawiono przykłady różnych interpretacji pojęcia pomyślnego starzenia się. Omówiono przykłady opracowań odnoszących się krytycznie wobec modelu Rowe i Kahna. W dalszej kolejności przeanalizowano edukacyjne implikacje przyjęcia poszczególnych modeli starzenia się.
EN
In the recent years there has been a growth in critical stance towards the research approach based on the concept of successful ageing in gerontological literature. Chosen views of researchers on this subject have been presented in the article. Both examples of various interpretations of successful ageing and research papers providing critical analysing of Kahn and Rowe’s model of successful ageing have been presented. Furthermore, educational implications of specific models of ageing have also been analysed.
Anthropological Review
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2015
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vol. 78
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issue 3
259-268
EN
According to research that have been conducted in the field of gerontology, sociology and psychology of ageing, there is a relationship between the level of religious involvement and health status/ well-being/quality of life in older age. How does religiousness influence aging process and health status? The aim of the article is to review explanations of a positive relationship between religiousness and health that are discussed in the literature. Those explanations may be grouped in three broad categories reflecting three functions of religion that play a role for well-being in older age. Those functions are: (1) religiousness as a source of coherence and the role of religious coping and provision of meaning in dealing with stressful life events (including ageing losses) (2) religiousness as a source of positive self-perception and a sense of personal control, (3) provision of social resources (i.e. social ties and social support) within religious community and emphasis on interpersonal relations (with special focus on forgiveness as a norm in interpersonal relations). Those functions of religion are discussed in the context of their potential role in successful ageing, as determined by - among others - active engagement in life.
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