Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 14

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  succession law
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
Legatum per vindicationem was introduced into Polish law in 2011. The majority of legal scholars treat it as the type of a testamentary disposition that solely results in the acquisition of ownership by a legatee. It has, therefore, only ‘real’ effect and is not a source of any obligation between an heir and a legatee. The aim of this article is to prove the opposite. The main thesis is that legatum per vindicationem also results in the obligation to transfer ownership and take over a thing that is due to a legatee by an heir. It is, thus, a testamentary disposition, which can be regarded as legatum per damnationem (the so-called ‘ordinary’ legacy) combined with an additional ‘real’ effect, namely, the automatic acquisition of ownership of a thing bequeathed by a legatee. This theoretical assumption can be supported by at least three arguments. Firstly, by the wording of Article 9816 of the Polish Civil Code (the PCC) which provides that the provisions on legatum per damnationem apply accordingly to legatum per vindicationem (to all the aspects not dealt with differently). Secondly, by the findings of the jurisprudence as regards unjustified enrichment. The additional ‘obligational’ effect of legatum per vindicationem seems to properly ‘justify” the fact that it is through the legacy that a legatee becomes enriched. The material benefit gained by a legatee is, in this way, ‘justified’ in the light of the unjustified enrichment regime. Thirdly, the view presented in this article corresponds with the way in which ownership is transferred in Polish law inter vivos. Polish law has adopted a consensual model of the transfer of ownership (that is based on French law) which presumes the ‘double’ effect of a contract. Similarly, legatum per vindicationem can be regarded as a disposition with ‘double’ effect. The article reveals practical consequences of the presented thesis. Perhaps the most important of them is the following one: due to the fact that it has the ‘obligational’ effect, legatum per vindicationem should be governed by the provisions on the performance of obligations and the effects of non-performance (Articles 450–486 of the PCC), as well as by the provisions on legatum per damnationem providing for the time limit of the performance (Article 970 of the PCC) and the responsibility for defects in the thing bequeathed (Article 978 of the PCC).
EN
The article discusses the conditions of the applicability of the abuse of right regulated in article 5 of the Polish Civil Code to a compulsory portion claim. After a brief examination of the general conditions of the applicability of article 5 of the Polish Civil Code to compulsory portion claims, the conditions for reducing the amount payable under a compulsory portion under article 5 of the Polish Civil Code are discussed. In particular, three grounds for the reduction are considered in details: a difficult economic situation of the person liable for the compulsory portion, a change of the value of the estate due to an independent from the person liable for the compulsory portion phenomenon and the person entitled to a compulsory portion's act that is contrary to the principles of community life and took place during the deceased’s (testator’s) life. In that context, the author proposes allowing the reduction of the amount of the compulsory portion under article 5 of the Polish Civil Code under the first two grounds mainly on the basis of an economic analysis of the case circumstances. The author of the article advocates allowing reducing the amount of the compulsory portion also due to an act of the person entitled to the compulsory portion that is contrary to the principles of community life and was directed towards the deceased (testator). The following parts of the article are dedicated to discussing the need for indication of fault of the person entitled to a compulsory portion and identifying the principles of community life that would have been violated, if the compulsory portion was paid in full, in the process of reducing the amount of the compulsory portion. With regard to these issues, the author opts for conditioning the role of the fault of the person entitled to a compulsory portion on the case circumstances and on the grounds for the reduction of the amount of the compulsory portion. Moreover, the author supports the position that identifying the circumstances justifying the reduction of the amount of the compulsory portion in a court ruling is sufficient and rejects the position requiring identifying the exact principles of community life that would have been violated, if the amount of the compulsory portion was not reduced. Finally, the principles determining the amount by which a compulsory portion should be reduced under article 5 of Polish Civil Code are reviewed. However, the author concludes that it is always necessary to take into account all the facts of a particular case and it is impossible to provide any abstract principles determining the amount by which a compulsory portion should be reduced.
