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Wombs for rent, outsoursed pregnancies, baby farms - ethics and surrogate motherhood

100%
Bagan-Kurluta K.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2017
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vol. 7(1)
193-198
EN
The history of surrogacy is composed of cases of happy solving family problems, but also of conflicts and lawsuits concerning a child and his welfare. In modern times it became the next to adoptions additional possibility of ensuring infertile individuals fulfillment of their dreams of posterity. It can also be used for comfort of a woman - to avoid the burdens of pregnancy and delivery, or for a comfort of a man – to be a single father without a mother of a child, wife and family ties with her. Since its beginning in late 70-ties of XX century, legality and ethical aspects of surrogacy are lively discussed, as well in the court rooms, as in the doctrine. The following article is an attempt to deal with just some of the mentioned ethical problems.
2
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New technologies and the existing model of protection of motherhood and parenthood

58%
Barancová H.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 4
231-242
EN
New technologies, particularly in the field of medical research, significantly affect the currently used model of social-law protection of motherhood and parenthood not only in the field of labour law but also in the field of social security law. The current model of social-law protection of motherhood and parenthood covers only the typical situations when a woman becomes pregnant by natural means, gives birth to the child and postpartum will start to care for their child. Under the current legal status such a woman (after giving birth or potentially a man) is entitled to a special legal protection not only according to the Slovak law but also under the law of the Czech Republic and the EU law. Few years ago, there have been continuously growing cases of surrogate motherhood, where a surrogate mother has carried a fetus and after the child is born she hands it over to the care of an intended mother under a special civil-law contract. Although most of the legislations of the EU member states do not regulate surrogacy, labour law and social security law must give solutions of social-law consequences of surrogate motherhood even regardless of whether the civil code provides for surrogacy any adequate legal framework. The proliferating cases of surrogate motherhood have been already addressed by a new case law of the ECJ under which the specific protection of a mother corresponds only to a pregnant woman who gave birth to a child. The increasing frequency of cases of surrogate motherhood will especially require in the near future from the legislators to provide a certain part of the social-law protection to the surrogate mother at the time of her pregnancy, at birth and shortly after the birth, and a part of this protection shall be provided also to the intended mother that will take the baby into her custody after the birth.
3
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Mezinárodní surrogace a její dopady (nejen) v době pandemie

58%
Valc J., Konečná H.
Časopis zdravotnického práva a bioetiky (Journal of Medical Law and Bioethics)
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2021
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vol. 11
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issue 2
66-91
EN
Surrogacy can be already considered as one of the common parts of assisted reproduction which is due to its nature associated with a number of controversies. The aim of our article will be to point out the fact that the use of this procedure is connected not only to the discussed ethical and legal problems but also to associated and often neglected psychosocial consequences. In this regard, we will focus on a specific area of international surrogacy as a new form of reproductive tourism which develops dynamically and uncontrollable on the market principle and against the background of the globalization and the absence of supranational rules. This situation leads to the social and legal uncertainty of the applicants to this procedure, the surrogate mother and the child. The global closure of state borders and restrictions on movement due to the handling SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic only exacerbated the situation, or more precisely created unexpected barriers to communication between the surrogate mother and the applicants, including takeover of child care, what has implications for the live of all parties involved.
CS
Náhradní mateřství lze již v dnešní době považovat za jednu z běžných součástí asistované reprodukce, se kterou je z povahy věci spojena řada kontroverzí. Cílem našeho článku bude poukázat na skutečnost, že využívání daného způsobu získání dítěte je kromě diskutovaných eticko-právních problémů spojeno rovněž s často opomíjenými důsledky psychosociálního charakteru. V tomto ohledu se zaměříme na specifickou oblast mezinárodní surrogace, jakožto novou formu reprodukční turistiky, která se na tržním principu dynamicky a do značné míry nekontrolovatelně rozvíjí na pozadí globalizace a absence nadnárodních pravidel. Uvedený stav pochopitelně vede k sociální a právní nejistotě jak žadatelů o danou proceduru, tak náhradní matky a dítěte. Celosvětové uzavírání státních hranic a omezování pohybu v důsledku zvládání pandemie koronaviru SARS-CoV-2 pak danou situaci jen prohloubilo, respektive náhle vytvořilo neočekávané překážky navázání komunikace mezi náhradní matkou a žadateli, včetně převzetí dítěte do péče, což má dopady do života všech zúčastněných osob.
4
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De la « mère porteuse » à la « GPA » : vers un contournement du tabou

58%
Rodríguez Pedreira N.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Romanica
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2017
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issue 12
31-46
EN
Recent scientific developments and changes in mentality in the last few decades have caused a change and redefinition of the traditional notion of family, and hence an evolution of assisted reproduction treatments. One of these rising methods is surrogacy or “surrogate mother”, an issue as controversial as it is taboo, around which there is a heated debate on whether or not it should be legalized, as it raises ethical and moral problems. This situation is also clearly reflected in the linguistic domain. While such a procedure is widely known as “surrogate mother”, other names come up, with a clear euphemistic aim, to facilitate disguise and social acceptance. Thus, aware of the power of language, less aggressive terms emerge, such as surrogacy, which seem to dignify others like surrogate mother. In this paper we will analyze all these euphemisms and their different associations, as the choice of one or the other term responds to a very conscious desire of the user.
FR
Les avancées scientifiques et les changements opérés dans les dernières décennies au niveau des moeurs ont conduit à une modification et une redéfinition du concept traditionnel de famille, et partant à une évolution des techniques de reproduction assistée. L’une d’elles en plein essor est la gestation pour autrui (GPA) ou « mère porteuse ». Un sujet aussi polémique que tabou autour duquel persiste un vif débat sur la convenance d’une régularisation de la pratique, compte tenu des enjeux éthiques et moraux qu’elle soulève. Et cela trouve écho dans la langue. Familièrement connue sous le nom de « mère porteuse », la technique reçoit d’autres dénominations, fruit d’un travail d’euphémisation consistant à masquer le désagréable et faciliter l’acceptation sociale. Ainsi, rendant compte de la puissance du langage, émergent des expressions moins crues comme maternité de substitution ou spécialement gestation pour autrui qui dissimulent, sous des formes plus convenables, la réalité des mères porteuses. Nous tenterons d’analyser ce processus d’euphémisation et les représentations mobilisées, dans le sens où les termes et expressions employés relèvent d’une motivation ou d’un désir conscient de l’individu qui en fait usage.
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