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EN
The purpose of the article is to present the publications relating to different draft constitutions, which were the subject of parliamentary work in 1993 – 1997. They could be useful to both parliament and all citizens, since the text of the Constitution had to be approved in a referendum. Particular significance may be attributed to those articles which address the issues of civil liberties and the structure of parliament. Many of the presented articles have a general nature, discussing the constitutional principles applied in democratic constitutions (for example, the principle of separation of powers, rule of law). The author shows that many of the issues raised in those articles are included in the final text of the Constitution.
EN
In relation to the systemic transformation, which began in Poland in 1989, there was a need to define a new political regime. Eventually it was decided to settle upon a system of government which is characterised by the duality of executive power exercised by the President, as well as Prime Minister and the government accountable to parliament. This element of the political regime creates the potential for cohabitation – an inher-ently conflictual phenomena which can have many negative consequences. One of them is the possibility of its negative impact on the duration of the coalition cabinet. In this article, we intend to test the hypothesis, according to which the phenomenon of cohabitation has a negative impact on coalition governments through the reduc-tion of their duration. The aticle consists of four parts. The first briefly characterizes the evolution of the Polish political regime, highlighting the potential for cohabita-tion which is created by the dual structure of executive – the permanent element of Polish system of government. In the second part we explain the concepts of the cabinet government and the coalition. In the third section we describe coalition gov-ernments formed in Poland in the years 1991–2014 and the phenomenon of cohabitation occurring during their lifetime. In the fourth part we examine the impact of cohabitation on the duration of coalition governments in Poland. The conclusions of the analysis are presented at the end.
EN
The paper deals with the contemporary systems of government in two Sub‑Saharan African states which belonged to the French colonial empire – Senegal and Ivory Coast. The Senegalese constitution of 2001 contains regulations based on the semi‑presidential model, whereas the Ivorian basic law of 2000 – on the presidential one (although it was not adopted in a pure form). Special attention is devoted to the similarities and differences between the two systems, taking into consideration their constitutional structure (e.g. powers of the head of state, political responsibility of ministers and other aspects of relations within the executive branch, as well as between the latter and the legislative one). It is also pointed out that since the two countries gained their independence in 1960 Senegal and Ivory Coast have had quite different political experiences, which have exerted a visible influence on the functioning of their systems of government in practice. One of the key factors that deserve to be taken into account is the ability to produce democratic alternation of power between presidential candidates and political parties taking part in the electoral process.
EN
The article deals with the issue of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the way in which it was analysed in „Przegląd Sejmowy”. It contains a presentation of texts that were published in „Przegląd Sejmowy” during the first five years from the entry into force of the Constitution of 1997. The purpose of the presentation is to show how the constitutional issues were analysed, on which problems the authors focused their efforts, how they presented their findings, and to show preliminary assessments of the functioning of the existing constitution. Those texts relate to systems of government in its broad meaning, as well as human rights and European law in so far as it affects Polish legal system. The author attempts to sum up the discussion on the operation of the current constitution in the period of the first five years of its existence.
EN
The article presents the drafts (actually before parliament) and proposals (i.e. loose policy statements and ideas which have not reached the form of constitutional initiative) for amendment of the existing Constitution of 1997. The system of government, understood as a tripartite system of relations between the Government, Parliament and President was one the most frequently discussed constitutional issue for which the need had been advocated not only for review but , sometimes, even for a radical change in the existing constitutional regulation. It should, however, be noted that in the constitutional dimension the system of government has not generated serious disruption or confl icts. Even if some dysfunctions have been revealed , they were the result of political and especially personality rather than formal factors. The need to change the system of government were proclaimed by political parties. Most of the proposals promoted the idea of eclectic parliamentary system with an enhanced role of President. Already this indicates that the possible success of these proposals could generate even more serious confl icts, especially in the executive branch than the ones involving the current practice. Other proposals went even further, trying to implement a presidential system, but in inconsistent (and, therefore, dangerous) form. It seems that the fl aw of all these pro posals was their heavily eclectic and reckless nature, and that their real intent was not to change the constitution, but rather to demonstrate a different program by various political parties. The best proof of this is the fact that most of them did not become the subject of formal work to change the constitution and are recognized as entirely political and partisan documents.