EN
The form of dispositions of property upon death is a matter of particular interest to private international law. The law applicable to the form of such legal acts is determined on the basis of special conflict-of-law rules, which can be found not only in domestic acts, but also in various international instruments. Thus, the form of dispositions of property upon death is subject to unified conflict-of-law rules found both in the multilateral Hague Convention of 1961 on the Conflicts of Laws Relating to the Form of Testamentary and in Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession. On top of that there are numerous bilateral agreements concluded by the Republic of Poland throughout the past years, which also contain conflict rules governing the issue in question. The above sources of private international law constitute a complex ‘patchwork’. Despite their similarity, both in terms of the method used to determine the applicable law and the type of utilised connecting factors, the result of using the various rules may sometimes be different. That is why it is important to delimitate the spheres of application of different sources of law. The author attempts to present the hierarchy of competing acts, placing special emphasis on bilateral conventions, the status of which in the Polish legal system is often overlooked and neglected.
EN
The development of the inheritance law in Poland arises the question of protection of the deceased’s relatives in the context of his testamentary dispositions. The legitimate portion in the civil code is no longer desirable, especially because of two defects. First, it is the wrong group of people entitled to the legitimate portion. Second, a detailed examination of the claim of legitim to determine whether a person was in any way depandant on the deceased’s estate is not possible. These defects cause that the shape of a legitimate portion in polish law is a too-far reaching interference with the testator’s last will. It needs changes.
EN
Objectives: The aim of the article is to present selected aspects of the issue of making wills in a pandemic, including the search for answers to the question of how to make a valid will. Selected legal systems, which have presented solutions for drawing up wills in the COVID-19 pandemic will be analyzed. Since some legislators have prepared and enacted appropriate facilities for the use of formal instruments for disposing of property upon death specifically for the pandemic period, the author looks at these solutions and wonders whether it is appropriate to deformalize the law of succession for the period after the pandemic. Because of that, a path for the legislator's future is be proposed, in the light of current trends in the world of testamentary formalities. Material and methods: The analysis of legal solutions will be based on the dogmatic method, which will be supported by comparative considerations. Results: Presentation of selected aspects of the issue of making wills in a pandemic, including the proposed answers to the question of how to make a valid will. Conclusions: It is appropriate to deformalize the law of succession for the period after the pandemic. The solutions adopted during the pandemic have shown that it is possible for testators to take greater account of their interests. In succession law such solutions were and still are expected.
EN
This article discusses legislative alignment of the Polish law to the requirements of the EU succession Regulation No. 650/2012. Author presents the origins of the Polish Act adapting the Regulation and shows the course of legislative works. His presentation aims to identify major changes in the Polish law related to this Regulation.
PL
Tematem pracy jest adaptacja prawa polskiego do wymogów unijnego rozporządzania spadkowego (Nr 650/2012). Autor przedstawia źródła polskiej ustawy o adaptacji rozporządzania i wykazuje tok legislacji. Niniejsza praca ma na celu wykazywanie ważnych zmian w polskim prawie z powodu wyżej wspomnianego rozporządzania.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the English equivalents of the Polish term – “zarządca spadku nieobjętego” that are included in specialized Polish-English dictionaries and to assess their adequacy. The phrase “zarządca spadku nieobjętego” – typical of legal Polish and, more precisely, of succession law – may be literally translated into English as “administrator of non-acquired estate”. The definitions of the Polish succession law term under analysis are presented following an explanation of the label “term” [Lukszyn and Zmarzer (2001)] and a clarification of the phenomenon of “incongruity of terms” [Šarčević (1997)]. In the process of assessing their adequacy, the presence of equivalents in British law sources (in each of the three separate legal systems of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) is checked, and, if needed, the legal definitions of equivalents are presented. The translation methods applied to the formation of equivalents are also determined. Findings lead to conclude that one of the suggested equivalents may serve as the closest functional equivalent [Šarčević (1997)] of the Polish term in question.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie angielskich ekwiwalentów polskiego terminu prawa spadkowego „zarządca spadku nieobjętego”, które zostały zaproponowane w dwujęzycznych specjalistycznych słownikach polsko-angielskich oraz próba oceny ich trafności.Wpierwszej części artykułu przestawione są definicje polskiego terminu poddanego analizie, pojęcia „nieprzystawalności terminów” według Šarčević (1997) oraz „terminu” według Zmarzer i Lukszyna (2001). Podczas analizy przytacza się definicje angielskich ekwiwalentów oraz sprawdza się ich występowanie w źródłach prawa brytyjskiego (w trzech systemach prawa: Anglii i Walii, Szkocji oraz Irlandii Północnej). Następnie określa się techniki przekładowe, które zostały zastosowane podczas tworzenia omawianych ekwiwalentów. Na podstawie badania jeden spośród analizowanych ekwiwalentów zostaje określony jako najbliższy ekwiwalent funkcjonalny zgodnie z definicją Šarčević (1997).
