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EN
Lexical Means in Communicating Emotion in Suicide Notes - on the Basis of the Polish Corpus of Suicide NotesPolish Corpus of Suicide Notes (PCSN) is a relatively large set of authentic suicide notes that are linguistically annotated on several levels. In order to identify features characteristic for this genre we compared PCSN with the collected subcorpus of counterfeited suicide notes. In this paper we focus on the lexical means of expressing emotions. Our goal was to analyse ways of expressing emotions in this specific genre. Our initial list of lexical markers was based on Markowski’s list of the lexis common for different genres. The list was next expanded with the help of the plWordNet 2.0 - a lexico-semantic network. The expansion was based on the manually selected noun and verb hypernymy branches according to their correspondence to the elements of the initial list. For words from the extended list, a quantitative analysis was performed for both authentic and fake suicide notes. We have also analysed the use of the lexical markers of emotions, feelings and emotional states, as well as emotion operators, and ways of expressing personal evaluation, affection and hate.
EN
In the article, I discuss the circumstances of suicidal attempts made by adolescents aged 14-21 and ponder this issue in the context of risk factors and theoretical determinants. I analyze suicide from an epidemiological and functional perspective. I present the statistical frequency of occurrences, risk factors, and mechanisms that accompany suicide among children and adolescents. I reviewed the findings of British, American, and Polish research within this scope, pointing out the similarities in cognitive, volitional, and emotional changes in adolescents dying by suicide. In the theoretical part of the article, I focus on the theory of emotion dysregulation (Linehan, 1993) and the interpersonal theory of suicide (Van Orden et al., 2010), outlining two areas in which the risk of adolescent suicide increases. I study the areas of emotions and interpersonal relationships. I show how they relate to adaptation difficulties, changes in mood, and temperament. The research procedure provided for analysis of reference materials including suicide notes left by adolescents and statements by their family and friends that would allow reconstruction of the period before suicide. I analyze the reference materials, which constitute prosecutors’ archives, with the use of the semantic field method. The findings are presented with focus on how the emotions experienced are described and how interpersonal relationships are interpreted. I was looking for keywords used for these descriptions, the frequency of their use, and the context for interpretation of statement fragments. The semantic analysis performed allowed me to frame conclusions important for educators that point to areas in which adolescents inform about their adverse adaptation experiences. The ability to create space for expression and interpretation of the message becomes one of pedagogical preventive measures. At the same time, the process of interpreting the meanings that emerged from children's and adolescents’ suicide notes provides valuable information that explain difficulties in expressing their suffering and pressure to adults.
PL
Artykuł ma dwa cele. Główny to analiza treści listów pożegnalnych osób, które próbowały odebrać sobie życie. Ich autorami byli pacjenci hospitalizowani w Klinice Toksykologii Instytutu Medycyny Pracy w Łodzi po samobójczym zatruciu, najczęściej lekami. Stosując analizę jakościową treści opisano zawartość listów. Wyróżniono różne kategorie treści analizowanych dokumentów osobistych, m.in. adresatów listów, sposób, w jaki ich autorzy interpretowali przyczyny swojego samobójczego zachowania, komunikaty skierowane do najbliższych, samoocenę aktu samobójczego. Opisano także motywy napisania listu oraz ich formę. Zwrócono także uwagę na problem wiarygodności analizy takich dokumentów jako metody stosowanej w badaniach suicydologicznych oraz wskazano różne perspektywy teoretyczne w suicydologii w odniesieniu do przydatności wykorzystania listów samobójców w analizie zjawiska samobójstwa. Drugi cel to przedstawienie najistotniejszych społecznych czynników ryzyka zachowań samobójczych w oparciu o trzy współczesne, socjologiczne perspektywy analizy takich zachowań (model społecznej integracji, model modernizacji, model kulturowych norm, wartości i postaw).
EN
The paper presents two issues. First it offers an analysis of the content of suicide notes left by people who attempted to take their lives. Their authors were hospitalized in The Toxicology Clinic of The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Łódź after their suicidal intoxication, usually with drugs. Using the qualitative analysis technique, we describe the content of the letters, distinguishing various categories of the content of personal documents, such as: addressees of the letters; authors’ interpretations of the reasons for their suicidal behaviors; messages addressed to relatives; and self-assessment of their suicidal acts. We also describe the motives for writing the letters and their form. We next discuss the problem of the reliability of such documents as a method for conducting in suicidological research. Moreover, we indicate different theoretical perspectives in suicidology concerning the usefulness of suicide notes in the analysis of suicides. Secondly, the text refers to the most fundamental social factors underlying suicidal behaviors, which factors are based on three modern sociological perspectives of suicidal behavior analysis (the model of social integration, the model of modernization, the model of cultural norms, values and attitudes).
EN
The paper focuses on the reconstruction of the last days of the elderly who attempted suicide. The source material used for the analysis includes suicide notes and comments of persons who had contact with the suicide victim in the last period of life. The adopted method of data operationalisation is a reconstruction which aimed at recreating emotional states, behaviours, or comments particular of people in the last period before the suicide. Based on a description of six cases, various contexts of subjective perception of helplessness were presented as the personal experience of an elderly person. The text presents the analysis of risk factors and mechanisms of suicidal behaviours, taking into account their diverse specificity in the presentation of particular suicide theories. The source
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na rekonstrukcji ostatnich dni życia ludzi w podeszłym wieku, którzy podjęli próbę samobójczą. Materiał źródłowy wykorzystany do analizy obejmował listy pożegnalne oraz wypowiedzi osób, które miały kontakt z samobójcą w ostatnim okresie życia. Przyjęty sposób operacjonalizacji danych to rekonstrukcja, której celem było odtwarzanie stanów emocjonalnych, zachowań czy wypowiedzi poszczególnych osób, w ostatnim okresie przed zamachem. Na podstawie omówienia sześciu przypadków zaprezentowano różnorodne konteksty subiektywnego postrzegania bezradności, jako osobistego doświadczenia człowieka starego. Tekst prezentuje analizę czynników ryzyka oraz mechanizmy zachowań suicydalnych, uwzględniając różnorodną ich specyfikę w ujęciu poszczególnych teorii samobójstw. Materiał źródłowy dostarcza wiedzy o niezwykle osobistej sferze życia i śmierci człowieka. Na jego podstawie możliwa jest eksploracja zorientowana na interpretację bezradności, w jakiej znalazł się człowiek przed zamachem samobójczym. Na podstawie zebranych informacji opisano także zmiany nastroju obserwowane w okresie poprzedzającym samobójstwo.
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