EN
21 November 1991 is a date when the new constitution was adopted in Romania. According to its text, the legislative power belongs to bicameral parliament and the executive power is possessed by a popularly elected president and cabinet responsible before legislature. The relationship between two centres of the executive is characterized by an unbalanced distribution of power, which means that the constitution provides for the president a rather ceremonial role and primacy for the cabinet. However, we should remember that the law is very often verified by its practice. Because of this we should rather assume that despite the constitutional weakness a person who holds the office of the Romanian president may act as an active political player. To check whether such situation is possible, the author decided to analyse the course of presidency of Traian Băsescu.
EN
The author determined phases of formation, powers, role and place of presidency in the government system of Ukraine at different stages of its political development, outlined historiography of presidency’s researches in Ukraine, incrementally structured the evolution of political and legal views about the nature and purpose of the presidency in Ukraine, outlined the factual authority, role and place of presidency in the government system of Ukraine (on Ukrainian ethnic territories) in the first decade of the twentieth century. He also described the influence of the USSR presidency on the characteristics of formation and role of the presidency in post‑Soviet Ukraine as well as revealed the dynamics of presidency in the independent Ukraine, 1991‑2014. The author also found out the problem of institutional inheritance of presidency (including his powers, role and place in system of government) in the context of impact of some historical milestones of Ukrainian statehood in the following historical milestones. As result, the researcher argued that the institution of presidency in Ukraine (including the government system at all) needs to be reformed because of the past institutional, legal and political legacy of the presidency in Ukraine, and given to the experience of presidency in Central and Eastern Europe countries.
EN
The Article is an attempt to evaluate the experiences of Polish parliamentarism in the twentieth century. The author analyzes Polish constitutional regulations and parliamentary practice, with a particular focus on the solutions adopted in the years 1919–1935, as well the impact of these regulations on the evolution of Polish parliamentarism after the Second World War, also taking into account the current political experiences. The analysis leads the author to the conclusion, that the contemporary defects of the system of parliamentary government are to a large extent the result of the historical experiences of Polish parliamentarism.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę oceny doświadczeń polskiego parlamentaryzmu w dwudziestym wieku. Autor analizuje polskie regulacje konstytucyjne oraz praktykę parlamentarną, szczególnie koncentrując się na rozwiązaniach przyjętych w latach 1919–1935, a także wpływ tych regulacji na ewolucję polskiego parlamentaryzmu po II wojnie światowej, uwzględniając również aktualne doświadczenia ustrojowe. Analiza prowadzi autora do konkluzji, iż współczesne mankamenty systemu rządów parlamentarnych w znacznej mierze bazują na historycznych doświadczeniach polskiego parlamentaryzmu.
RU
В Польше процесс ухода от типичной для коммунистических государств централизованной государственной власти начался в 1989 г. Старт был дан договоренностями Круглого Стола. Неожиданно падение коммунистического правления ускорило результаты июньских выборов в Сейм и Сенат. Выборы показали масштаб разочарования народа в коммунистической власти, вследствие чего осенью 1989 г. было сформировано первое за несколько десятков лет правительство, в котором главную роль играла существующая до этого политическая оппозиция. Углубился процесс политических, экономических, социальных изменений, включая замену в декабре 1989 г. политической аксиологии коммунистического государства на аксиологию, свойственную демократическому правовому государству.
EN
In Poland, the process of departing from concentrated state power typical of the communist countries began in 1989. It was triggered by the Round Table agreement. Unexpectedly, the collapse of the communist authorities was hastened by the results of June elections to the Sejm and the Senate. They pointed out the scale of the nation’s disappointment in the communist rule, the effect of which was that in autumn of 1989 the government was formed for the first time in a few tens of years dominated by the political opposition. The process of political, economic and social changes got deeper, including the change of the political axiology of a communist state in December 1989 into the one adequate for a democratic state of law.
EN
This paper addresses the problem of the role of a nationwide referendum in Moldova. Considered both from the practical application of this institution, as well as from the existing legal solutions. The system of Moldova adopted a wide range of opportunities for the use of the referendum (constitutional, legislative, consultative). Among the entities authorized to initiate a referendum are also citizens. Legal solutions adopted in Moldova deserve a positive assessment, although you can also fi nd some weaknesses of regulatory framework. Unfortunately, the practice of this institution is quite modest. It shows that the referendum has not so far been a major instrument for the settlement of public affairs.