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy możliwości zmniejszenia wysokości zachowku przysługującego najbliższym członkom rodziny w toku postępowania sądowego. Pomimo braku wyraźnej podstawy prawnej aprobowane było częściowe zmniejszenie zachowku przez sąd ze względu na szczególne okoliczności dotyczące uprawnionego oraz spadkobiercy (głównie chodziło o trudną sytuację majątkową zobowiązanego), przy czym takiej modyfikacji wysokości świadczenia dokonywano w wyjątkowych przypadkach. W ostatnich latach w orzecznictwie sądów powszechnych zaczęto rozszerzać tę możliwość przez odwoływanie się do okoliczności występujących między uprawnionym a spadkodawcą, w szczególności okoliczności wskazujących na osłabienie faktycznej więzi pomiędzy tymi osobami. W ocenie autora niniejszego artykułu opisane zmiany są następstwem zmian społecznych, wpływających na postrzeganie instytucji zachowku.
EN
The article concerns the issue of reducing forced share, to which the closest members of a deceased’s family are entitled. Although there is no explicit legal basis, it was accepted that a court could reduce this share due to specific circumstances related to a forced heir and a successor appointed in a will, particularly with regard to the difficult financial situation of the latter. Recently difficult relations between a forced heir and a testator have also become another reason for using such reduction by courts. In the author’s opinion, the aforementioned tendencies are consequences of social changes, which imply different assessment of forced heirship.
EN
The subject of this article is the understanding of undue influence, more precisely threats on the will of testator, in Polish Civil Code, German BGB and French Code civil. The aim of the paper is to examine how the term of undue influence on the will of testator is understood in legislative works and court cases. There are just a few cases about a threat on the will of testator in each country. Therefore, it turned out that it is necessary to show others solutions about protecting his will.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie, jak szeroko rozumiane jest niedozwolone oddziaływanie, a precyzyjniej – groźby kierowane do testatora, w polskim Kodeksie cywilnym, niemieckim BGB oraz francuskim Code civil. Badaniem zostały objęte prace kodyfikacyjne oraz orzecznictwo. Stwierdzić należy, iż wyroków dotyczących groźby w stosunku do testatora nie jest wiele, dlatego niezbędne okazało się wskazanie także innych, bardziej funkcjonalnych rozwiązań prawnych chroniących wolę testatora przed niedozwolonym oddziaływaniem.
EN
The article describes the old-Polish institution of entailed estate, mostly exemplified by the 1589 Zamoyski entailed estate. Firstly, its legal regulation and practice of functioning is analysed within a broader perspective of the overall property and succession law in the times of their establishment. Then the functions, possibilities, but also challenges and problems connected with it are discussed. Finally, the utility of this study is presented for history, history of law, and modern law.
EN
The so-called principle of personal character of a testament becomes more and more often raised as an argument by Polish legal scholars. The text provides the first systematic analysis of the principle in Polish law. In order to verify the opinion that such a principle is a norm, two approaches have been used: a theoretical one (based on Dworkin’s and Alexy’s concept of principles and rules) and a practical one (based on concepts developed in the context of an academic analysis of Polish private law). The validity of the principle of personal character of testament is unquestionable in the light of Article 944 § 2 of the Polish Civil Code, which prohibits making and revoking testaments by a representative. There is, however, a wide range of situations with no clear answer concerning the applicability of that principle, and these situations have been analysed in the text. Basically, third party impact on testament content should be considered unacceptable, while such impact on testament effects is admissible. An example of the former might be a special purpose bequest (zapis celowy) instead of a bequest specifying an obligation. On the other hand, an example of an acceptable disposition might be letting a third party choose from among possible objects of a bequest. The latter would not be admissible by naming an heir (however, not because of the principle of personal character of a testament, but because of the regulations concerning the form of a testament), which made the issue controversial among Polish legal scholars (the so-called variant or alternative bequest (zapis wariantowy or zapis alternatywny) has been accepted by the Polish Supreme Court lately). The analysis presented in the text also affirms the admissibility of a third party aid in revoking a testament by destroying it with the intention of revoking (according to Article 946 of the Polish Civil Code). Finally, the principle of personal character of a testament is used in the text to mark the boundaries of the allowed interpretation of a testament. As a result, the analysed principle is accepted as valid (in both theoretical and practical sense of the notion of a principle) in Polish law. It has, however, smaller (than expected by some other authors) impact on the way of interpreting the provisions of Polish inheritance law.
EN
Recently courts in Poland have been increasingly often confronted with the very interesting and legally equally complex problem of the “succession” of family allotment gardens (RODs). It appears that in relation to this asset important succession problems arise, having both a theoretical nature and great practical significance – namely an answer to two fundamental questions, as well as a few more precise ones: firstly, whether an allotment (including varieties and facilities) is a part of an estate, and, therefore, whether it is inherited in accordance with general principles, like any other asset; and secondly, whether a family allotment garden increases the basis for the calculation of legitim (i.e. legitim fund) for persons not mentioned in the last will and for that reason not inheriting. It appears that the answer to these questions causes great difficulties for the judiciary. Although the first question generally does not cause insurmountable interpretative problems (the issue was relatively clearly, although not directly, prejudged in the Act on family allotment gardens of 2005, and subsequently of 2013), the second question poses a real challenge even for a lawyer specialising in succession. The article deals with both questions as well as manyothers which are their consequences. Not only are separate rules of the “succession” of family allotmentgardens presented (which should not be understood as a succession based on inheritance law), but also the claims of the heirs of the deceased person regarding the revocation of the right to the allotment and particularly the addressee of these claims. This latter problem is not obvious in the light of the current legal rules. The author also draws conclusions de lege ferenda. He proposes – among other things – prescribing the inheritance and transferability of family allotment gardens.
PL
W ostatnim czasie sądy w Polsce konfrontowane są coraz częściej z niezwykle ciekawym, a przy tym bardzo złożonym jurydycznie problemem "dziedziczenia" rodzinnych ogródków działkowych. Okazuje się, że na tle tego składnika majątku powstaje istotny problem spadkowy, zarówno teoretycznej natury, jak i w szczególności dużej praktycznej doniosłości. Chodzi mianowicie o odpowiedź na dwa fundamentalne, a w dalszej konieczności przynajmniej kilka bardziej szczegółowych, pytań. Po pierwsze, czy działka (wraz z nasadzeniami, urządzeniami i obiektami) wchodzi do masy spadku? A więc czy jest dziedziczona na zasadach ogólnych, tak jak każdy inny skłądnik majątku? Po drugie zaś, czy rodzinny ogródek działkowy powiększa podstawę naliczenia zachowku (czyli tzw. substrat zachowku) dla osób pominiętych w testamencie i dlatego niedochodzących do dziedziczenia? Okazuje się, że odpowiedź na te pytania sprawia w praktyce sądowej istotne problemy. O ile jeszcze pierwsze z pytań na ogół jednak nie stwarza nieprzezywciężalnych kłopotów interpretacyjnych (zagadnienie zostało stosunkowo jasno, nawet jeśli nie wprost, przesądzone w ustawie o rodzinnych ogrodach działkowych z 2005, a następnie z 2013 r.), o tyle drugie pytanie stanowi już prawdziwe wyzwanie nawet dla prawnika zajmującego się prawem sukcesyjnym. W artykule zostały szczegółowo rozważone oba pytania, a także wiele innych bęących ich konsekwencją. A zatem przybliżone zostały nie tylko odrębne zasady "dziedziczenia" ogródków działkowych, które jest wprawdzie następstwem prawnym po zmarłym działkowcu, jednak nie jest dziedziczeniem prawnospadkowym (czyli opartym na zasadach prawa spadkowego), lecz także roszczenia spadkobierców zmarłego wobec wygaśnięcia prawa do działki oraz w szczególności ich adresat. Ten ostatni nie jest bowiem w świetle obowiązujaćych regulacji oczywisty. Autor formułuje także wnioski de lege ferenda. Proponuje m.in. przesądzenie dziedziczności oraz zbywalności rodzinnych ogrodów działkowych. 