EN
The present volume of Studia Politologiczne sets to explore Polish politics in the country’s post-transformation period. It does not intend to provide a finite answer to the complex and persistently debated questions in the literature on the subject, that is whether the transformation process has now been completed in all its areas, so that we can truly speak of a post-transformation policy, or is it the case that, within the different areas of political relations, we are dealing with various dynamics of the transformation processes, and accordingly, different rates of progress of the transformation? Presented here is the outcome of continued research on the transformation pursued at the Institute of Political Science, University of Warsaw. In addition to publications analysing the various aspects of Polish transformation, the Institute has published books which provide a multi-dimensional study of the course and effects of political changes taking place in Poland since 1989. Three of them in particular must be mentioned here: Poland: Government and Politics (1997), The Political System of Poland (2007), and Dylematy polskiej transformacji, published in 2008, and its English version Dilemmas of the Polish Transformation published in 2010.
EN
The author analyses the political position of the head of state of Samoa. Referring the Samoan system of government to the other eleven sovereign states of the South Pacific, it should be considered as an exception as the one which has not been clearly defined yet. Samoa has a mixed system of government that combines elements derived from the Westminster tradition with the native system of political and social organisation serving as the foundation for a local government. The presentation of the head of state in Samoa was done in the light of constitutional provisions along with an indication of the mechanisms determining the position of this office in political practice. The presentation of the above issues required an institutional and legal analysis as well as a critical analysis and a descriptive method. This analysis allowed to indicate that in the evolutionary process of constitutional development, some elements that may have so far moved towards recognising this microstate as a constitutional monarchy have been redefined. The introduction of republican methods of exercising executive authority supports calling the head of state of Samoa president.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zjawiska parlamentaryzacji marokańskiego systemu rządów na gruncie konstytucji z 2011 r. Do jej uchwalenia doszło w wyniku niepokojów społecznych znanych jako tzw. Arabska Wiosna. Nowa konstytucja zastąpiła ustawę zasadniczą z 1996 r. Zgodnie z nowymi regulacjami konstytucyjnymi pozycja monarchy została ograniczona, jednak nadal pozostaje on kluczowym elementem systemu rządów. Jednocześnie konstytucja wzmocniła pozycję rządu kierowanego przez premiera. Zmianie uległa ponadto pozycja parlamentu. Przykładowo, król mianuje szefa rządu z łona partii politycznej, która zwycięża w wyborach parlamentarnych, i z uwzględnieniem ich wyników. W porównaniu z poprzednią konstytucją rząd wydaje się silniej powiązany z parlamentem – szczególnie z izbą pierwszą. Ta ostatnia posiada lepsze instrumenty kontroli parlamentarnej. Obecnie marokański system rządów pozostaje bliższy europejskiemu modelowi parlamentarnemu.
EN
The paper concerns the phenomenon of parliamentarisation of the Moroccan system of government in the light of the constitution of 2011. The act was adopted as a result of civil unrest known as the so-called Arab Spring. The new constitution replaced the basic law of 1996. According to the new constitutional provisions, the role of the monarch has been limited. At the same time, the constitution has improved the position of the government headed by the prime minister. Moreover, the status of the parliament has been changed. By the way of example, the king appoints the prime minister from within the political party, which wins the parliamentary elections, and with a view to their results. In comparison with the previous constitution, the government seems to be more strongly connected with the parliament – especially with the first chamber. The latter has better tools for parliamentary oversight. Currently, the Moroccan system of government is closer to the European model of parliamentarianism.