EN
This paper focuses on the presentation of succession institutions similar in nature to a legacy enforceable per se which existed in the Polish territories from the oldest days until the end of World War II. In the context of the issues researched in the paper, it seems very important to analyse the regulations existing in the period of the rebirth of the Polish State after the First World War, which were contained in the Napoleonic Code, because this is where an institution similar to the legacy of immediate enforceability occurs. In the situation, where it is impossible to find any institution of legacy enforceable per se in the Polish regulations existing during the time analysed, the paper lists other institutions introduced at that time by legislators that allowed the deceased to dispose of the estate mortis causa. The paper also investigates the influence of economic, social and political factors on the shaping of the institutions analysed and on the changes in the evolution of succession law throughout the centuries.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na przybliżeniu instytucji prawnospadkowych obowiązujących na ziemiach polskich od czasów najdawniejszych do zakończenia II wojny światowej, które były zbliżone w swym kształcie do zapisu o skutkach rzeczowych. Z uwagi na poruszoną problematykę szczególne znaczenie ma analiza regulacji obowiązujących w okresie odrodzenia państwa polskiego po I wojnie światowej, zawartych w kodeksie Napoleona, gdyż to właśnie tam, jak się okaże, pojawia się instytucja przypominająca zapis windykacyjny. Natomiast w sytuacji gdy nie sposób odnaleźć instytucji zapisu o skutkach rzeczowych wśród polskich regulacji prawnospadkowych obowiązujących w poddanym analizie przedziale czasowym, wskazane zostaną inne wprowadzone wówczas przez ustawodawcę instytucje pozwalające spadkodawcy rozrządzić majątkiem mortis causa. W artykule zostanie zwrócona również uwaga na wpływ czynników ekonomicznych, społecznych i politycznych na ukształtowanie przedmiotowych instytucji oraz na przeobrażenia/ewolucję prawa spadkowego na przestrzeni wieków.
PL
Odtworzenie dziewiętnastowiecznego wyposażenia gospodarstwa chłopskiego na Górnym Śląsku jest możliwe w oparciu o wywiady etnograficzne. Jednak ta metoda ma pewne ograniczenia, zwłaszcza w dzisiejszych czasach, gdy coraz trudniej odnaleźć informatorów je pamiętających. Rozwiązaniem tego problemu jest oparcie badań o źródła pisane, zwłaszcza archiwalne. W niniejszym artykule omówione zostały przydatność oraz zawartość dokumentów wytwarzanych w ramach funkcjonowania sądów na ziemi lublinieckiej i pszczyńskiej. Umowy kupna-sprzedaży zawierają informacje o wartości gospodarstwa i przynależnych do niego narzędziach gospodarskich oraz zwierzętach. Testamenty dostarczają wiedzy o rozmieszczeniu budynków w zagrodzie i izb w chałupie oraz wymieniają wartościowe przedmioty przekazywane spadkobiercom. Inwentarze pośmiertne wymieniają wszystkie aktywa i pasywa spadku, w tym w szczegółowy sposób wymieniają wszystkie przedmioty znajdujące się w gospodarstwie chłopskim wraz z ich wartością. Na podstawie tych źródeł można dokonać udanej rekonstrukcji wyposażenia gospodarstwa chłopskiego, co ma szczególne znaczenie, gdy inne źródła zawodzą w tym względzie.
EN
Reproduction of the nineteenth-century farm equipment of an Upper Silesia farmstead is possible due to ethnographic interviews. However, this method has some limitations, especially nowadays, when it is increasingly difficult to find informants remembering these times. The solution to this problem is to focus researches on written sources, especially archival ones. This article discusses the usefulness and content of documents produced by the courts operating in the regions of Lubliniec and Pszczyna. The purchase-sale contracts contain information about the value of the real estate, farm tools and animals belonging to the property. Peasants’ last wills provide us with knowledge about the placement of buildings within a farmyard and rooms in a house as well as list all valuable items passed on to heirs. Meanwhile, posthumous inventories list all assets and liabilities of the inheritance, including the detailed list of all objects belonging to the farmstead along with their value. Archival sources allow for a successful reconstruction of farm equipment, which is of particular importance when other sources fail in this regard.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.