EN
The subject of the article is to identify factors and conditions that determined the system of government of the IInd Republic of Poland under the Small Constitution of 1919. This act served as a temporary constitution until the March Constitution of 1921 came into force, which happened completely only at the end of 1922. Under the Small Constitution there has been made an attempt to introduce the system of supremacy of the parliament. It turned out to be impossible because of high authority of the head of state – Józef Piłsudski, who also served as the Commander-in-Chief. Therefore, the system of balance between the Legislative Sejm and the Chief of State was shaped in the political practice.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania są okoliczności i uwarunkowania, które określiły system rządów II Rzeczypospolitej w okresie obowiązywania Małej Konstytucji z 1919 r. Akt ten pełnił funkcję tymczasowej konstytucji do czasu wejścia w życie Konstytucji Marcowej z 1921 r., co nastąpiło w pełni dopiero pod koniec 1922 r. Na mocy Małej Konstytucji dokonała się próba wprowadzenia systemu rządów zgromadzenia. Okazało się to niemożliwe ze względu na wysoki autorytet głowy państwa – Józefa Piłsudskiego, który pełnił również funkcję naczelnego wodza. Dlatego też w praktyce ustrojowej ukształtowała się zasada równowagi między Sejmem Ustawodawczym a Naczelnikiem Państwa.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy systemu rządów ustanowionego w Konstytucji Tunezji z 25 lipca 2022 r. Autor zwraca uwagę, że zarówno sam ten akt prawny, jak i proces jego stanowienia winien być postrzegany jako przejaw przyspieszonego odejścia od demokratycznych mechanizmów i standardów. Proces autokratyzacji został zapoczątkowany za prezydentury Kaïsa Saïeda, choć już wcześniej występowały na tym polu negatywne symptomy. Doprowadziło to do zagwarantowania w konstytucji z 2022 r. dominacji prezydenckiej nad rządem i parlamentem, ponieważ pozycja szefa państwa została znacząco wzmocniona w porównaniu z tym, co wynikało z poprzedniej ustawy zasadniczej (ona została przyjęta w 2014 r., w następstwie Arabskiej Wiosny). Autor argumentuje, że ze względu na brak równowagi władz, konstytucyjny system rządów w Tunezji odpowiada bardziej założeniom niedemokratycznego hiperprezydencjalizmu niż typowego modelu prezydenckiego.
EN
The paper deals with the system of government that was established in the Constitution of Tunisia of July 25, 2022. The author points out that both this legal act and the accompanying constitution-making process should be seen as the result of the rapid departure from democratic mechanisms and standards. The autocratization process was launched during the presidency of Kaïs Saïed, although negative tendencies in this field had already occurred earlier. This led to the 2022 Constitution guaranteeing presidential dominance over the government and parliament, as the position of the head of state was significantly strengthened compared to the previous basic law (it was adopted in 2014, in the aftermath of the Arab Spring). The author argues that due to the imbalance of power, the constitutional system of government in Tunisia corresponds more to the assumptions of undemocratic hyper-presidentialism than the typical presidential model.
EN
The article attempts to provide a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between the bicameral parliament, which constitutes the legislative power, and the president and government as the executive branch in the Polish constitution. By examining the constitutional provisions governing the relationship between parliament and government, the article hypothesizes that the Constitution of April 2, 1997, contains sufficient instruments to define the Polish system of government as a rationalized parliamentary model.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę całościowej analizy zawartych w polskiej konstytucji zależności między dwuizbowym parlamentem stanowiącym władzę ustawodawczą a prezydentem i rządem jako organami władzy wykonawczej. Rozważając zapisane w konstytucji relacje między parlamentem a rządem, przyjęto hipotetycznie założenie, że w Konstytucji z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 roku znalazła się wystarczająca ilość instrumentów pozwalających na określenie polskiego systemu rządów jako modelu parlamentaryzmu zracjonalizowanego.
PL
Przedmiotem badań w artykule jest system rządów w Polsce. Rozważaniom poddano zależności pomiędzy rozwiązaniami normatywnymi, określonymi zwłaszcza w Konstytucji RP z 1997 r, a wpływem UE na modyfikację rozwiązań ustrojowych w Polsce. Postawiono hipotezę, że po akcesji Polski do UE zmienił się system rządów w Polsce w wymiarze praktyki ustrojowej. W toku rozważań wykazano, iż funkcjonowanie w UE spowodowało odejście od charakterystycznego zracjonalizowania systemu rządów oraz zbliżenie się do modelu parlamentarnego. W predykcji przedstawiono możliwe dalsze kierunki modyfikacji systemu rządów zależne od ewolucji UE. Badania prowadzono z wykorzystaniem metod: instytucjonalno-prawnej, systemowej oraz porównawczej.
EN
The subject of research presented in the article is the system of government in Poland. The considerations concern the relationship between the normative solutions defined in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997 and the influence of the EU on the modification of political solutions in Poland. It was hypothesized that after Poland’s accession to the EU, the system of government in Poland changed in terms of political practice. It has been shown that functioning in the EU resulted in a departure from the characteristic rationalization of the system of government and bringing it closer to the parliamentary model. The prediction presents possible further directions of modification of the system of governance depending on the evolution of the EU. The research was based on the following methods: institutional-legal, systemic and comparative.
PL
„Gabinet cieni” powoływany przez największą partię opozycyjną w Izbie Gmin stanowi nieodłączny element westminsterskiego systemu rządów. Praktyka jego tworzenia została zapoczątkowana w Wielkiej Brytanii w drugiej połowie XIX w., gdzie przechodziła znaczącą ewolucję związaną z koordynowaniem strategii opozycji umożliwiającej przekształcenie się w gabinet rządowy, a także z oficjalnym uznaniem pozycji lidera partii opozycyjnej, który od 1937 r. otrzymuje stałe wynagrodzenie. Współczesne i zarazem stałe powoływanie ministrów cieni będących jednocześnie rzecznikami opozycji w konkretnych sprawach ministerialnych datuje się od długich rządów Partii Konserwatywnej (1951–1964) wobec których Partia Pracy sformułowana oficjalny „gabinet cieni”. Celem artykułu było ukazanie genezy „gabinetu cieni”, określenie jego zadań oraz pełnionych funkcji w westminsterskim modelu rządów parlamentarno-gabinetowych.
EN
The „shadow cabinet” appointed by the largest opposition party in the House of Commons is an integral part of the Westminster system of government. The practice of its creation originated in the UK in the second half of the 19th century, where it underwent a significant evolution linked to the coordination of the opposition’s strategy enabling it to become a government cabinet, as well as to the official recognition of the position of opposition party leader, who since 1937 has received a fixed salary. The modern and at the same time permanent appointment of shadow ministers who are at the same time spokespersons of the opposition on specific ministerial issues dates back to the long Conservative Party governments (1951–1964) against which the Labour Party formulated an official „shadow cabinet”. The aim of this article was to show the genesis of the „shadow cabinet”, to define its tasks and functions in the Westminster model of parliamentary-cabinet government.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje przegląd wiodących instytucji politycznych Omanu. Zawiera opis politycznej struktury władzy Omanu. Na wstępie autorka przedstawia tło historyczne wydarzeń, które doprowadziły do objęcia władzy przez aktualnie rządzącego sułtana. Kolejno charakterystyce poddane są: władza ustawodawcza, wykonawcza i sądownicza oraz prawa wyborcze obywateli. W podsumowaniu autorka dokonuje krótkiej oceny funkcjonującego w Omanie systemu rządów.
EN
The article provides a snapshot of Oman’s leading political institutions. It also contains description of Oman’s political power structure. At the beginning author presents a historical background of the events that led to the taking of power by the current ruling sultan. Subsequently, the legislature, the executive, the judiciary and suffrage are discussed. In conclusion, the author makes a brief assessment of a functioning system of government in Oman.
PL
Zjawisko wielokadencyjnych wójtów, burmistrzów i prezydentów miast stało się w Polsce powszechne, w szczególności po wprowadzeniu bezpośrednich wyborów organu wykonawczego w gminie w 2002 r. Bezpośredni wybór dał wójtom, burmistrzom i prezydentom miast dominującą pozycję w lokalnej polityce. Sposobem na jej ograniczenie ma być wprowadzenie limitu dwóch kadencji. W artykule poddano refleksji to rozwiązanie, analizując argumenty zarówno jego przeciwników jak i zwolenników. Analizę przeprowadzono z perspektywy dwóch płaszczyzn: prawno-instytucjonalnej oraz polityczno-społecznej. Celem rozważań jest ukazanie pozytywnych i negatywnych stron wprowadzonej zmiany oraz prognozowanych efektów. Przeprowadzona została analiza podstaw prawnych, zgodności z konstytucją i skutków tego rozwiązania dla czynnego i biernego prawa wyborczego. Przeanalizowano również jego skutki dla lokalnych systemów politycznych oraz dla lokalnych społeczności, a także skonfrontowano to z zagadnieniem kultury politycznej.
EN
The phenomenon of multiterm mayors has become widespread in Poland, especially after introducing the direct election of the executive in municipalities in 2002. The direct election has given the mayors the dominant position in local politics. The way to limit it has seemed to be the limitation of number of terms in office of the municipal executive bodies to two. In the presented paper the arguments of opponents and supporters of this solution were analyzed. The analysis was made from the perspective of two levels: institutional- legal and socio-political. The aim of the analysis is to show the positives and negatives of the implemented change and the projected effects. The legal basis, its compliance with the constitution and the implications for the active and passive suffrage were analyzed. Also the results for local political systems and for local communities were examined, and it was confronted with the issue of political culture.
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